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General Veterinary Pharmacology and Drugs Used for Treatment of Bacteria, Virus, Fungus and Parasites in Animals.

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o. Box:  196

E-mail:  abebemequanent@gmail.com

Abstract:-Veterinary pharmacology is study of chemical substances (drugs) and it is deals with interaction between drugs and living tissue. Pharmacology has sub division such as: Pharmacognosy, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacotherapy, Therapeutics, Chemotherapy, Posology and so on. Key Terminology of pharmacology includes the Drugs, biological, Poison, dose, dosage, dosage regimen dosage intervals and so on. Antibacterial drugs can be either Cidal or static and can be either narrow spectrum or broad spectrum. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasite, Viruses contain a single type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat, sometimes enclosed by an envelope composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Antifungal (antimycotics): are medications used to treat fungal infections like: Dermatophytosis (ring worm), Aspergillosis and Candidiasis, Epizootic lymphangitis, Sporotrichosis and Serious systemic infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis. Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases caused by: Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes, Protozoan infections and Arthropod infestations. Antiparasitic agents can be grouped depending on the parasite where they act as: anthelmintics, antiprotozoa and acaricides and insecticides.

[Abebe, M.A. General Veterinary Pharmacology and Drugs Used for Treatment of Bacteria, Virus, Fungus and Parasites in Animals. Life Sci J 2022;19(8):1-13]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.01.

Key words: - Bacteria, drugs, fungus and parasites, pharmacology and virus.

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Left Ventricle Function Quantification in Two Dimensional Echocardiography Image Sequence Using Temporal Hybrid Level Set Method

Saeed Darvishi ^{1, *}, Hamid Behnam ¹, Majid Pouladian ¹, Niloufar Samiei ²

1.       Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2.       MD Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

 s.darvishi@gmail.com

Abstract: Identifying left ventricle area is highly important in the process of evaluating cardiac function. It also plays crucial role in quantification and measurement of cardiac parameters, such as ejection fraction. Since echocardiography is real time and the object moves in a periodic pattern, we applied temporal priors in segmentation considering segmentation as a spatio-temporal process. This approach is expected to deal with motion through estimation as a part of the segmentation process directly via a temporal prior in to the Level Set Method. Also with using temporal and regional information from neighbouring frames solves leakage problem in border detection process. The proposed method is evaluated on forty-four patients. The results are quantitatively evaluated using different metrics, in comparison with contours manually segmented by a specialist. Experimental results validate the advantages of the proposed method for the intended task and regression between all measured parameters are over r=0.96. We show how our temporal-based hybrid algorithm helps to provides accurate cardiac function analysis.

[Saeed Darvishi, Hamid Behnam, Majid Pouladian, Niloufar Samie. Left Ventricle Function Quantification in Two Dimensional Echocardiography Image Sequence Using Temporal Hybrid Level Set Method. Life Sci J 2022;19(8):14-22]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.02.

Key words: Echocardiography, Segmentation, End-Systole, End-Diastole, Level Set Method, Ejection Fraction, Cardiac Output

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Hepatotoxicity effect of some Iranian medicinal herbs formulation in rats

Ahmad Movahedian^a, Sedigheh Asgary^*b, Gholam Ali Naderi^b, Hossein Sadeghi Mansoorkhani^c, Mahtab keshvari^b

a: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

b:Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular institute, Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

c: physiology research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

sasgary@yahoo.com

Abstract: The public conviction that “herbal remedies are safe” has led to increased consumption of these products. This study was performed in view of the wide distribution of herbal remedies, risks posed by self-treatment with these products, and existing reports about the toxic effects of some medicinal herbs. The effect of some most used herbal drops of A, B, C, and D on liver function of rat was examined at different doses, namely minimum dose, maximum dose, and 2.5 times the maximum dose indicated in the brochures. The animals were administered the said doses via feeding tube for 50 days. Liver function parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum protein, albumin and urea were measured using the spectrophotometric method. The animals’ liver tissues were examined pathologically. A drop did not change liver function parameters significantly. B drop increased LDH by 34% compared to controls at maximum administered dose. C and D drops increased ALT, AST and LDH significantly compared to controls. Histological findings suggest the possible effect of C and D drops on the function of hepatocytes. We recommend that herbal formulations available in pharmaceutical markets be more closely controlled in terms of quality, as well as toxicity, especially as regards possible effects on the hepatic function.

