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Side Effects and Widespread of Energy Drinks Consumption between Clinical Technology Students at Umm Al Qura University 2020

Shammah, Ahmed Ali

Department of Clinical Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, EMS, Umm Al-Qura University, KSA

ahghamdi2@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: energy drinks are available in every market without any warning phrases on bottles because its harmful to health. Objective of this study is to explore and identify the knowledge, attitudes, intake, and side effects of energy drinks on clinical technology students. Methods and materials: Total 116 population represent it from clinical technology different departments male students (Anaesthesia technology, emergency services, respiratory therapy), from all study years (2nd, 3rd, 4th) 2020. Results: The main reasons for consuming energy drinks mostly were Taste (56.6%) Staying awake (37.3%) Feeling good and boost in energy (34.9%). according to side or adverse effects, palpitations are the most common side effect in this study (40%), insomnia secondly (32.5%) , indolence (30%). Conclusion: solutions can be me made by making other drinks that have the same taste but less dangerous contents and less risk on health, which this idea is being considered among companies to make such product. Further studies are recommended to assess the educational level of students uptake energy drinks, about the dangerous side effects. And also putting warning phrases on bottles that it cause health side effects as a cigarette packet  

[Shammah, Ahmed Ali. Side Effects and Widespread of Energy Drinks Consumption between Clinical Technology Students at Umm Al Qura University 2020. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):1-6]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.01.

Keywords: energy drinks. Side effect. Widespread. Clinical technology

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Fungal Contamination of Some Local Dairy Products and the Production of Aflatoxins

Dalia, A. Salim¹, Flourage, M. Raddy^2* and EL-toukhy, E. I.³

¹ Food hygiene department, Animal health research institute, Shebin el kom-ARC, Egypt

² Mycology department, Animal health research institute, Shebin el kom-ARC, Egypt

* Current address: Faculty of Applied Medical Science-Shaqra University, KSA

³ Biotechnology department, Animal health research institute, Dokki-ARC, Egypt

Abstract: This study conducted in Egypt aims to investigate the cheese and yogurt products’ safety in relation to the HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) – a matter of high concern in food supplies. For collection of data, 30 samples from each Feta, Damietta, Kareish cheese and yogurt were randomly gathered from different dairy shops and supermarkets located in Menofia governorate. All these 120 samples were subjected to mycological and molecular identification. The mycological examination revealed that the contaminated samples of Feta cheese, Domietti cheese, Kareish cheese and Yoghurt with molds were 76.67,100, 86.67 and 80%, respectively with mean values of 2.47±0.22, 3.27±0.33, 2.89±0.34 and 2.65±0.35 (log cfu/g), correspondingly. On the other hand, the contaminated samples of Feta cheese, Domietti cheese, Kareish cheese and Yoghurt with yeasts came to be 76.67, 100,100 and 83.33% with mean values of 2.94 ±0.26, 3.43 ±0.50, 4.46±0.59 and 3.47±0.73(log cfu/g), respectively. The identified molds from the examined samples of dairy products of a varying percentage were penicillum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, and Mucor. Detecting Aspergillus flavus was based on polymerase chain reaction by using specific primers depend on the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene clusters. All A. flavus isolates obtained were positive for the target gene. The findings demonstrated that high percentages of the samples examined did not comply with Egyptian standards, which constituted a high risk to consumer health. For producers as well as the HACCP system (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) thus, safety measures and educational programs must be implemented.

[Dalia, A. Salim, Flourage, M. Raddy and EL-toukhy, E. I. Fungal Contamination of Some Local Dairy Products and the Production of Aflatoxins. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):7-13]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.02.

Keywords: Dairy products, Fungal contamination, Yeast contamination, Aflatoxins.

