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Review on Hard ticks Biology, Ecology and its Pathogenic effect on Cattle, in Ethiopia

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 196.

E-mail: abebemequanent@gmail.com

Abstract: Ticks are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites that transmit a wide variety of pathogens to animals and humans in many parts of the world. Ticks are the most important ectoparasites of livestock in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Ethiopia is not exceptional and ticks are responsible for severe economic losses both through the direct effects of blood sucking and indirectly as vectors of pathogens and toxins. Tick bites also reduce the quality of hides. However, the major losses caused by ticks are due to the ability to transmit protozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases of livestock, which are of great economic importance world-wide. This review concerns with general aspects of tick biology, ecology the, taxonomy, pathogenic effects and methods for the control of ticks. Ticks belong to the suborder Ixodida, which contains a single super family, the Ixodoidea, which is divided into two major families, Argasidae (softticks) and Ixodidae (hard ticks), and the rare family Nuttalliellidae, with a single African species. The main tick genera found in domestic animals of Ethiopia are Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus). Various breeds of cattle differ in their response to tick infestations. Bos indicus pure breeds and crossbreeds were reported to be more innately resistant than Bos Taurus breeds. The conventional method of controlling tick infestations in Ethiopia is application of acaricide, either by hand spraying, by hand dressing. Therefore, to minimize tick adverse effect appropriate and timely strategic control measures are crucial.

[Abebe M. Review on Hard ticks Biology, Ecology and its Pathogenic effect on Cattle, in Ethiopia. Life Sci J 2024;21(6):1-15]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj210624.01.

Keywords: Acaricide, Ectoparasites, Ethiopia, Ixodidae, Ticks

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SEROPREVALENCE OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ASOSSA, BAMBASI AND HOMOSHA WOREDAS OF ASOSSA ZONE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA

Asmamaw Aki* and Birhanu Eticha

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

Abstract:  Across-sectional study was conducted in Asossa, Bambasi and Homosha District from July 2022 to November, 2023 with the objectives of estimating, the sero- prevalence of bovine brucellosis. Of 384 serum sample examined, 9/384 (2.34%) were positive for bovine brucellosis. The high seroprevalence of the bovine brucellosis (9.75%) was recorded in Homosha woreda while the low prevalence of the disease (0.09%) was recorded in Bambasi woreda and it was significantly high (p<0.004). The highest seroprevalence (5.12 %) of brucellosis was recorded in animals less than 9 years old whilst the lowest prevalence (1.97 %) was recorded in animals 3->5 years of old and the association was not significant among the age groups. Slightly, higher prevalence was registered in female animals (2.56%) than in male animals (0 %), which was not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05).The highest prevalence of brucellosis (3.33%) was found in animals with poor body condition while the lowest (2.20 %) was recorded in animals with medium body conditions respectively, and it was non-significant (p>0.05).Cattle Brucellosis was recorded across the study kebeles with the highest prevalence of (14.28%) in Gumu kebele whereas in Dabus, Mender (47, 48, 41, 43, 42), Sonka, Womba, Megele(49), Komoshiga (27 and 28), Nebar-komoshiga, Selga (24), Amba14, and Megele (33) kebeles, the lowest brucellosis prevalence (0%) was recorded in the present study and the prevalence of brucellosis was not significant across the study sites. In Gumu, Dunga, Mutsakosa, Megele(39), Komoshiga (26), (14.28%, 5%, 9.09%, 2.27%, 3.03%) brucellosis prevalence was recorded in the studied kebeles respectively, but the association was not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, based on the findings, appropriate recommendations were forwarded to reduce the impact of the zoonotic diseases in the study area. Evidence of brucellosis in various cattle and the associated human population illustrates the need for a coordinated One Health approach to controlling brucellosis so as to improve public health and livestock productivity.

[Asmamaw Aki  and Birhanu Eticha, SEROPREVALENCE OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ASOSSA, BAMBASI AND HOMOSHA WOREDAS OF ASOSSA ZONE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Life Sci J 2024;21(6):16-24]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj210624.02.

Key words: Asossa, Bovine, Bambasi, Brucellosis and Homosha, Serum

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PHYSICO CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF FERMENTED MILK (ERGO) FROM DAIRY COW IN ABRAHAMO AND URA DISTRICTS OF ASOSSA ZONE, BENISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

Asmamaw Aki * and Birhanu Eticha

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

ABSTRACT: Across-sectional systematic random survey method was conducted from September to March, 2023 with the objectives to assess on physical and microbial quality analysis, which was used to investigate and identify microbial quality of fermented milk and to delineate the antimicrobial sensitivity test in Abrahamo and Ura districts. A total of 100 ergo samples were systematically collected and processed for the presence of microbial load, following the standard techniques and procedures. 3.80 and 3.82 log₁₀CFU/ml of urban and rural of mean bacterial counts were recorded in Abrahamo and Ura districts respectively. The mean Salmonella, Staphylococci, E.coli, Yeast and Mould counts of urban and rural were 3.31,3.37, 3.28, 2.03, 1.85(urban) and 3.39, 3.34, 3.26, 1.95, 1.73 (rural) log10CFU/ml of microbial load was identified respectively. The mean value of fat, protein, lactose and solids-not-fat, salt, density, water contents were 4.81±3.57, 2.63±0.97, 3.78±1.32, 6.35±2.34, 0.53±0.207, 22.68±9.74 and 17.32±26.77 respectively.  The minimum and maximum value of pH in ergo samples were recorded as 3.85 and 6.43 respectively. Therefore, the use of standardized procedures in milking and handling of ergo, provision of training on best practice of milk hygiene and handling of ergo for handlers and raising the level of awareness  should be noted in the study areas.