[Ahmad Movahedian, Sedigheh Asgary, Gholam Ali Naderi, Hossein Sadeghi Mansoorkhani, Mahtab keshvari. Hepatotoxicity effect of some Iranian medicinal herbs formulation in rats. Life Sci J 2022;19(8):23-29]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03.

doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.03.

Keywords：Hepatoxicity, Medicinal herb, Prostatan, Shirafza, Sankol, Hypiran

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Evaluation of Sedative and Pre-Anesthetic Effects of Viola odorata Linn. Extract Compared With Diazepam in Rats

Ali Rezaie^1*, Eilyad Issabeaglou², Solmaz Zakhireh³, Saeid Hosseinpour⁴

1- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

2- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

3- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran

4- Graduate of veterinary medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding Author’s Email: Arezaie1@gmail.com

Abstract: Diazepam is a long-acting "classical" benzodiazepine. Diazepam has anticonvulsant properties. Diazepam inhibits acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes. Viola odorata contains alkaloid, glycoside, saponins, methyl slicylate, mucilage and vitamin C. the objective of present study was to evaluate of sedative and pre-anesthetic effects of Viola odorata linn. extract compared with diazepam in rats. In the present study, 30 wistar male rats weighting 300±10 g and about 3 month-old were used for laboratory experiments. In order to evaluate the sedation and pre-anesthetic effects of herbal extract compared with diazepam, 100 mg/kg of extract in first group, 200 mg/kg in second group, 400 mg/kg in third group, diazepam 1.2 mg/kg in group fourth, placebo 1.2 mg/kg (dimethyl sulfoxide) was injected intra peritoneal in fifth group, and sixth group did not receive any drug. Induction time and sleeping time were measured immediately following administration of ketamine. The results demonstrate that the injection of different dosages of the extract causes to increase sleeping time (p<0.01). Also, we showed that the extract has better sedation and pre anesthetic effects compared with diazepam. But dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW of the extract didn’t show a significant difference with diazepam. Dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW of the extract have weaker and identical functions, respectively, compared with diazepam. The significant of differences compared with extract dosage of 400 mg/kg BW suggests that the increase of extract dose leads to increase the sedation effect. In conclusion, we can declare that Viola odorata extract has better sedation and pre-anesthetic effects than diazepam but dose-dependently. Authors suggest that still need more studies on this plant component in order to understand the more sedative and anxiolytic effects of this plant.

[Ali Rezaie, Eilyad Issabeaglou, Solmaz Zakhireh, Saeid Hosseinpour. Evaluation of Sedative and Pre-Anesthetic Effects of Viola odorata Linn. Extract Compared With Diazepam in Rats. Life Sci J 2022;19(8):30-37]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.  04. doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.04.

Keywords: Viola Odorata Linn, Sedation, Diazepam, Rats.

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Colour Symbolism In A Nigerian Church: The Case Of Prophet/Evangelist Abiodun Oladele Of The Overcomers’ Evangelical Ministries International (Ori-Oke Asegun)

Oluwasegun Peter ALUKO, Ph.D.