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Population dynamics and natural mortality factors of chewing insect pests of cotton in Multan Punjab Pakistan

Mujahid Niaz Akhtar^1*, Sikandar Hayat² and Amjad Farooq¹

¹Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan

²Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology the University of Lahore, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: mujahidniaz81@gmail.com

Abstract: The present experiment was conducted to evaluate seasonal changes in population densities of different cotton bollworms like American Bollworm (ABW), Pink Bollworm (PBW) and Spotted bollworms (SBW) found in cotton field of Multan in Southern Punjab, Pakistan from 2014 to 2016. Eggs and adults count of these bollworms were recorded from the start of sowing to harvesting of the crop. The data collected were analyzed statistically and means were compared at 5% significance level. It was observed that population densities of these bollworms (ABW, PBW, SBW) were the lowest in April, May and the highest in September, October every year. The populations of these bollworms can be predicted using some linear regression equations. These findings can be used to set up some effective pest control programs for these chewing bollworms of cotton to minimize economic losses. Biological control program is suggested to check these pests of cotton crop.

[Akhtar MN, Hayat S, Farooq A. Population dynamics and natural mortality factors of chewing insect pests of cotton in Multan Punjab Pakistan. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):14-21]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.03.

Keywords: Chewing pests, population densities, seasonal effects, cotton crop, Biological Control

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Relation between history of obesity and handgrip strength and inflammation after aerobic training in obese female

Mona Mohamed Abdelkhalek

Department of Physical Therapy for Internal and Geriatric, Faculty of Physical Therapy, BADR University, Egypt

3m.sons@gmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate that early onset of obesity is associated with lower hand grip, the roles of inflammation on the association between obesity history and hand grip strength and the effect of aerobic training on hand grip strength in obese female (class II). Methods: Forty class II obese female (their age from 30-40 years) were assigned into 2 groups, group (A) and group (B). Subjects: group (A) (n=20) have obesity since 5 years, while group (B) (n=20) have obesity since 10 years. Both groups received aerobic training by treadmill for 3 times per week for 60 min/session for 16 weeks. The following parameters including body mass index, hand grip strength and CRP were measured before and after intervention. Results: the outcome of this study is reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI), rise in hand grip strength and decrease in C- Reactive Protein (CRP) in both groups after aerobic training, while in group (A) has more improvement in hand grip strength than group (B). Conclusion: long period of obesity is associated with less hand grip strength and increase CRP while decrease body weight by aerobic training will improve hand grip strength and decrease inflammation.

[Mona Mohamed Abdelkhalek. Relation between history of obesity and handgrip strength and inflammation after aerobic training in obese female. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):22-29]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.04.

Keywords: Obesity | Handgrip | Inflammation | Aerobic training |Dynamometer

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Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Lipid Profile After Renal Transplantation

Ashraf Hassan Mohamed¹, Mohamed Mahmoud Tawfik¹ Sami Ahmed Abbas², and Asmaa Fawzy El – Sayed¹

¹Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

² Department of Urology and Nephrology, National Institute of Urology and Nephrology, Egypt.

Dr_tito_pt@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To assess the therapeutic efficacy of aerobic exercises on Lipid Profile after Renal Transplantation. Subject and Methods: Thirty patients who diagnosed as chronic renal transplantation with age ranged between 30 to 45 years were selected randomly from different hospitals in Cairo. Only who agreed to be volunteers took part in the study and were randomized into two groups of equal numbers, twenty patients for each group, Group (A) received moderate intensity aerobic exercise program on electric treadmill for 30 minutes, 3 times/week for 12 successive weeks plus their medical care. Group (B) not included in any exercise program just their traditional medical care Parameters: Laboratory assessment (lipid profile) before the beginning of the training program and after the completion of the study (after 12 weeks). Results: When compared between the two groups, the mean ± SD values after 12 weeks of therapy were 150.33 ± 6.96 and 142.93 ± 8.06 respectively, indicating a significant improvement (p= 0.012) to the benefit of group B. (MD= 7.4) and % of improvement was 5.78 %. Conclusion: It was concluded that aerobic exercises had significant effect on Lipid Profile after Renal Transplantation.

[Ashraf Hassan Mohamed, Mohamed Mahmoud Tawfik Sami Ahmed Abbas, and Asmaa Fawzy El – Sayed. Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Lipid Profile After Renal Transplantation. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):30-34]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.05.

