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Fetal Renal Volume and Renal Artery Doppler in Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restricted Fetuses

Hani Maged Abd El-Aal and Osama Deif

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Email: drhanymaged@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the difference between fetal renal artery and fetal kidney volume by Doppler in normal and intrauterine development limited fetuses. Design: A prospective cross sectional investigation. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Al-Azhar University. Sample:100 pregnant women, half (n=50) with normal fetal growth parameter, and other half (n=50) with restricted fetal growth. Methods: Fetal renal volume was measured using 3DUS. Both fetal renal and umbilical arteries indices were examined by Doppler. Main outcome measures: Relationship of Doppler measures to volume of fetal kidney, and like of biometric indices of the fetus to combined volume of fetal kidney. Results: Pooled fetal renal volume was significantly decreased in growth limited fetuses than in control fetuses as the Mean of combined renal volume in IUGR was (21.0 ± 0.1) while in normal fetuses was (31.24±2.31). All fetal biometric parameters were positively liked with combined kidney volume. Concerning the umbilical artery Doppler and fetal renal artery Doppler there was significantly difference between the two groups as the intrauterine growth restricted fetuses have a high Doppler. Conclusion: Intrauterine growth retardation seemed to be related with a statistically significant reduction in the renal volume than the normally growth fetuses. The renal artery Doppler shows also significant difference between the two groups, which matches with other studies. This work supports the hypothesis that intrauterine growth retardation may be connected to renal disorder and hypertension in advanced life and renal volume can be used as a parameter for prediction of IUGR.

[Hani Maged Abd El-Aal and Osama Deif. Fetal Renal Volume and Renal Artery Doppler in Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restricted Fetuses. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):1-4]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.01.

Keywords: Intrauterine growth retardation, fetal renal artery Doppler; Fetal kidney volume.

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Demonology & worship of Dives in Iranian local legend

(The study was conducted using credit Payame Noor University)

Reza Yousefvand

Assistant Professor, Payam Noor University, Department of history, Tehran. Iran

Correspondent author: Yousefvand@pnu.ac.ir

Abstract: Studies show that local legends are composed with mythologies and it is hard to distinguished these but it is a superficial glance, so that some researchers defined myths as legends as unreal narrative and imaginary and invalid, another researchers know the duality and fundamental contradiction and dogmatic between these and they know myths related to prehistory era and legend belong to historical period. And the mentality and the question arise whether any of myths and legends has a gender? The mythologist tells legends are unreal, imaginary or false that they make credible and acceptable nature to myth. Another defines myths as history and they know the myth as historic and sacred narrative but legend is about half-historical and half-legendary character. Then the nature and Folk beliefs of the demon in local legend suggests that both of these are same although these are some different. This research has been written with descriptive and field data, documentation and library collection.

[Reza Yousefvand. Demonology & worship of Dives in Iranian local legend. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):5-9]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.02.

Keywords: demonology, Iranian local legends, myths, demon. Folklore

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Amelioration of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis risk index by Moringa oleifera leaf extract

Ibtsam Gheith1 ¹, Abubakr El-Mahmoudy ²

^1. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 344 Medinah, KSA; and Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, 11843 Dokki, Egypt

^2. Department of Pharmacology, Benha University Faculty of Vet. Medicine, 13736 Moshtohor, Qalioubeya, Egypt

Correspondence to: a.elmahmoudy@fvtm.bu.edu.eg

Abstract: Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis are among major health risk concerns. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible improving potentials of Moringa oleifera extract (MOE), in hydroethanol 30%, on lipid metabolic profile in hyperlipidemic rat model. Rats were rendered hyperlipidemic by 6-week supplementation of high-fat diet ad libitum. Rats were assigned into six groups; with different treatments (group-1 received normal diet and kept as normal control; group-2 were fed high-fat (cholesterol 2% + coconut oil 2%) diet for 6 weeks and kept as diseased control; group-3 were kept on high-fat diet but received ezetimibe (1 mg/Kg, orally, daily) and kept as standard; while rats of groups-4, -5 and -6 were kept on high-fat diet and received MOE at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/Kg, orally, daily, and kept as treated groups. Blood samples for serum were taken for clinicochemical analysis on the days 21 (3 weeks) and 42 (6 weeks) of the experiment and tissue specimens from the aorta were taken for histopathology. MOE extract significantly (P<0.05) decreased the elevated serum lipid parameters, including total lipids, tri-acylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, but significantly (P<0.05) normalized the serum HDL-C concentrations of rats kept on high-fat diet. Administration of MOE significantly improved atherosclerotic index in samples taken from animals kept on high-fat diet compared to the diseased untreated ones. Histopathological examination of the aortic specimens revealed down accumulation of lipids in the arterial wall. These data may give scientific evidence that MOE has a good improving potential on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis disease conditions.