Department of Religious Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

234(0)809-821-5075

segmoroc@gmail.com and opaluko@yahoo.com

Adenike Oluwabukola IREYOMI

Department of Religious Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

ireolaa@yahoo.com

Abstract: Colour holds a specific significance in the life of people and plays a certain role even in the environment. Most people place emphasis on the colour they make use of in an everyday affair. On the religious scene, colour is also an important element in the day-to-day activities that churches place great emphasis on the kind of colour being used. One of the many churches is the Overcomers’ Evangelical Ministries International with its leader being an ardent user of a specific colour. Thus, this paper examines the colour symbolism in white and the charismatic leader’s preference for the white colour. It also assess the impact of the usage of the white colour on the charismatic leader and the church at large. The approach being employed for this paper is the descriptive phenomenological approach.

[Oluwasegun Peter ALUKO, Ph.D. Adenike Oluwabukola IREYOMI. Colour Symbolism In A Nigerian Church: The Case Of Prophet/Evangelist Abiodun Oladele Of The Overcomers’ Evangelical Ministries International (Ori-Oke Asegun). Life Sci J  2022;19(8)38-43]. ISSN1097-8135 (print); ISSN2372-613X (online).

 http://www.lifesciencesite.com.  05. doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.05.

Keywords：Colour Symbolism; Nigerian; Church; Prophet; Evangelist; International

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Kalonji, fenofibrates and triglycerides

S Murad, IMDC and Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad. Pakistan

Moosa Khan, Chairman Pharmacology at SZABMU Islamabad Pakistan.

Hafiz Moeen ud Din AP Anatomy at AIMC Lahore Pakistan.

Fasiha Fatima, Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at KIMS, Karachi Pakistan

Seema Shah Murad, Gynecologist at NMC Karachi

Abdul Ghaffar, CWO at IMDC and DANTH, Islamabad-Pakistan

Jamila Shah, Psychologist at BU Karachi Pakistan

Manal Rauf Mahar, Dentist at IDH Islamabad Pakistan

Corr Author: Shah Murad, Professor at IMDC and ANTH, Islamabad, Pakistan. shahhmurad65@gmail.com,

ABSTRACT: Complications associated with high serum cholesterol levels include hypertension, CCF, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. To compare hypolipidemic potential of herb nigella sativa with allopathy-related hypolipidemic agent Fenofibrate, we conducted this research. It was single blind placebo-controlled study conducted at Ghurki trust teaching hospital, Lahore from February 2019 to July 2019. 75 diagnosed secondary hyperlipidemic patients were selected with age range from 20 to 70 years. Patients suffering from hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, any gastrointestinal upset, renal impairment, and any hepatic or cardiac disease. GROUPING: All patients were divided in three groups (group-A, group-B, group-C), 25 in each group. The study period was eight weeks. Twenty five patients of group-A were advised to take two grams of Kalonji, twice daily. Twenty five patients of group-B were advised to take Fenofibrate 40 mg tablets, BD ie;  one after breakfast and one after dinner. Twenty five patients were provided placebo capsules, (containing grinded sorghum), taking one capsule after breakfast and another before going to bed. All participants were advised to take these medicines for eight weeks. METHOD: Serum LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedwald formula1 (LDL-Cholesterol = Total Cholesterol-(Triglycerides/5 +HDL-Cholesterol). Data were expressed as the mean ± SD and “t” test was applied to determine statistical significance as the difference. A probability value of <0.05 was considered as non-significancant and P<0.001 was considered as highly significant change in the results when pre and post-treatment values were compared. After 8 weeks when results were compiled and analyzed statistically, it was observed that Kalonji reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) , and LDL-cholesterol highly significantly. HDL-cholesterol was increased in this group significantly with p-value <0.01. Fenofibrate decreased TC, TG, and LDL-cholesterol highly significantly with p-value <0.001, while increase in HDL-cholesterol was significant with p-value <0.01. CONCLUSION: It was concluded from this study that hypolipidemic potential of herbal medication NIGELLA SATIVA is comparably same as hypolipidemic potential of allopathy related drug FENOFIBRATE when given in large amount (ie; 4 grams daily) for specific time.