Key words: (Aerobic exercise - lipid profile- Physical therapy program - Renal transplantation)

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Profiling and importance of underutilized neglected species of hyper arid climate of Saudi Arabia (Retama raetam - Retem): A review

Nayef Al-Sharari, Ahmed S. Bakhashwain and Elfeel A. A.^*

Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^*Department of Arid land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University

Cell Phone: +966-567420763

Email: aidris@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the largest country in Arab Peninsula. However, most of its land is classified as arid or hyper arid with rare vegetation cover. Retama raetam (Retem) is found in the drier parts along the Northern Western region of KSA. Retem is well known as drought tolerant species with wide range of traditional medicinal uses. In order to validate the traditional uses, recently many studies were conducted regarding phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities. However, very few information about the importance of this species and its profile are available. The aim of this review is to highlight the updated information on the profile and values of this species. R. Raetam is a true arid land plant species with very deep root system, assimilating green branches and small leaves that are drop very quickly to conserve water loss. In addition to that phytochemical profiling of the species revealed many compounds of high pharmacological values such as flavonoids, alkaloids and pinitols. As the result different parts of this plant exhibited medicinal properties such as antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive, diuretic, antiseptic, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory and body weight lowering. This review reflects the importance of including this species in the priority list in KSA as potential multi-uses for degraded land rehabilitation.

[Nayef Al-Sharari, Ahmed S. Bakhashwain and Elfeel A. A. Profiling and importance of underutilized neglected species of hyper arid climate of Saudi Arabia (Retama raetam - Retem): A review. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):35-42]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.06.

Keyword: Retama raetem/retem, species profile, traditional medicine, phytochemical, pharmacological activity

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Evaluation of Na⁺/K⁺ ratio under salt stress condition in wheat

Laraib Iqra¹, Muhammad Sajid Rashid¹, *Qurban Ali¹, Imran Latif² and Arif Malik¹

¹Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan

²Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Lahore, Pakistan

Corresponding author email: saim1692@gmail.com

Abstract: The king of cereal wheat belongs to poaceace family. It is a staple food of Pakistan. Total area of wheat cultivation in the world is about 13.4 billion hectares. Wheat is the most cultivated crop of the world and according to world agriculture report of 2014 it is grown on 220 million hectares worldwide. In agronomy its fruit is termed as caryopsis. There are almost more than 30 wheat varieties have been developed in Pakistan which are being cultivated throughout the country. Pakistan has also more than 30 wheat varieties that are cultivated across the country. Each variety has its own requirement of water and nutrients. In our research we have used six wheat varieties of the Punjab that are Inqalab-91, shafaq-06, Faisalabad-08, galaxy-13, Ujala-16 and anaj-17 to grow. For our current research study two concentration of NaCl i.e. 10 dS/m and 15 dS/m were prepared. Content of two different ions were checked in all six varieties and those ions are sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K+). It was noted that there were significant concentration of sodium ion (Na⁺) in roots, shoots and leaves of all six varieties. Highest Na+/K+ ratio in leaves was found in Galaxy-13 under treatment of 15 dS/m NaCl. And under treatment of 10dS/m highest Na+/K+ ratio in leaves was recorded in Galaxy-13 too.

[Iqra L, Rashid MS, Ali Q, Latif I, Mailk A. Evaluation for Na+/K+ ratio under salt stress condition in wheat. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):43-47]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.07.

Keywords: Salinity, Wheat, 10dS/m NaCl, 15dS/m NaCl, Na⁺/K⁺ ratio

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Effects of salt and drought stress on growth traits of Zea mays seedlings

Talha Mazhar, *Qurban Ali, Muhammad Sajid Rashid and Arif Malik

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan

Corresponding author E-mail: saim1692@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted to access the salt (NaCl) and drought effects on maize genotypes. Three maize genotypes viz., P1429, L5971 and L6103 were grown in pots filled with pure sand. One concentration of NaCl 0.50mMolar and 50% drought were used to access the effects of NaCl drought on maize genotype. The 10 seeds of each maize genotype were sown in each pot and were let to germinate. After 7 days of germination the seedlings were started to give the treatments of salt and drought for collection of data for different parameters including dry and fresh shoot weights, root and leaf weight, shoot, root and leaf length. The data was collected four times after every 7 days. The data was statistically analyzed for analysis of variation to find out the association of variation among the studied traits. It was found from our study that different level of stress condition like salt (NaCl) and drought varies in these three genotypes or varieties; however it was also found that NaCl effect on the water scarcity for plants was low. A noteworthy increase in the length of roots was observed under drought stress as compared to salt stress where all growth traits performed well under NaCl stress. The combined statistical analysis showed that genotype L6103 performed better under NaCl, control and drought stress conditions. Due to this reason we can use hybrid 6103 genotype to surge the grain yield and fodder of Zea mays under drought salt, normal as well as under drought stress conditions.