[Gheith I, El-Mahmoudy A. Amelioration of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis risk index by Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):10-17]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.03.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, phytomedicine

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Protective Effect of Hesperidin against Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Sara A. Aldossary

Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alahssa, Saudi Arabia

saldossary@kfu.edu.sa

Abstract: The present study investigated the probable protective effect of hesperidin against kidney injury induced by methotrexate in rats. The rats received a single injection of methotrexate (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Hesperidin treatment (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was started 1 day before administration of methotrexate, and continued for 7 days. Methotrexate significantly increased serum creatinine, and renal malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB p65, and caspase-3, and significantly decreased renal total antioxidant capacity in rats. Hesperidin significantly ameliorated the changes of biochemical parameters induced by methotrexate. Hesperidin also significantly reduced methotrexate-induced histopathological kidney tissue injury. In conclusion, hesperidin significantly protected against methotrexate-induced kidney injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

[Aldossary SA. Protective Effect of Hesperidin against Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):18-22]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.04.

Keywords: Hesperidin; methotrexate; nephrotoxicity; rats

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 Cloning and expression analysis of hydroperoxide lyase gene in Nicotiana tabacum

Chao Ding, Yawen Lu, Yunchao Song, Ranran Jia, Weihuan Jin^*, Hongxiang Guo^*

College of Life Sciences, National Biological Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China

^*Corresponding author: whjin@henau.edu.cn and guohongxiang06@126.com

Abstract: Tobacco is an important economic crop in the world. In order to explore the role of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) in the formation of tobacco quality, HPL was cloned from tobacco leaves. The bioinformatics analysis of the gene and its promoter was carried out. The relationship of HPL between Nicotiana tabacum and Capsicum annuum is closer. Tobacco HPL gene contains two exons and one intron, and its expression was regulated by a variety of factors in tobacco. HPL could be expressed in roots, stems and leaves, but its expression was the highest in leaves. These results will lay a foundation for studying the function of HPL in improving tobacco quality.

[Ding C, Lu YW, Song YC, Jia RR, Jin WH, Guo HX. Cloning and expression analysis of hydroperoxide lyase gene in Nicotiana tabacum. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):23-27]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.05.

Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum; HPL; tobacco quality; expression analysis

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Reducing Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Water Treatment Plants

Mohamed Ahmed Reda Hamed AbdAllah

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Canadian International Colleague (CIC), El Sheikh Zayed, Giza, Egypt.

Email: moha_hamed@cic-cairo.com

Abstract: River Nile contains significant concentrations of algae with an average annual value of 6189±296 unit/ml. Pre-chlorination doses of 4.77 to 6 mg/L are applied to Greater Cairo WTPs leading to the formation of annual average total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) of 30 to 125μg/L. Five of these WTPs, namely Obour, Shubra El-Kheima, Amerea, Fostat and North Helwan, where the maximum TTHMs concentration exceeds the allowable limit (100μg/L), were studied for 10 consecutive months. This study proposes a strategy for controlling the formation of THMs compounds in these WTPs by applying proper pre-chlorination doses that keeps THMs compounds below limit and satisfies residual chlorine requirements. The highest values for raw water algae count (6063±486, 6023±583unit/mL) and total organic carbon (4.44±0.399, 4.14±0.512 mg/L) were recorded at Shubra El-Kheima and Obour WTPs, respectively. Optimum pre-chlorination dose was determined using the jar test. Concentration of THMs compounds (Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) as well as TTHMs concentration were used as indicators to determine optimum pre-chlorination dose for each WTP. The optimum pre-chlorination dose for Obour and Shoubra Elkheima WTPs was 5 mg/L, while for the other three WTPs was 4 mg/L. Applying the optimum pre-chlorination dose, and a 1 mg/L post-chlorination dose, to one full-scale stream in each of the five WTPs led to reduction in TTHMs concentration of 29%, 26.2%, 25.5%, 27.9% and 24.4% for Obour, Shubra El-Kheima, Amerea, Fostat and North Helwan WTPs, respectively. The mean residual chlorine concentration in final effluent was below the maximum limit.