[Shah Murad, Professor. Kalonji, fenofibrates and triglycerides. Life Sci J 2022;19(8)44-47]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.  06. doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.06.

Keywords: Kalonji; fenofibrates; triglycerides

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REPLACING GEMFIBROZIL WITH PLANT SEEDS

Mastoi Shah Murad, Professor of Pharmacology, IMDC, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Fasiha Fatima, Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at KIMS, Karachi Pakistan

Abdul Qudoos, Assoc Prof of Pharmacology at HBSMC Islamabad Pakistan

Seema Shah Murad, Gynecologist at NMC Karachi

Abdul Ghaffar, CWO at IMDC and DANTH, Islamabad-Pakistan

Jamila Shah Murad, Psychologist at BU Karachi Pakistan

Contact with:

Shah Murad, MBBS, MSc, MBA, M.Phil, PhD. Therapeutics & Pharmacology Department, IMDC-ISD, Pakistan. shahhmurad65@gmail.com, CELL:+92 3338124611

Abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) can have long, stable periods, but can also become unstable at any time, typically due to an acute atherothrombotic event caused by plaque rupture or erosion. The disease is chronic, most often progressive, and hence serious, even in clinically apparently silent periods. To evaluate the chest pain patient with suspected coronary disease, the physician has a vast array of noninvasive diagnostic tests from which to choose, including bicycle or exercise treadmill testing, myocardial perfusion imaging, dobutamine stress echocardiography, or coronary computed tomographic angiography, though in many instances, noninvasive testing is inconclusive or nondefinitive in establishing the presence or absence of obstructive disease. In this study we have compared hypolipidemic effects of Fenofibrate 40 mg with Nigella sativa. Seventy five hyperlipidemic patients from National Hospital Lahore were enrolled for study. After getting consent all patients were divided in three groups comprising 25 patients in each group. Group 1 was on Nigella sativa, group 2 was on Gemfibrozil and third group was on placebo therapy. They were advised to take drugs for two months. After completion of study pretreatment and post treatment values of LDL cholesterol were analyzed statistically. In Nigella sativa group LDL cholesterol decreased from 191.14±3.45 to 159.40±2.98 mg/dl, means 31.7  mg/dl LDL reduction was observed when compared with placebo group. In Fenofibrate group of patients LDL cholesterol decreased from 197.77±3.91 mg/dl to 159.62±2.20 mg/dl, means LDL reduction in mean values was 38.2 mg/dl, when compared with placebo group. These changes are highly significant with p-values of <0.001. CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH WORK: We concluded from this study that herbal medicine Nigella sativa is as effective as traditionally used hypolipidemic drug Fenofibrate.

[ShahMurad, Professor. Kalonji, fenofibrates and triglycerides. Life Sci J 2022;19(8)48-51]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 07 doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.07.

Key Words: Coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, mortality, morbidity, blood pressure, hyperlipidemic patients, ICU, Fibrates  

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Pathological and new biotoxigenic characterization method for Fusarium species from banana fruits

Mousa Abdullah Alghuthaymi¹ and Ali Hassan Bahkali²

¹Biology Department, Science and Humanities college, Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia

²Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Author for correspondence: e-mail: malghuthaymi@su.edu.sa

Abstract: There are 19 fungal isolates belong to Fusarium genera. The following Fusarium species were isolated: F. semitectum (5 isolates), F. proliferatum (3 isolates), F. circinatum (3 isolates), F. chlamydosporum (3 isolates), F. solani (2 isolates), F. oxysporum (2 isolates), F. thapsinum (1 isolates). In this respect F. semitectium, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored banana fruits is a typical wound parasite. Maximum growth rate was observed in F. oxysporum while the minimum growth rate of F. chlamydosporum isolate 2. Temperature × isolate was the most important factor in determining the variation in variation in temperature, Fusarium isolate, and their interaction on mycelial dry weight of Fusarium. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded banana fruits. Nicotiana seedlings inoculated with Fusarium isolates filtration was used to screen mycotoxin producing fungi. Young leaves was affected first and become small and distorted or chlorotic with irregular margins, spotting or necrotic areas.