[Mazhar T, Ali Q, Rashid MS, Mailk A. Effects of salt and drought stress on growth traits of Zea mays seedlings. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):48-54]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.08.

Keywords: salt, drought, Zea mays, root length, shoot length

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Microbial analysis and health risk of Listeria spps and S. aureus isolated from cheese and raw milk marketed in Lahore, Pakistan

Nureen Zahra¹, Abid Sarwar^1,2, Muhammad Waseem³, Muhammad Sajid Rashid¹, Aqsa Ahmad¹, Ayesha Qammar¹, Misbah Sultana¹, Qurban Ali¹ and *Arif Malik¹

^1. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

^2. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.

^3. Amna Inayat Medical College, Sheikhupura, Pakistan

Corresponding author email: arifuaf@yahoo.com, saim1692@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate microbial quality and associated health risk of raw milk and cheese in Lahore region, Pakistan. Methods: Microbial assessment of raw milk and cheese was undertaken by evaluating 30 samples of raw milk collected from sheds and by bicycle boys and 17 sample different type of cheese from hyper store during August 2017. Samples were cultured on respective media i.e. Nutrient agar, Brilliance listeria agar and Mannitol salt agar. Growth was confirmed by performing Gram staining and different biochemical tests. Results: The bacterial count of S. aureus was high in Semi hard cheese and raw cow milk as compared to goat milk and other types of cheese. The frequency of Listeria spp was found higher in soft cheese and raw goat milk. Conclusion: The study concluded that raw milk and cheese in the study is of poor bacteriological quality and hazardous for human consumption. This highlights the need to implement good hygiene practices and effective monitoring from production through the delivery chain to the consumer. Further studies are needed for detection of Listeria spp at molecular level and other harmful microorganisms.

[Zahra N, Sarwar A, Rashid MS, Ahmad A, Qammar A, Sultan M, Ali Q, Malik A. Microbial analysis and health risk of Listeria spps and S. aureus isolated from cheese and raw milk marketed in Lahore, Pakistan. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):55-59]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.09.

Keywords: microbial association, risk factor, raw milk, Listeria, S. aureus, cheese

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Modified Technique of Posterior Colpoperineorrhaphy for Rectocele Repair

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hesham Hassan Anwar, Prof. Dr. Mazen Abd El-Raouf El-Zahry, Ahmed Helmy Ali Moubarak

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

dr.helmy12@gmail.com

Abstract: The female pelvic floor is a complicated anatomical structure whose motive is integrally associated with bladder, bowel and sexual function. Consequently, the symptoms of pelvic floor weakness in some or both of these areas often manifest as dysfunction. POP refers to the downward displacement of anterior, apical or posterior vaginal compartments associated structures. The aim of the present work is to assess the anatomic and functional outcome of a modified technique of posterior colpoperineorrhaphy on which a modified suture done at the upper part of levator ani muscles. The study subject included 30 women with symptomatic rectocele at child bearing period during a period of 2 years. All patients were subjected to the usual preoperative preparations of vaginal operations including routine laboratory investigation including complete urine analysis, hemoglobin percent and complete blood count, fasting blood sugar and bleeding, clotting and prothrombin times and activity.

Surgery was performed on all patients and notes were taken for each patient before, during and after operation, six weeks, three months, six months and twelve month postoperatively.

Subjective and objective assessment of the patients was done in the postoperative period to assess the surgical technique.

[Mohamed Hesham Hassan Anwar, Mazen Abd El-Raouf El-Zahry, Ahmed Helmy Ali Moubarak. Modified Technique of Posterior Colpoperineorrhaphy for Rectocele Repair. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):60-66]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.10.