[Mohamed Ahmed Reda Hamed AbdAllah. Reducing Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Water Treatment Plants. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):28-35]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.06.

Keywords: Water Treatment, Disinfection by-products, Trihalomethane and Chlorine

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[Life Sci J 2019;16(2):36-48]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7.

 whithdrawn

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Screening of suspicious cervix by Using Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) in Assiut Governorate: A Prospective Cohort Study

Aldarwish A.G¹, Abd Elhalim Mohammed¹, Khaled M Abdallah¹, Mohammed Farahat Mohammed¹ and Hussein A.H. Gadallah²

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine – Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

²Department of pathology Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

dr.mohammed2015@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to determine evaluate the sensitivity of the VIA test in early detection of cancer cervix & cervical punch biopsy and histopathology for suspicious cases and who guidelines for screening of suspicious cancer cervix. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynecology of Al-Azhar University Hospital (Assuit) Egypt. Patients and methods We performed a prospective cohort study on 500 women aged 20-65 years with different complaints including recurrent vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, contact bleeding, dyspareunia, back pain, vaginal spotting with no previous history of cervical cancer. Main outcome. VIA over other methods of screening include higher sensitivity, low costs, and immediate results. The availability of immediate results overcomes the problem of "loss to follow-up" that occurs in cytology-based programs. Results: VIA for 500 women were negative in 306 women (61.2%) and showed abnormal aceto-white appearance (positive) in 194 (38.8%) women. these positive via cases (the performance done on 150 cases that resulted no. of women with no malignant lesions: 90 & no. of women with different degrees of malignant lesions: 60). Conclusions the higher sensitivity of via in comparison to other methods of screening allows the detection of positive cases with decreased frequency of missed cases but, on the other hand, the false positive cases leads to increased the referral to histopathology in countries with low incidence of cancer cervix like our country, via is a good screening before the correct treatment can be instituted. It has a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting cervical neoplasia.

[Aldarwish A.G, Abd Elhalim Mohammed, Khaled M Abdallah, Mohammed Farahat Mohammed and Hussein A.H. Gadalla. Screening of suspicious cervix by Using Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) in Assiut Governorate: A Prospective Cohort Study. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):49-55]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.08.

Keywords: Screening of suspicious cervix, Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA), punch biopsy, cervical histopathology.

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Antimycotic Activity of Four Plant Extracts and its comparison with Fluconazole in the Treatment of Otomycosis

Noha Fathy Ahmed Osman El-Tahtawi

Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia

noha_44000@yahoo.com, N.ahmed@su.edu.sa

Abstract: Otomycosis is a superficial mycotic infection of the outer ear canal caused by many saprophytic fungi that could be considered as causative agents. Detection of the fungal agents in the external auditory canal could be valuable to determine the potential risk of otomycosis. The aim of this study was to identify the mycoflora of the human auditory canal in 60 healthy girl students in College of Applied Medical Sciences at AL- Dawadmi City. During two weeks, a total of 60 ear samples of healthy students were randomly collected by sterile swabs and cultivated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA medium). Fungal isolates were identified using conventional methods and chromogenic media. Otomycosis was confirmed in 17 students (28.3 %),10 students from 17 students of otomycosis had mixed fungal - bacterial infections (16.6%) and no organism was isolated in 43 students (71.6%). Candida albicans (35.2%) followed by Aspergillus niger (29.4%) were the dominant fungal involved in otomycosis. The activity of water and ethanolic extracts of four plants (Neem, olive, garlic and ginger) was determined against isolated fungi in comparison to Fluconazole. Extracts of garlic were the most effective followed by olive. The lowest activity was recorded by neem and ginger extracts. Candida albicans is the most sensitive organism under the action of ethanolic garlic and olive extracts. The antifungal activity of fluconazole is highest in comparison to the antifungal activity of plant extracts.

[Noha Fathy Ahmed Osman El-Tahtawi. Antimycotic Activity of Four Plant Extracts and its comparison with Fluconazole in the Treatment of Otomycosis. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):56-63]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.09.

