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Review on Immunodiagnostics

GIZACHEW GELAW

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

BAHIRDAR, ETHIOPIA

Abstract: Immunodiagnostic is an antibody-based method allowing the specific detection, quantification and localisation of antigens by means of antibody binding.Traditionally, the diagnosis of infectious diseases has been accomplished by the isolation of the infecting microorganism in pure culture. Classical methods of microbial isolation and identification have been invaluable in the study of bacterial, viral and fungal infections. However, cultivation systems offer disadvantages for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. For example, many microorganisms, especially viruses and slow growing bacteria, require a considerable period of time in cultivation that the results from cultures are often not available at a time when the result can alter the course of therapy. Thus, more sensitive means must be applied for detecting and identifying a wide range of infectious diseases.

[GIZACHEW GELAW. Review on Immunodiagnostics. Life Sci J 2024;21(2):1-22]. ISSN 1097-8135(print);ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj210224.01.

Keywords: Immunodiagnostic; antibody-based method; specific detection; antigen; diagnosis; infectious; disease microorganism; viruses

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Effects of combined waterlogging and salinity stress on plants: A review

^*Shephali Sachan, ¹Mukur Ganguly and ²Sangeeta Verma

^*School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141004 (Punjab)

Email – shefalisach@gmail.com

ORCiDs - 0000-0002-3074-3847

¹Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education (NCERT), Bhopal – 462013 (M.P.)

²State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur – 482008 (M.P.)

Abstract: The present scenario of the growing human population has led to the unsustainable expansion of agriculture and irrigated land, which is one of the main reasons for waterlogging and excessive salinity problems in semiarid, arid, and coastal regions. Waterlogging and salinity combination reduces the crop yields and ultimately leads to economic losses in different dimensions. The reduction of plant growth occur at a much higher rate when compared to the growth reducing ability of any individual stress. In the event of saline waterlogged stress, the functioning of intracellular K+/Na+ homeostasis gets disturbed; stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate get decreased as well. The decreased chlorophyll content confirms the decreased photosynthetic rate in such conditions. Some plants develop adaptive features like low respiration rate, improving antioxidant capacity, increase in stele diameter, vascular number, aerenchyma and metaxylem development, increase in endodermis layer, salt ion channelization and their removal. The present review discusses in detail the changes, from phenotypic to molecular level, which the plant goes through to overcome the adverse effect of waterlogging and salinization stresses. We further suggest the integration of proper irrigation and drainage systems like management approaches to deal with the combined waterlogging and salinity problems.

[Shephali Sachan, Mukur Ganguly and  Sangeeta Verma, Effects of combined waterlogging and salinity stress on plants: A review. Life Sci J 2024;21(2):23-38]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.02. doi:10.7537/marslsj210224.02.

Keywords: Climate Change; Waterlogging; Salinity; Plants; Adaptation; Management

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PREVALENCE OF BOVINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT, NORTH WESTERN, ETHIOPIA

DAGNINET MOLLA

WOLLO UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

PREVALENCE OF BOVINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT, NORTHWESTERN, ETHIOPIA

ABSTRACT: A cross-sectional study was conducted commencing from October 2015 to April 2016 in Mecha District, West Gojam Zone of Amhara region, Northwestern Ethiopia in order to determine the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis. Simple random sampling was used to select the study animals and coprological examination using sedimentation technique was applied for the recovery of schistosoma eggs  from freshly collected fecalsamples. Out of 384 fecal samples examined 37(9.6%) were found positive for  schistosomiasis. There was no statistically significant difference observed (P>0.05) among the three peasant associations visited even though Kudimi showed higher prevalence 17(12.1%) than the other two Peasant associations. Similarly, though 14(9.0%) male and 23(10.1%) female cattle were found positive, there was no statistically significant difference observed between the two sexes (P>0.05). Cattle having less than 2 years, 2-5years and greater than 5 years old had prevalence of  5(4.9%), 17(11.8%) and 15(10.9%) respectively. Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant differences appreciated among the three age categories ( P>0.05).  The prevalence in poor body condition 19(14.1%) was higher than that of medium body condition 15(10.7%) as well as good body condition 3(2.8%) and variation was statistically significant(P<0.05), and  with regard to breed schistosomiasis  was  higher in local breed (9.8%) than cross breed cattle(8.3%). In relation to production system the prevalence of the disease was highest in extensively managed animals 34(11.9%) compare with  semi intensive 3(3.7%) and zero prevalence in intensive management system and  the difference was statistically significant among the three management systems (P<0.05). Therefore, this study indicated that bovine schistosomiasis is still one of the major cattle health problems in Mecha district. Accordingly, farmers should be educated and advised about the diseases and its intermediate host. Hence, control of schistosomiasis based on drug treatment (strategic anthelmintics practice), snail control and appropriate sanitation measures were recommended.

