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Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B infection in patients attended at the S. D. A. Cooper Hospital, Sinkor, Liberia

*, Shobayo, B. I.*, Mawolo, J.*, Chea, S. K. P.*

* University of Liberia, Fendell, Louisiana, Liberia

bodeshobayo@gmail.com; Telephone: +231775912252; Cellular phone: +231888575823

Abstract: Infection with hepatitis B virus causes both significant morbidity and mortality accounting for an estimated 400 million chronic liver infections and diseases. This study aims at determining the prevalence and risk factors of HBV infections among adults in Sinkor, Greater Monrovia. This retrospective study used information recorded in the database of the SDA Cooper Hospital. Records of one hundred and thirty-four (134) adult patients (≥18) who attended the hospital from January – December, 2016 and were tested for HBV. the overall prevalence of HBV infection was 57 (45.24%). The prevalence was higher in males 43/87 (49.4%) than females 14/39 (35.9%). In terms of age group, the prevalence of HBV was highest, 27/39 (69.2%) in the age group of 30–39 years and lowest, 1/12 (8.3%) age group 70-79 years. Sexual contact and intravenous drug use were the main possible sources of infection as 43.9 % and 28.1 % of the patients were probably infected through these routes. The least possible sources of infection were surgical operations (1.8%) and blood transfusions (10.5%). Findings from this study revealed a high prevalence of HBV infections among adult patients, especially through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. The risk of HBV infection was also found to decrease with age.

[Shobayo, B. I., Mawolo, J., Chea, S. K. P. Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B infection in patients attended at the S. D. A. Cooper Hospital, Sinkor, Liberia. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):1-5]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.01.

Keywords: prevalence; risk factors; Hepatitis B infection

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Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of alkaloids extracted from Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae)

Abdul Mushin M. Shami ¹*, Koshy Philip ¹ and Sekaran Muniandy ²

^1. Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

^2. Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

aashbio@yahoo.com

Abstract: Morinda citrifolia have been used as a treatment for many diseases such as dysentery, heart diseases, AIDS, cancers and others. The purpose of the study was to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activities from alkaloids extracted from of M. citrifolia fruits. Methods: Well diffusion assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). These parameters were used to evaluate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA and Helicobacter pylori. Assays for radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase-like activity were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. LC-MS analysis was used to identify alkaloids while studies with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed mode of action. Results: Alkaloids extracts from the fruits of M. citrifolia exhibited significant inhibition against all strains of test bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Alkaloids extracted from the fruits showed antioxidant activities. LC-MS analysis of alkaloids of the M. citrifolia fruits identified specific compounds in these extracts. SEM analysis of the interaction of these substances with the bacteria showed significant morphological changes of cell wall, membrane and destruction of the targeted bacterial cells. Conclusions: It could be concluded that the alkaloids extracts of the fruits of this plant had good antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The results suggest that these substances can be a new source of antimicrobials and antioxidants.

[Shami A, Philip K, Muniandy S. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of alkaloids extracted from Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae). Life Sci J 2021;18(2):6-11]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.02.

Keywords: Morinda citrifolia; alkaloids; antibacterial; antioxidant; mode of action

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Impact of application of bio-amniotic membrane immersed in 5-fluorouracil solution in trabeculectomy on rabbit retina

Chenming Zhang^1,+, Wei Liu^{2, +}, Xinyi Wu^1,*, Jianrong Wang², Bailin Guo², Yan Sun², Yuguang Zhang², Hua Zhang², Yu Wang², Jun Zhao²

¹Shandong University, Jinan, 250002, China.

²Jinan No.2 People's Hospital, Jinan, 250001, China.

⁺These authors contributed equally to the work and are the co-first author.

Email: wuxy_jinan@163.com; Tel: 86-0531-81270678; Fax: 86-0531-87930188

Abstract: Background: To observe the impact of application of bio-amniotic membrane immersed in 5-fluorouracil solution in trabeculectomy on the retina in a rabbit model. Methods: Healthy white New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups with 20 in each group. They accepted trabeculectomy and intraoperational implementation of 4×5 mm bio-amniotic membranes immersed in either physiological saline/water for 10 min, or 25 mg/mL 5-fluorouracil solution for 5 and 10 min, respectively. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of postoperation, 5 rabbits from each group were examined with electroretinogram (ERG) and then sacrificed by air embolism. Their retinas were collected and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, 5-fluorouracil amount in bio-amniotic membranes was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Each bio-amniotic membrane could absorb 59.004 and 75.828 μg 5-fluorouracil after immersed in 5-fluorouracil solution for 5 and 10 min, respectively. Application of these bio-amniotic membranes in trabeculectomy had no effect on ERG and TEM structures of retina. Conclusion: The application of improved bio-amniotic membrane by adding anti-metabolism drugs to inhibit fibrosis is an important direction for prevention and treatment of glaucoma.