Keywords: Modified Technique; Posterior; Colpoperineorrhaphy; Rectocele Repair

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Recombinant Expression and Purification of Adenocarcinoma GPR161 Receptor

Mukanov Kasym Kasenovich, Adish Zhansaya Batyrbekkyzy, Mukantayev Kanatbek Naizabekovich,

Tursunov Kanat Akhmetovich, Kairova Zhuldyz Kydyrbekkyzy, Kaukabayeva Guldarigash Kuanyshovna, Kulyyassov Arman Tabylovich, Tarlykov Pavel Viktorovich

National Center for Biotechnology Kurgalzhyn Road, 13/5, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan

E-mail: mukantaev@biocenter.kz

Abstract. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer and nowadays very few therapeutic options are available for its treatment. Interestingly, G-protein coupled receptor 161 (GPR161), is expressed in TNBC cells, and can activate the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. GPR161 and Ras GTPase-activating-like protein, a protein involved in intracellular signaling, proliferation, and cellular adhesion, have been shown to genetically interact in human breast cancer cells. Targeting of GPR161 by monoclonal antibodies may therefore be a strategy to develop diagnostics and therapeutics for TNBC. Thus, to obtain such monoclonal antibodies, we synthesized the GPR161 gene de novo, cloned it into the pET32 expression plasmid and used the recombinant plasmid to transform the competent BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli. The recombinant GPR161 gene was designed to contain an N-terminal thioredoxin tag, a thrombin site, the GPR161 sequence, and a C-terminal hexa-histidine tag to facilitate purification by metal-affinity chromatography. Following purification of the recombinant GPR161 (rGPR161) protein using a HisTrap column, we characterized the protein by western blotting and mass spectrometry. The rGPR161 protein had a molecular mass of ~49 kDa and its identity as rGPR161 was confirmed by mass spectrometry data using the SwissProt database and the Mascot program. Future studies will involve the development of monoclonal antibodies using rGPR161 as the immunogen.

[Mukanov Kasym Kasenovich, Adish Zhansaya Batyrbekkyzy, Mukantayev Kanatbek Naizabekovich,  Recombinant Expression and Purification of Adenocarcinoma GPR161 Receptor. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):67-75]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.11.

Keywords: Breast cancer, GPR161 receptor, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant protein, tumor diagnostic.

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Antibacterial and Antifungal activity of Aloe vera plant

Abdul Haq, *Qurban Ali, Muhammad Sajid Rashid, Fatima Waheed, Sikandar Hayat and Arif Malik

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

Corresponding author email: saim1692@gmail.com

Abstract: The use of Aloe vera herb plant is beneficial for medicinal purposes. The main objective of study is to test antifungal properties of Aloe vera plant on pathogenic fungi Pucciniales (Rust) And also investigate antibacterial properties of Aloe vera on different types of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter baumanni, Psedomonas aerugenosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtitis, Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus. Different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 35ul) of ethanol root and shoot extract of Aloe vera plant was used on fungal and bacterial strains. Ethanol root and shoot extract have shown significant results in case of bacterial strains. Maximum zone of inhibition is 17mm appear in case of Escherichia coli bacterial strain which is significant result and minimum zone of inhibition observed 11.5mm in case of Acinetobacter baumanni at maximum concentration. And no zone of inhibition observed in case of fungi Pucciniales (Rust).

[Haq A, Ali Q, Rashid MS, Waheed F, Hayat S, Mailk A. Antibacterial and Antifungal activity of Aloe vera plant. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):76-82]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.12.

Keywords: Aloe vera, antibacterial, antifungal, medicinal plants, growth inhibition

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Role of CRSIPR-Cas9 system in plant improvement

Meerub Fatima, *Qurban Ali, Muhammad Sajid Rashid, Sikandar Hayat and Arif Malik

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

Corresponding author email: saim1692@gmail.com

Abstract: The system of CRISPR/cas9 was firstly seen in bacteria and archaea and was found useful in degradation of the exogenous substrates. It is optimized continuously and there is dramatic expansion in its applications. It has revolutionized the field of plant biology. Transgenic techniques have been used to understand basic plant biology and also crop improvement. Using the CRISPR/CAS9 system in genome editing can modify the plants genome.

[Fatima M, Ali Q, Rashid MS, Hayat S, Mailk A. Role of CRSIPR-Cas9 system in plant improvement. Life Sci J 2020;17(7):83-90]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj170720.13.

Keywords: CRSIPR-Cas9, plant biology, homology directed repair, gene editing

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