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Production of Bioethanol from Cassava Peels Using Isolate from Palm Wine

¹AGBO BERNADINE CHIKODILI, ²OBIKAEZE CHINECHEREM PRINCESS, ¹OKOLI NNENNA ROSEMARY, ¹OGBUE CHIBUIKE. J. AND ¹UDEH SUNDAY.

¹Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra State.

² Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Science, Legacy University Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria

 Email: Bernadinechikodili2017@gmail.com 09034697020

Abstract: Bioethanol, an alcohol derived from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates found in various plants, has garnered significant attention as a renewable fuel source. This study aims to investigate bioethanol production from cassava peels using bacteria isolated from palm wine. The cassava peels were sourced from a local farm in Ubahumonum Okija, while fresh palm wine was obtained from Obele Nkwo, Ubahumonum Okija, both in Anambra state. These raw materials were processed in a microbiology laboratory at Legacy University Okija, where the cassava peels were washed, sundried, and milled into powdered form using crushing mortar. A standard media and biochemical test isolated the bacterium from the freshly tapped palm wine. Its morphological characteristic shows a bright-creamed-coloured colony and biochemical properties revealed that the isolate was rod-shaped, Gram-negative, and could ferment glucose, fructose and sucrose, also the isolate was urease-negative, indole-negative and oxidase-negative. The suspected bacterium was Zymomonas spp. Bioethanol production from cassava peels involved sugar fermentation using a conical flask and Zymomonas spp was used to ferment the substrate at 28°C for four days.  The distillation was carried out using a soxhlet extractor apparatus to distil the fermented cassava water, these showed a high ethanol yield of 97%, the distillation range was at 78°C and the flash point was 24°C. Furthermore, a confirmatory test was done using the iodoform test and a yellow precipitate formed, indicating the presence of ethanol. Integrating Zymomonas spp isolated from palm wine in bioethanol production from cassava peels holds promise for developing sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuels. This study lays the groundwork for further research to optimize fermentation conditions and scale up the process for commercial applications, thereby contributing to sustainable energy solutions and waste reduction.

[AGBO BERNADINE CHIKODILI, OBIKAEZE CHINECHEREM PRINCESS, OKOLI NNENNA ROSEMARY, ¹OGBUE CHIBUIKE. J. AND ¹UDEH SUNDAY. Production of Bioethanol from Cassava Peels Using Isolate from Palm Wine. Life Sci J 2024;21(9):1-5]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj210924.01

Keywords: Palm wine, Zymomonas spp, bioethanol, cassava peels, fermentation, ethanol yield, distillation, sustainability, renewable fuel, microbial fermentation, waste reduction, sustainable energy solutions

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Concepts of Animal Disease Diagnosis, Classification and its Treatment

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 196.

E-mail: abebemequanent@gmail.com

Summary: Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Disease is any deviation from health is disease. Animal disease majorly classified in to three categories that are: classification on the basis of etiological factor involved (specific and nonspecific disease), classification on the basis of causative organism (infectious and noninfectious disease) and classification on the basis of onset of clinical sign (peracute, acute, subacute and chronic disease). Veterinary diagnosis relies on knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Animal behavior, skills in the methods and techniques of clinical examination, clinical sign and pathogenesis of the diseases which are the basic requirements for clinician in his/her good diagnostic approach. Disease problems in veterinary medicine are invariably presented to the clinician through the medium of the owner’s complaint, which is a request for professional assistance by giving animal history. In any clinical examination procedures, it is necessary to employ some suitable means of restraint: physical, chemical or verbal, in order to be able to carry out the examination safely and without danger to the clinician or his assistants. Inspection, Palpation, percussion and auscultation are the commonly used methods of physical examination for assessing pathophysiological or anatomical abnormalities of given animal during clinical examination. Taking of vital parameters like: body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse rate and capillary refill time is very important in animal disease diagnosis.

[Abebe Mequanent. Concepts of Animal Disease Diagnosis, Classification and its Treatment. Life Sci J 2024;21(9):6-11]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj210924.02

Key words: Animal, classification, diagnosis, disease and treatment

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A Review On Swine Flu

Eyachew Ayana

Bahirdar Animal Health Investigation And Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O. Box 70, Bahirdar, Ethiopia

eyuelayana83@gmail.com

Abstract: Swine flu is a highly infectious emerging viral zoonosis of global significance caused by Influenza-A virus subtypes which belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and it ischaracterized by high morbidity rate and low mortality rate. It poses a significant health risk to humans ever since the first human and porcine outbreaks in the USA in 1918 which is believed to killed 50 million persons in the world. The geographical distribution of swine flu is worldwide and the disease is reported from North America, Asia, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa. Out of the 198 countries affected by swine flu in the world (2009 - 2011) a total of 1,643,281 cases of H1N1 were reported with total deaths of 19,660 people. Swine have receptors for both avian and mammalian influenza viruses, and is uniquely important as a “mixing vessel” for genetic reassortment and evolution of influenza viruses. It is transmitted through direct contact, coughing, sneezing and contaminated fomite. Signs in humans include fever, coughing, sneezing runny nose, sore throat, headache, fatigue and sometimes diarrhea and vomiting. People who work with poultry and swine, especially those with intense exposures, like veterinarians, swine farmers and meat processing workers, are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with swine flu. Therefore, public health awareness creation by giving primary attention on mode of transmission of the disease and implementation of good bio-security system including quarantine to avoid contact among infected wild and domestic birds, pigs and humans should be applied to prevent the diseases efficiently.