[Chenming Zhang, Wei Liu, Xinyi Wu, Jianrong Wang, Bailin Guo, Yan Sun, Yuguang Zhang, Hua Zhang, Yu Wang, Jun Zhao. Impact of application of bio-amniotic membrane immersed in 5-fluorouracil solution in trabeculectomy on rabbit retina. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):12-16]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.03.

Keywords: Biological amniotic membrane; 5-fluorouracil; trabeculectomy; retina

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Interactive effects of seed priming and watering frequency on Acacia tortilis seedlings growth performance in arid saline field

Alzubaidi AI, Elfeel AA and Bakhashwain AA

Dept. of Arid land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: First year growth and survival is very crucial for successful planting in arid lands. Seed priming proved to enhance seedling performance under various growth conditions. In this study, seed samples of Acacia tortilis were primed in different osmo-conditioning and hormonal priming solutions, sown in the nursery, and then the produced seedlings were transplanted into the open field under different levels of watering frequencies. The results obtained revealed significant effects of irrigation and seed priming treatments and their interaction in all growth traits measured, indicating that priming treatments respond differently under different irrigation. The interactive effects produced better growth performance of treated seedlings under all watering treatments. However, treating the seedlings with PEG osmo-priming at the rate of 10% followed by hormonal priming at the rates of 200 and 300 ppm produced better values across all irrigation treatments, with PEG10 ranked better in most treatments. While the trend in growth rate showed that during the early growth stages all the treatments obtained close results and were started to separate with increasing time. In regards to irrigation treatment, irrigating the seedlings twice a week and once every week revealed no significant difference in all growth traits, indicating no need to irrigate twice a week. The analysis of antioxidant compounds (total phenols and total flavonoids) showed similar trend with high values in primed seedlings. In the same way, PEG 10% produced higher phenols and flavonoids across all watering treatments. In another hand, with in the irrigation treatment both phenols and flavonoids were increased with increasing watering frequency. The results concluded that priming the seeds would improve early growth performance for this species under arid saline conditions.

[Alzubaidi AI, Elfeel AA and Bakhashwain AA. Interactive effects of seed priming and watering frequency on Acacia tortilis seedlings growth performance in arid saline field. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):17-24]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.04.

Keywords: seed priming, GA3, PEG-6000, seedlings growth, phenols, flavonoids, watering frequency

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On biological miracles and cosmic energy

Acharya Sennimalai Kalimuthu

2/394, Kanjampatti P.O, Pollachi Via, Tamil Nadu 642003, India

Email: owlskalimuthu@gmail.com

Researcher ID: AAP-4476-2020

Scopus Author ID: 25723330600

ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7978-9013

MR ID 1048338

Abstract: Yoga is a commonly known generic term for the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace. According to Sage Patanjali, yoga is the stilling of the changing states of the mind. Yoga has also been popularly defined as "union with the divine" in other contexts and traditions. In this work, an easiest technique to activate has been proposed.

[Acharya Sennimalai Kalimuthu. On biological miracles and cosmic energy. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):25-28]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.05.

Key words: Bio Energy; Cosmic Energy; Yoga; Breathing Techniques; Meditation

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Detection of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from poultry meat retail shops in Lahore

Baqir Raza¹, Farrukh Shahzad¹, Sana Shahid², Muhammad Umair Khalid², Talha Sajid², Mahwish Shaukat⁴, Syed Musa Raza Naqvi¹, Haseeb Ali Tariq⁴, Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad¹, Abdul Rehman¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

² National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

³ Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

⁴ Department of Food Science & Technology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

Email: abdul.rehman@uvas.edu.pk

Abstract: Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. These are also used as prophylactic measures as well as growth promoters especially in poultry production. During the last one decade, antibiotic resistance emerged as a global problem drawing attention of the international health agencies. Present study was conducted to detect Escherichia coli (E. coli) from poultry meat retail shops in Lahore and to further evaluate antibiotic resistance in E. coli against different groups of antibiotics. 150 samples were collected from the hands of butchers, knives and their cutting boards with the help of sterile swabs and transferred to the laboratory in icebox. Afterwards, the samples were streaked over the MacConkey agar, pinkish colonies were taken and streaked over EMB agar plates and finally metallic green color colonies were isolated and further identified by the gram staining, catalase, indole, citrate and oxidase tests. Isolated colonies were swabbed over the Müller Hinton agar to check the antibiotic resistance against ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. In this study, the highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin (80.37%), followed by ampicillin (77.57%), tetracycline (43.93%), ciprofloxacin (27.10%) and gentamicin (18.69%). Results of present study indicated that antibiotic resistance in E. coli is increasing day by day owing to the irrational use of these antibiotics.