Key words: Otomycosis, Antifungal activity, Plant extracts and Fluconazole

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Cardio-Protective Medication Adherence among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in China: A Systematic Review, Short title: Medication Adherence among Patients with CHD in China

Zhao Ni*, Bmedsci, Bsn, Phdc¹; Latefa Ali Dardas, Phd, Pmhn, Cp²; Bei Wu, Phd³; Ryan Jeffrey Shaw, Phd⁴

¹School of Nursing, Duke University, NC, U.S.A

²School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

³Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, NY, U.S.A

⁴School of Nursing, Duke University, NC, U.S.A

Abstract: Aims: In China, poor cardio-protective medication adherence is a key reason for the high mortality rates of coronary heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this systematic review is to 1) describe and synthesize factors that influence medication adherence among Chinese people with CHD, 2) evaluate the current status of the intervention studies, and 3) discuss directions of future research to improve medication adherence. Methods and Results: A comprehensive search using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Global Health, and PSYCINFO was undertaken to describe the poor adherence in China. Thirty-three eligible articles were included in the study. The review shows that there are multiple contributing factors to the poor medication adherence, including patients’ socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and medication characteristics. In addition, from patients’ perspective, lack of medication-related knowledge, such as the name, function, dosage, and frequency contributes to poor adherence. From physicians’ perceptive, a gap exists between CHD secondary prevention guidelines and clinical practice in China. Follow-up phone calls, educational lectures, booklets, and reminder cards were common methods found to be effective in improving medication adherence. Discussion: This systematic review revealed that cardio-protective medications are commonly prescribed as secondary prevention medication to patients with CHD in China, but the adherence to these medications gradually decrease during a follow-up period. Therefore, more research should be conducted on how to establish high quality health educational programs aimed at increasing patients' medication adherence.

[Zhao Ni, Bmedsci, Bsn, Phdc; Latefa Ali Dardas, Phd, Pmhn, Cp; Bei Wu, Phd; Ryan Jeffrey Shaw, Phd. Cardio-Protective Medication Adherence among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in China: A Systematic Review, Short title: Medication Adherence among Patients with CHD in China. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):64-80]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.10.

Key Words: Medication adherence; coronary heart disease; China

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Microbiological Physical and Chemical analysis of Bottled Water Sold during the Hajj in Makkah Saudi Arabia

Anas S. Dablool

Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.

Asdablool@uqu.edu.sa

Abstract: A study on microbial, physical and chemical analysis of bottled water sold in Makkah, Saudi Arabia was carried out. Twenty brands of bottled waters consisting of both purified and ground water spring types collected randomly from various retail outlets in Makkah and Holy places, KSA during the Hajj, were assessed for their suitability for drinking purpose. Investigated parameters included TDS, Cl, T.H, Ca, Mg, NO3, Fe, SO4, NO2, Cu, F, Na, K, conductivity, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, taste, E.coli, coliform, fungi, Ag, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ta, U, Zn, HCO3, Br, Ba, Cr and Hg. The results were compared with Saudi and WHO standards for drinking water. The physical and chemical contents of the tested water brands were found within the acceptable limits set for drinking water. Comparison of analyzed results with the reported label values showed considerable variations for different parameters.

[Anas S. Dablool. Microbiological Physical and Chemical analysis of Bottled Water Sold during the Hajj in Makkah Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):81-89]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.11.

Keywords: microbial, physical; chemical; water; bottle; Makkah

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The molecular epidemiology and Biochemical profiling of HBV infection in the North-eastern part of India

Namrata Kumari¹, Priyanka Kashyap¹, Subhash Medhi¹, Snigdha Saikia^1,2, Bhavadev Goswami², Premashis Kar³, Th. Bhimo Singh⁴, K.G Lynrah⁵, M. R. Kotowal⁶, Pradip Bhaumik⁷, Moji. Jini⁸ and Manab Deka¹

1Bioengineering and Technology Department, Gauhati University Institute, Guwahati, Assam

2Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam

3Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi

4Department of Medicine, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences Regional Medical College,Imphal

5Deptartment of Medicine, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya

6Medical Adviser to the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Sikkim, STNM Hospital, Gangtok, Sikkim

7Dept of Medicine, Agartala Govt. Medical College, Agartala, Tripura.