[Mousa Abdullah Alghuthaymi and Ali Hassan Bahka. Pathological and new biotoxigenic characterization method for Fusarium species from banana fruits. Life Sci J 2022;19(8):52-61]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print);ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.  08. doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.08.

Key words: Banana; Mycotoxin; Fusarium, biotoxigenic assay

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[Life Sci J 2022;19(8):62-77]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.  09.

withdrawn

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Pandemic effects on rates of marriages, a cross-sectional COVID-19 study in Adham, Saudi Arabia.

Asaad A. Abduljawad¹, Hashim Alhatmi ² ,Samer Almalki ³, Turki Almalki ⁴, Yousef Almalki ⁵, Majid Y. Nashar ⁶, Fayez S. Bahwerth ⁷ , Abdulmoghni E. Althobaiti ⁸, Essa Althubyani ⁹Anas S. Dablool ^{* 10} Mohammed A. Elawad ¹¹, Osama F. Mosa¹²

¹  Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, aabduljawad@uqu.edu.sa

²  Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, s439010381@st.uqu.edu.sa

³ Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, s439011080@st.uqu.edu.sa

⁴  Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, s439006936@st.uqu.edu.sa

⁵  Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, s439002799@st.uqu.edu.sa

⁶  College of medicine, Taif University.   Mnashar@ut.edu.sa

⁷ King Faisal Hospital Makkah  , Ministry of Health. Fbahuwayrith@moh.gov.sa

⁸  Ministry of Health, Abdulmogne@hotmail.com

⁹ Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, s439005044@st.uqu.edu.sa

^10*Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, asdablool@uqu.edu.sa

¹¹ Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, University of Khartoum, Sudan. dmohelawad@gmail.com

¹² Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, ofmosa@uqu.edu.sa

Abstract: Premarital screenings are such an important public health measure for couples planning to get married, which helps them lead healthy lives and give birth to healthy children. During this process couples are medically tested before their wedding to check out their health condition. If one of the spouses is infected or carries a disease, it can be transmitted to the other partner or inherited to the offspring. In this regard, screening is essential before getting married and recently in 2004, due to the detrimental effects on the health of the public, the quality of life of Saudis, and the unfavorable and negative impact on the Saudi economy, the Saudi government passed the law and premarital screening became a requirement for marriage approvals in the Kingdom. The Saudi Ministry of health (MOH) provides free access to these screening clinics, laboratories, and medical counseling. In this study, a community-based access cross sectional study was conducted to study premarital examinations in Adham Governorate, in western Saudi Arabia. There were 1,888 of couples that underwent screening tests in 2019 and 2020 out of which 98.35% were showing compatibility while the remaining 1.65% showed incompatibility. Furthermore, the screening tests were made for the specific three diseases hepatitis B, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. During the study, it was concluded after conducting interviews by public health interns alongside with primary source data collected and statistically analyzed that the number of screenings drastically dropped in the year 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown conditions, and recommended that MOH should introduce psychiatric consulting, drug and alcohol screening to the premarital screening protocol.

[Asaad A. Abduljawad, Hashim Alhatmi  ,Samer Almalki, Turki Almalki, Yousef Almalki, Majid Y. Nashar , Fayez S. Bahwerth , Abdulmoghni E. Althobaiti, Essa Althubyani .Anas S. Dablool .Mohammed A. Elawad , Osama F. Mosa. Pandemic effects on rates of marriages, a cross-sectional COVID-19 study in Adham, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J  2022;19(8)78-87]. ISSN1097-8135 (print); ISSN2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10.

doi:10.7537/marslsj190822.10.

Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest: Premarital Screening; Hepatitis B;  Sickle Cell Disease;  Thalassemia;  Adham;  Saudi Arabia

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