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Importance of water management in sugarcane farming, including irrigation techniques, water-use efficiency, and the challenges posed by water scarcity

*Muhammad Imran¹ , Usama Bilal¹ , Muhammad Usman¹ , Abdul Khaliq² , Shamsa kanval³ , Aqsa Nisar¹

¹Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

¹Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Sugarcane Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan

³Department Botany Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: mimran.202300105@gcuf.edu.pk

Abstract: Efficient water organizaction is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability and efficiency of sugarcane cultivation, considering the crop's substantial water needs. This article analyses the essential water management components in sugarcane farming, specifically emphasizing improved irrigation methods, water-use efficiency, and increasing difficulties caused by water scarcity. Given the significant water requirement of sugarcane, farmers must adopt effective irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems. These methods enhance water-use efficiency by providing accurate quantities of water directly to the root zone, reducing losses from evaporation and runoff. Optimizing water utilization is crucial to improving harvests and preserving soil health, directly impacting sugarcane production's quantity and profitability. The escalating difficulties of water shortages, especially at the areas where water incomes are diminishing as an outcome of variables such as climate change, population expansion, and conflicting demands from other sectors. These difficulties emphasize the significance of implementing sustainable water management strategies to mitigate the hazards linked to water scarcity. An investigation is conducted into the utilization of technologies such as soil moisture sensors, automated irrigation systems, and water recycling to enhance the durability of sugarcane cultivation. This article highlights the importance of addressing these critical concerns and emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive strategy for water management. These techniques are essential for confirming sugarcane agriculture's long-term sustainability and environmental well-being, particularly in light of increasing water scarcity.

[Muhammad Imran, Usama Bilal, Muhammad Usman, Abdul Khaliq, Shamsa kanval, Aqsa Nisar. Importance of water management in sugarcane farming, including irrigation techniques, water-use efficiency, and the challenges posed by water scarcity. Life Sci J 2025;22(2):1-19]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj220225.01

Keywords Water management; sugarcane farming; irrigation techniques; water-use efficiency drip irrigation; sprinkler system; soil health; environmental sustainability

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Synergistic Effects of Plant Extracts (Neem, Tobacco, Eucalyptus), Insecticides (Carbofuran, Emamectin Benzoate), and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Against Chilo partellus in Maize Fields

^*Muhammad Imran¹, Usama Bilal¹, Muhammad Usman¹, Abdul Khaliq², Shamsa Kanval³, Aqsa Nisar¹, Muhmmad Faizan⁴

¹Department of zoology, Government college university, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan

³Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

⁴Department of zoology, Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Abstract: The maize stem borer (Chilo partellus) is a major pest that affects maize production worldwide. This study evaluates the combined effects of various plant extracts (Neem, Tobacco, Eucalyptus), synthetic insecticides (Carbofuran, Emamectin benzoate), and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO- NPs) on C. partellus in maize fields. Field trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the Ayyub Agricultural Research Institute in Faisalabad, Pakistan, incorporating multiple treatments. Insect infestation, plant damage, and yield improvements were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours, as well as at weekly intervals. The results showed that using a combination of biopesticides, insecticides, and CuO-NPs significantly reduced pest infestation and improved maize yield compared to using any single treatment alone. The highest larval mortality rate of C. partellus was observed in the combination treatment (92.3%), followed by Emamectin benzoate (85.4%) and Copper oxide nanoparticles (70.2%). This research suggests that an integrated pest management approach utilizing these agents can effectively control C. partellus, reducing reliance on synthetic insecticides and minimizing the risk of resistance development.

[Muhammad Imran, Usama Bilal, Muhammad Usman, Abdul Khaliq, Shamsa Kanval, Aqsa Nisar, Muhmmad Faizan. Synergistic Effects of Plant Extracts (Neem, Tobacco, Eucalyptus), Insecticides (Carbofuran, Emamectin Benzoate), and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Against Chilo partellus in Maize Fields. Life Sci J 2025;22(2):20-28]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj220225.02

Keywords: Chilo partellus; neem; tobacco; eucalyptus; carbofuran; Emamectin benzoate; copper oxide nanoparticles; maize; pest control; synergistic effects

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Manual for the Artificial Insemination (AI) of Local breeds Cattle in Ethiopia

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 196.

E-mail: abebemequanent@gmail.com

Summary: Biological cells like bovine sperm are frozen by exposing them to cryoprotectants then slow cooling the samples at specific rates to allow the exodus of intracellular water molecules prior to being plunged into liquid nitrogen for long term storage. Bovine embryos are typically exposed to either glycerol or ethylene glycol for several minutes at room temperature and then ramped to a temperature of about – 35° Celsius (C) before being plunged into liquid nitrogen ( – 196° C). The success of any artificial insemination program is dependent on numerous factors. Success starts with a bull that is healthy, disease-free, and produces ample quantities of high quality semen. However, equally important is the fertility potential of the female, competency of the inseminator and quality of the environment and also the prolonged postpartum interval between calving and conception and low conception rate are the major constraints limiting the success of AI for cattle development. Two of the major goals of artificial insemination of domesticated animals are to achieve continuous genetic improvement and to prevent or eliminate venereal disease. In comparison with natural service, fewer males are needed to artificially inseminate the same number of females and to produce the same number of offspring. However, there are risks associated with artificial insemination, which has the potential to disseminate genetic defects and also to spread infectious disease nationally and internationally.

[Abebe M.A. Manual for the Artificial Insemination (AI) of Local breeds Cattle in Ethiopia. Life Sci J 2025;22(2):29-40]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj220225.03

Key words: Artificial Insemination; breeds; cattle; Ethiopia

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