8Directorate of Medical Education, General Hospital, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh.

namrata388@gmail.com

Abstract: In India also HBV is considered a major public health problem. Among the general population of India the prevalence of HBV was recorded as a range from 2%-8% and found that India is in the intermediate HBV endemic zone. The population in the North east India is one of the most indigenous tribes with different ethnicity and has a higher incidence of drug abusers as well as HIV infection. The present case control prospective study has been undertaken to explore the viral and host genetic risk factors for the hepatitis B infection in Assam using different diagnostic tools. The present study was designed to express on many important aspects of molecular epidemiology of HBV which are very much important for identifying the population, at the risk of acquiring HBV and the developing of severity of liver disease and also propose about the transmission through different modes. From the overall samples collected 5.12% were found as the HBV positive cases and were further studied for the above objective. The male population (74%) are more prone to HBV related liver disease than women (26%). The biochemical parameters and risk factors were studied to find the severity. Also to study the seroprevalence of HBV infection among the healthy blood donors and Healthcare workers among the North eastern population, samples were first done with HBsAg ELISA and then confirmed with PCR. Out of the 751 HBV positive samples (5.12%) it was found that 4.5% were positive for blood donor and 0.6% were positive for health care workers. The blood donors with mean age 28.12±4.30 with Male: Female ratio of 31:3 and found as significantly associated with the disease (p<0.05).

[Namrata Kumari, Priyanka Kashyap, Subhash Medhi, Snigdha Saikia, Bhavadev Goswami, Premashis Kar, Th. Bhimo Singh, K.G Lynrah, M. R. Kotowal, Pradip Bhaumik, Moji. Jini and Manab Dek. The molecular epidemiology and Biochemical profiling of HBV infection in the North-eastern part of India. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):90-96]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.12.

Keywords: molecular; epidemiology; Biochemical; profiling; HBV; infection; North-eastern; India

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Pathophysiological Changes of Hyperthermia Combined with Dehydration on Rat Submandibular Salivary Glands: Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study

Gihan S. Hassan¹ and Heba E.M. Youssef²

¹ Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

² Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

gehan.hassan@dent.tanta.edu.eg; heba.youssif@dent.tanta.edu.eg

Abstract: In warm climate areas, general dehydration is remarkable, most likely due to insufficient fluid intake and increased body temperature. Physiological and pathological factors generally influence salivary secretion rate. Aim: is to study the effects of elevated ambient temperature and dehydration on rat SMG histologically and ultrastructurally. Material and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control group; rats received dried food and water ad libitum at 21-23°C room temperature. Hyperthermia group; rats received dried food and water ad libitum for a period of 5 days at 39-41°C room temperature. Hyperthermic dehydrated group; rats were deprived of water with free access to dry food at 39-41°C room temperature. SMGs specimens were processed for histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evaluation. Results: light microscopic examination of rat SMG of hyperthermia group, illustrated wider stromal spaces in between the parenchymal elements with obvious hyperemic vasodilation. Some acinar and ductal cells displayed obvious degenerative changes as vacuoles, pyknotic nuclei and apoptosis with striking ductal dilation. Wherease, in hyperthermic dehydratedgroup, the serous acini appeared pale-stained with marked cytoplasmic vaculation and very few secretory granules. Also, there were less ductal and vascular dilatation than those observed in hyperthermiagroup. Most of the dilated blood capillaries showed densely-packed disfigured (morphologically-deformed) RBCs and prominent swollen endothelial cells bulging into the capillary lumen. Extravasated RBCS were also observed within the stromal tissue. Immunohistochemically, SMG of hyperthermia group showed higher cytoplasmic Bax expression in some ducts and in their adjacent acinar cells in comparison to control and hyperthermic dehydrated groups. However, endothelial cells of blood capillaries of hyperthermic dehydrated group revealed marked Bax reaction. TEM examination of hyperthermia group demonstrated many acinar cells studded with numerous secretory granules. Degenerative changes in nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of the acinar as well as striated ductal cells were evident. Whereas, rat SMG of hyperthermic dehydrated group showed massive degenerative features in acinar and ductal cells as pyknotic hyperchromatic nuclei, destroyed Golgi apparatus, ruptured mitochondria, more vacuoles, few electronlucent secretory granules and loss of basal in foldings of striated ductal cells. Conclusion: Deficiency of water intake in high temperature environment was found to influence SMGs. It is important to emphasize on proper hydration to prevent serious damage to SMGs.

[Gihan S. Hassan and Heba E.M. Yousse. Pathophysiological Changes of Hyperthermia Combined with Dehydration on Rat Submandibular Salivary Glands: Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study. Life Sci J 2019;16(2):97-105]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj160219.13.

Keywords: SMG, hyperthermia, dehydration, Bax.