[DAGNINET MOLLA, PREVALENCE OF BOVINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT, NORTH WESTERN, ETHIOPIA. Life Sci J 2024;21(2):39-56]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.03. doi:10.7537/marslsj210224.03.

Key words: Bovine, Coprology,  Mecha,  prevalence,  schistosomiasis, sedimentation, snail

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SARS CoV-2 reinfection: possible or not?

Oswaldo Jesus Rodrigues da Motta

Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)

Departament of Medicine and Nursing

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has presented multiple challenges such as therapy and clinical recovery of the patient. As the rates of cure and infection continue to increase in several countries, the question about the possibility after a patient has recovered clinically from COVID-19 has caused enormous scientific reflections. This growing concern about the possibility of SARS CoV-2 reinfection³ generate uncertainty of whether or not humans are immunized after the first contact and recovery from the COVID-19 infection. Now, it is extremely important to be sure about negative cases, that is, if the reinfection was really after the negative result for COVID-19 or if the patients were not yet fully recovered and have been tested positive due the installed infection.

[Oswaldo Jesus Rodrigues da Motta. LETTER TO EDITOR SARS CoV-2 reinfection: possible or not? Life Sci J 2024;21(2):57-58]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.04. doi:10.7537/marslsj210224.04.

Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; therapy; clinical recovery; patient; cure; infection; immunized; case; positive

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 PREVALENCE OF COVID -19 PANDEMIC: A PARADIGM SHIFT TO HYDROGEN ECONOMY

Muhibbudin Eniola Ismail

Chemical Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

muhibbudin.ei@unilorin.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: Covid-19 pandemic lockdown has slow down the world economic system. The pandemic has cleared the roads, close factories and grounded planes causing severe economic challenges. The damaging impact of the pandemic amid lockdown has been a blessing in guise for the environment because of significant drop in pollution level as transport and industrial sectors shutdown. Transport and industrial sectors are major contributors to environmental degradation through various emissions as a result of fossil fuel consumption. Energy consumed by transport and industrial sectors will have to shift to viable, readily available, economically and environmentally friendly with no carbon build up post Covid-19 pandemic.  Hydrogen energy remains the best alternative option technologies containing green house gas emission and pollutions of several forms. Hydrogen holds the potential to provide a clean, reliable, renewable and economical source of energy for meeting the growing and unending global energy needs post pandemic. The present paper explores the economic feasibility and potential of hydrogen to serve as a competitive fuel option post pandemic. In this paper, the role of hydrogen as an energy carrier hydrogen economy structure, potential of hydrogen economy, hydrogen production methods, hydrogen application and the economic and environmental importance of hydrogen as a viable fuel option post covid-19 pandemic were discussed. There will be a surge in demand and investment for hydrogen economy post Covid-19.

[Muhibbudin Eniola Ismail, PREVALENCE OF COVID -19 PANDEMIC: A PARADIGM SHIFT TO HYDROGEN ECONOMY. Life Sci J 2024;21(2):59-69]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.05. doi:10.7537/marslsj210224.05.

Keywords: corona virus; environmental degradation; hydrogen economy; clean energy;  renewable sources; non renewable sources ; economic impact; environmental impact

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