[Baqir Raza, Farrukh Shahzad, Sana Shahid, Muhammad Umair Khalid, Talha Sajid, Mahwish Shaukat, Syed Musa Raza Naqvi, Haseeb Ali Tariq, Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad, Abdul Rehman. Detection of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from poultry meat retail shops in Lahore. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):29-38]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.06.

Key words: Antibiotic resistance, E. coli, Chicken meat, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Gentamicin

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Usability Evaluation of Research Database Websites

Najwa Samrgandi

College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

nhsamrgandi@uqu.edu.sa

Abstract: The last few decades have been characterized by an expanding focus on usability designing and evaluating especially with database research websites that have been built and set into service. Usability is a fundamental attribute for satisfying the quality necessities of any software product. There are a wide variety of usability evaluation techniques that can be used in assessing the interaction between human beings and the interface such as tool-based techniques, evaluator-based techniques, and user-testing methods. The research study focuses on the evaluation of the four-database research websites and discusses the user data that was gathered after carrying out interviews. ProQuest is one of the database research websites which considers as an independent, completely accessible database and gives access to many full content articles from a large number of academic journals. The exploration members were drawn from their most convenient in all the cases. In summation, usability is generally viewed as a fundamental attribute for satisfying the quality necessities of any software product. The results indicate that the participants use the research database page during the semester to do the assignments because the participants were all students. The parts of the research database that they like the most are the filter box, research box, and language options. Students use research databases that have access through the Saudi Digital Library and most of the students preferred the Arabic resources, so they used the Dar Almandumah database.

[Najwa Samrgandi. Usability Evaluation of Research Database Websites. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):39-49]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.07.

Keywords: Usability; research database website; users; usability evaluation; (SDLC) model.

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Improvements In Gladiolus Production Technology; Enhanced Gladiolus Production By Treating With Quorum Quenching Bacterial Consortia On Descaled And Cut-Half Gladiolus Corms

Sahar JAMEEL^1*, Kashif RIAZ¹, Tahira Bano², Hassan Zafar Khari², Farhat Naz³, Qurat Ul Ain Nazeer⁴, Jahanzeb Ahmad², Hira Aslam⁵

¹Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan

⁴Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan

⁵Department of Physiology, GC University Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author: saharjameel2466@yahoo.com

Abstract: Here, we compared the impact of quorum quenching based bacterial bio-product in combination with three different sowing methods for gladiolus corms: Scale (S), Descale (DS) and Descale and Cut half (DSC) into portions. Data were recorded at 1^st, 3^rd, 6^th leaf stage for flower emergence. Number of corms harvested showed that the quencher bacterial consortia treated with descaled and cut half type corms, produce more flowers and corms. It also showed more variation in terms of flower emergence. Indeed, the treated plants remained healthier and showed lesser disease index. This study proposes an eco-safe novel bio-product and validates an improved sowing method for sustainable gladiolus flower and corms production while keeping the profitability.

[Sahar JAMEEL, Kashif RIAZ, Tahira Bano, Hassan Zafar Khari, Farhat Naz, Qurat Ul Ain Nazeer, Jahanzeb Ahmad, Hira Aslam. Improvements In Gladiolus Production Technology; Enhanced Gladiolus Production By Treating With Quorum Quenching Bacterial Consortia On Descaled And Cut-Half Gladiolus Corms. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):51-54]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.08.

Key words: Scale (S), Descale (DS), Descale and Cut half (DSC) Introduction

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Effect Of Hypobaric Treatment And Storage Temperature On Shelf Life Of Persimmon Fruit

Fouzia Bibi¹, Ali Muhammad¹, Muhammad Umair Khalid², Mahwish Shaukat³, Umair Ahmad⁴, Zahra Batool², Maha Khan², Bushra Farooq², Rameesha Anjum², Zahra Nishat²

¹ Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan

² National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

³ Department of Food Science & Technology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