[Asmamaw Aki  and Birhanu Eticha, SEROPREVALENCE OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ASOSSA, BAMBASI AND HOMOSHA WOREDAS OF ASOSSA ZONE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Life Sci J 2024;21(6):25-35]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj210624.03.

Key words: Abrahamo, Ergo, Salmonella, E.coli, Staphylococcus and Molds, yeast, and Ura

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BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN KAMASHI DISTRICT OF BENISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA

Endalkacho Mekonen and  Asmamaw Aki*

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

ABSTRACT: A cross sectional study was carried out in Kamashi District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, western Ethiopia from September to February, 2020 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and the prevailing species of trypanosomes, associated risks and its vector density. Blood samples were collected from (n=384) randomly sampled cattle (Bos indicus) and examined using parasitological (buffy coat technique) and hematological (measurement of packed cell volume) procedures. An overall, 87/384 (22.65 %) prevalence was recorded. The infection was caused by T. congolense 76/98 (77.5%), T. vivax 16/98 (16.3%), T. brucei 3/98(3.06%) and mixed infection was found to be 3/98 (3.06 %). The infection rate was found statistically significant (P<0.000) among trypanosome species. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of infected animals was lower (20.7%) than non- infected animals (24.81%) and the variation was statistically significant (P<0.000).  Non - significant difference was recorded within study sites, sex and age categories of animals (P>0.05), whereas significant association was observed in body conditions. Glossina tachinoides was the only tsetse fly caught and its mean apparent density measured as f/t/d was 2.56. In addition, other mechanical vectors such as Stomoxys, Haematopota, and Tabanids with f/t/d of 1.69, 0.30 and 0.28 were recorded respectively. In conclusion, the result of the current study showed the economical importance of trypanosomosis in the study area signaling for devising strategic control efforts.

[Endalkacho Mekonen and  Asmamaw Aki, BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN KAMASHI DISTRICT OF BENISHANGUL GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE,WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Life Sci J 2024;21(6):36-45]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj210624.04.

Key words:  Blood, biting flies Trypanosome, Tsetse fly, risk factor

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survey on mortality, morbidity and associated risk factors in the selected kebeles of three district, benishangul gumuz regional state

¹Asmamaw Aki*, ²Birhanu Eticha, ³Dejen Tsehayeneh

^{1 and 3} Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, phone: 0902330029

² Benishangul Gumuz Regional State Bureau of Agriculture P.O. Box 30, Assosa, Ethiopia; e-mail: brihanueticha12@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Questionnaire survey was conducted on retrospective mortality and morbidity at 11 kebeles of Bambasi, Homosha and kurmuk districts, with the objective to identify the main constraints related to livestock production and cause of morbidity, mortality and their associated risk factors. In this survey, the demographic features of respondents were assessed and 10.8%, 16.84%, 3.04%, 2.94% and 66.43% of relative mortality rates were recorded in Cattle, Goat, Sheep, Donkey and poultry respectively in three districts (11 kebeles) of study sites. The highest and lowest (3.54%) and (0.69%) crude mortality rates were recorded in poultry and cattle respectively. According to Livestock owners response, the highest causes of morbidity were Trypanosomosis (14.16%), CBPP (12.4%), PPR (10.67%) and NCD (22.55%) and of avian salmonellosis (12.70%), CCPP (9.52%) and of Bovine pastuerellosis (6.86%), while the lowest morbidity rates were of shoat pox (5.97%), and  ovine pasteurelloss (2.73%). Among the respondents, 100%, 93.2%, 94.52%, 89.04%, and 76.71%  ranked Trypanosomosis, CBPP, PPR, Pasteurellosis and NCD as the highest priority animal diseases while, (4.11%) and (9.58%) of respondents indicated, Toxic plant and shoat pox  as the lowest priority animal diseases respectively. In 11 kebeles of the surveyed sites, average frequency of treatment per animal/per year was 18, 11.66 and 7.33 for cattle, shoat and equines respectively. Majority (97.3%) of the study participants indicated that, animal diseases were transmitted by flies, while 47.94%, 17.80%, and 21.91% of respondents stated that the diseases were transmitted by ticks, treatment materials, and other (stress) respectively. In study areas, inappropriate treatment, irregular vaccination schedule, less monitoring and evaluation system and weak disease surveillance were the main gap identified. Therefore, strategic prevention and control measures should be implemented properly in study area so to mitigate the fore mentioned problems.

[Asmamaw Aki, Birhanu Eticha, Dejen Tsehayeneh, survey on mortality, morbidity and associated risk factors in the selected kebeles of three district, benishangul gumuz regional state. Life Sci J 2024;21(6):46-60]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 05.

doi:10.7537/marslsj210624.05.

Keywords: Districts, morbidity, mortality and respondents

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