[Eyachew Ayana. A Review On Swine Flu. Life Sci J 2024;21(9):12-24]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj210924.03

Keywords: Emerging zonoosis, Pandemic disease, Swine, Swine flu

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Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium

Aigere Sandra Patrick, and Ogbugbue Chimezie Jason

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers State. Nigeria.

email: aigeresandra@yahoo.com

Abstract： This study investigates the degradation of the azo dye (Disperse Red) using a rhizosphere bacterial consortium. Standard microbiological and molecular techniques were employed to isolate and identify organisms from rhizosphere soil. Degradation of azodye was carried out in a fabricated anoxic and oxic chambers with hydraulic retention time of 40hrs. Initial identification of the bacterial isolates through Gram’s reaction and biochemical tests revealed the presence of organisms belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Lysinibacillus, and Citrobacter. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the isolates as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Pseudomonas chengduensis, and Citrobacter freundii. During the preliminary testing, the degradation efficiency was assessed under varying glucose concentrations. Higher decolorization rate of 56.17% was observed in the medium with 10% glucose after 72 hours, while the medium with 5% glucose achieved a 44.17% colour reduction. Notably, lower degradation rates recorded were 11.96% and 12.85% for the 5% and 10% dye enhance glucose mineral salt media, respectively. However, During the actual degradation testing in a double-chamber system enhanced with biochar, the first anaerobic cycle achieved a maximum decolorization of 71.95% after 94 hours, with the first aerobic cycle further enhancing degradation to 90.51%. The second anaerobic cycle increased degradation to 94.78%, and the final aerobic cycle achieved a decolorization of 98.47%. These results show that the rate of Disperse Red degradation is highly dependent on glucose levels and alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of using rhizosphere bacterial consortia to bioremediate wastewater contaminated with azo dyes, offering an efficient and sustainable method of environmental management. The results underline the need of optimizing ambient conditions to increase microbial degradation processes.

[Aigere Sandra Patrick, and Ogbugbue Chimezie Jason. Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium. Life Sci J 2024;21(9):25-31]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj210924.04

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REVIEW ON ANIMAL MICROBIOME: IT’S IMPORTANCE

Abebe Mihret¹, Beyenech Gebeyehu²

¹North Gojjam Zone Livestock and Fisheries Resource Development Nominal Office, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

²Bahir Dar University College of Agricutlure and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

abebemihret928@gmail.com

Abstract: The microbiome of hosts, also known as microflora or microbiota, is routinely defined as all the microorganisms inhabiting a specific environment, and these terms are often used interchangeably. Gut microbial communities, composed of bacteria, ciliate and flagellate protozoa, anaerobic fungi, and viruses, play a vital role in nutritional, physiological, immunological, and protective functions of the host. The rumen is one of the most extensively studied and well-documented gut ecosystem because of the importance of ruminants to human nutrition and the major role played by rumen microbes in nutrition of the ruminant animal. Volatile fatty acids, principally acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are the major products of rumen microbial fermentation and are absorbed and used as energy sources by the host. The interaction between the host and microbes in the rumen is synergistic, in that the host provides heat, moisture and food, while the microorganisms produce protein and by-products of digestion, to use by the host. Bacteria are the most abundant microbes in the foregut of ruminant animals, with approximately 10¹⁰ – 10¹¹ cells/ml and over 200 species. The lower-gut microbiota diverge in composition according to intestinal segment, likely reflecting differences in physical, chemical, and biological conditions in each compartment. The association between the host and the microbiome is affected by a large number of abiotic and biotic factors. Culture-dependant identification techniques rely on various selective and enrichment culture conditions in order to replicate the microbes’ natural environment. Culture-independent methods, or, more specifically DNA-based methods of identification and detection of microorganisms, allow the examination of microbial communities at a molecular level.

[Abebe Mihret, Beyenech Gebeyehu. REVIEW ON ANIMAL MICROBIOME: IT’S IMPORTANCE. Life Sci J 2024;21(9):32-45]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 05. doi:10.7537/marslsj210924.05

Keywords: animal; bacteria; importance; microbiome; rumen

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