⁴ Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Email: alizypher@yahoo.com

Abstract: Persimmon fruit can soften rapidly within days, sometimes even hours. This softening is initially triggered by ethylene (a natural plant hormone), which is initial trigger for a range of fruit softening enzymes such as polygalacturnase (PG) and pectinesterase (PE) The research was carried out to study the effect of hypobaric treatment and storage temperature on shelf life of persimmon fruits for a period of 8 days. The treatments were T0 (Control), T1 (0•C), T2 (23•C+25 kPa) and T3 (0•C + 25kPa). The samples were analysed physic-chemically for (Firmness, Weight Loss, Shrinkage and TSS) and organoleptically for flavour. T1 showed lower (18.52 ^oBrix) TSS during 8 days of storage followed by T3 (19.00^oBrix), T0 (19.12 ^oBrix) and T2 (19.32 ^oBrix). Shrinkage was minimum in T3 (2.61 %) and maximum in T2 (4.10 %) while T1 and T0 showed (1.61 %) and (3.49 %) respectively. Loss in firmness was maximum in T0 (0.92 N) while minimum in T2 (1.30 N). T1 showed higher weight loss (3.58%) followed by T2 (3.37%), T1 (1.62%) while T3 showed minimum weight loss of (0.55%). After storage days T1 obtained maximum score for flavour (7.00) followed by T3 (6.50), T2 (5.20) and T0 (4.70). By analysing above information it was concluded that T3 is effective in extending shelf life of persimmon fruits.

[Fouzia Bibi, Ali Muhammad, Muhammad Umair Khalid, Mahwish Shaukat, Umair Ahmad, Zahra Batool, Maha Khan, Bushra Farooq, Rameesha Anjum, Zahra Nishat. Effect Of Hypobaric Treatment And Storage Temperature On Shelf Life Of Persimmon Fruit. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):55-60]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.09.

Key words: hypobaric treatment, temperature, shelf life, persimmon fruit

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COVID-19: Zoonotic potentials, viral structure encouraging its mechanism for inter-host transmission and its potential risk for Veterinarians, Animal handlers, Zoo-Keepers and Pet-Owners: Review

*Ugochukwu, Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna ^(a)., Anyanwu, Madubuike ^(a)., Sani, Nuhu Abdulazeez ^(b)., Onoja, Remigius Ibe ^(a) Gaber El-Saber Batiha ^(c).,

^(a)Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

^(b) Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.

^(c) Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Damanhour University, Albeheira, Egypt

* Correspondence should be sent to; Ugochukwu, Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Tel No-+2348037322220. ORCID ID-0000-0001-7410-8311.

Abstract: COVID-19, caused by SAR- CoV-2 virus and a worldwide disease pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China as a disease outbreak and afterwards it has rapidly spread from China to more than 216 countries, with 100,893,336 reported cases since the first report and 2, 168, 723 mortalities worldwide as of January 27, 2020. SARS-CoV-2, the aetiologic virus is thought to emanate from bats; however, information about the intermediate animal sources of the virus still remains unclear. There have been reports of COVID-19 infection in animals and this gives credence to the zoonotic potentials of this deadly virus. In this mini-review, we evaluate the zoonotic potentials of COVID-19, the viral structure and mechanism that will likely favor COVID-19 inter-hosts transmission, it’s potential risk for Veterinarians, Animal handlers, Zoo-Keepers and Pet-Owners. In Conclusion, there are no concrete scientific evidence that the animals infected with COVID-19 infection can transmit same virus to human beings but recommend that Veterinarians, Animal care givers and Zoo keepers to every caution and safety measures possible when in close proximity with these animals, sufficient restriction of movement and provision of animals needs for these pets, who can wander and get infected by contact with Humans with COVID-19 infection and we encourage a One-health approach and synergy between health professionals including Vets to tackle and contain this scourge.

[Ugochukwu, Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna., Anyanwu, Madubuike., Sani, Nuhu Abdulazeez., Onoja, Remigius Ibe Gaber El-Saber Batiha. COVID-19: Zoonotic potentials, viral structure encouraging its mechanism for inter-host transmission and its potential risk for Veterinarians, Animal handlers, Zoo-Keepers and Pet-Owners: Review. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):61-68]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.10.

Keywords: Animals; Covid-19; Coronavirus; SARS-COV-2; Pandemic

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Correlation between equivalent spherical diopter and visual acuity, stereo vision of schoolchildren

Fen-Chi Lin ¹, Shuan-Yu Huang ^2*

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan, ROC.

² Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan

syhuang@csmu.edu.tw

Abstract: The correlation between equivalent spherical diopter and visual acuity, stereo vision of schoolchildren in Taichuang were investigated. This study investigated the refractive diopter, visual performance, and visual perception ability of children in elementary school, and analyze whether the performance of the above parameters is different in different genders. By understanding the above-mentioned visual performance and refractive diopter of children, it can be analyzing and predicting the possibility of developing myopia, and a good effect on the prevention and treatment of myopia in the future.

[Fen-Chi Lin, Shuan-Yu Huang. Correlation between equivalent spherical diopter and visual acuity, stereo vision of schoolchildren. Life Sci J 2021;18(2):69-72]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj180221.11.

Keywords: visual acuity, diopter, visual function

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