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Evaluation of 2D Placental Parameters in Relation with Pregnancy Outcome A Prospective Study

Mohammed El-Husseny Radwan

Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

hussenyradwan@gmail.com

Abstract: Background and Objectives: A significant number of women experience adverse pregnancy outcome related to placental insufficiency and there is a need to accurately prediction of these adverse outcome by simple reproducible method. The aim of this study was to investigate possible value of assessing placental volume by two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography in the prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Prospective observational study carried out in obstetrics and Gynecology Department and included 122 pregnant women at 18-24 week gestation presented for antenatal care attending Zagazig University Hospitals then divided into 2 groups according to complication during pregnancy till time of delivery group (A): control group and group (B): Involve 30 pregnant women with complicated pregnancy Results: significant high placental thickness, height, width, volume in group A compared to group B but insignificant difference in placental site between both groups. The observation of, significant high difference in neonatal weight and Apgar score in group A compared to group B is correlated with difference in placental parameters between both groups.

[Mohammed El-Husseny Radwa. Evaluation of 2D Placental Parameters in Relation with Pregnancy Outcome A Prospective Study. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):1-8]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.01.

Key Words: two-dimensional ultrasonography - adverse pregnancy outcome – placental volume

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Geotechnical Characteristics of Fiber Cemented Collapsible Soil

Mohamed Ayeldeen¹, Waseim Azzam², M.N. EL Siragy³

^1,2 Structural Engineering Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

³Assis. Prof. of Soil Mechanics & Foundation, Structural Eng. Dept. 6 October University, Egypt

Email: siragy2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research is focusing on the investigation of the capability of using materials such as biopolymer (it is considered to be non harmful material to the environment) to improve the strength of the mechanical characterizations of the problematic soil including the collapsible ones. There are two different types of biopolymers which is used in this study (xanthan gum and guar gum) because of the most stable behaviour according to sever situations and their obtainable and economical cost. The program which is used in this paper is stand on three main soil characterizations, which are; densification properties, collapsible prospect and shear factors, those previous soil characterizations are indispensable in any soil enhancement project. Many of biopolymer condensations are included in this research and the investigational program work is proceeded at two treatment phases (first stage subsequent to blending the soil by the biopolymer, second stage after seven days treatment time). Shear factors are measured for the cured samples in both drenched and sundrenched conditions. On the other hand the collapsible prospective test is performed under several of mixing conjuncture (before and after wet mix). A numerical module is established to prophesy the behavior of the cured problematic soil with and without inundation. The analysis of the output point to that the capability of the both xanthan and guar gum are available as one of successful soil enhancement objects for the collapsible soil improvement. The collapsible prospective is decreased significantly starting at 9% to 1% the mixture of soil with 2% biopolymer concentration in the saturated phase. In the case of oneweek treatment period, the cohesion stress climbed beginning of 8.5 to 105 kPa by raising the xanthan gum condensation from 0.00 percent to two percent, reaching the needed total enhancement in the soil shear strength. Also, it proved that the superiority of guar gum over xanthan gum in improving the shear strength is about 30% more than xanthan gum at the same conditions and reduces the collapsible potential by about 20% more than xanthan gum at the same conditions.

[Mohamed Ayeldeen, Waseim Azzam, M.N. EL Sirag. Geotechnical Characteristics of Fiber Cemented Collapsible Soil. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):9-22]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.02.

Keywords: Collapsing problematic soil; xanthan gum; guar gum; collapsing prospective; shear strength; compaction and arithmetical model

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Development of Nutritious Extruded Snacks

Eman H. Algarni¹; Hanan A. Hussien² and Eman M. Salem²

¹ Food Science and Nutrition, Collage of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia

² Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

E-mail: dr_emo_2009@hotmail.com

E-mail: hananhussienh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Mixtures of cereals and legumes lead to products with a better content of protein with a high biological value. Sweet lupine flour had the highest protein, fat and fibre content (39.37, 3.08 and 3.92% respectively), while sweet potato flour had the highest ash and carotene content (4.03% and 32.51 mg/kg). The product prepared from extruding broken rice, sweet potato flour and sweet lupine flour had an increased nutritional value. Adding 10% sweet potato flour resulted in a significant increase in fiber, ash and total carotenoids. While increasing amounts of sweet lupine resulted in a gradual increase in the values of protein, fat, fiber and ash. There was a decrease in the EI, WAI and WSI values as the concentration of lupine increased. It could be noticed that consuming fortified snacks could provide children with part of their daily requirements of protein, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, calcium, iron and zinc.

[Eman H. Algarni; Hanan A. Hussien and Eman M. Sale. Development of Nutritious Extruded Snacks. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):23-31]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.03.

Keywords: Broken White Rice, Sweet Lupine, Sweet Potato Flour, Extrusion

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Enrich nutritional value for baldy bread fortified with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) microalgae

Huda Abdel Rahman Owyed Al- Jumayi

Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, kingdom of Saudi Arabia

E-mail: drhuda2008@gmail.com

Abstract: Bread is one of the most popular bakery products, generally made from wheat flour 72% extraction which is limited in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber. Therefore, in the present study, wheat flour was fortified with 20% hull-less barley which contained β-glucan as a natural antioxidant and dietary fiber and also, it was supplemented with Spirulina platensis microalgae powder at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% levels to improve its nutritional quality. The results showed that the Spirulina platensis is rich in proteins, antioxidants, DPPH Radical Scavenging, and dietary fiber and also hull-less barley had contained rich amounts from dietary fiber and β- glucan. The results indicated also that the water absorption, dough development time and stability time increased gradually by increasing the level of Spirulina platensis microalgae powder and 20% hull-less barley. However data revealed that the substitution of wheat flour with Spirulina platensis microalgae powder at different levels and 20% hull-less barley minimized extensibility and dough energy. The results indicated that 7.5 % the addition of Spirulina platensis have not any negative effects on the shelf life of the loaves of bread and it improved the nutritional value, protein digestibility, biological evaluation and blood compositions in rats.

[Huda Abdel Rahman Owyed Al- Jumayi. Enrich nutritional value for baldy bread fortified with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) microalgae. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):32-41]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.04.

Key words: Spirulina platensis, DPPH Radical Scavenging, Rheological properties

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Beneficial Effect of Uncaria Tomentosa against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Experimental Study

Raed A Al-khayyal¹, Fawaz A Al-Mousa¹, Abeer M Alaiary², Lina A Alrassan ¹ and Ali M Gado^1,3

¹General Directorate of Poison Control Centers, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

³Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Head of Biochemistry Unit, Almenshawy Hospital, Tanta, Ministry of Health, Egypt

daligado@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: One of the important an environmental pollutant is the carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) which induced toxicity in many vital organs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be formed during toxicity with CCl4 pollutant. Uncariatomentosa (UT), cat’s claw, is herbal medicine used widely to treat inflammatory disorders, and it is valuable in the curing of several disorders. Objectives: The aim of the current work was to explore the defensive role of Uncariatomentosa on CCl₄-induced hepatic injury. Materials and Methods: Mice were feed on cat's claw (10 mg kg-1ip1) for 8 days before intraperitoneal injection of 20 ul/kg CCl4for induction of hepatotoxicity. The recorded symptoms of CCl₄toxicity was significant elevations in liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total nitrate/nitrite and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, a significant reduction in hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxides. Moreover, the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the hepatic tissues were decreased significantly. The histopathological examination of hepatic tissues confirmed the results and revealed to obvious necrosis in the liver with CCl4 treated mice. Results and Conclusion: Treatment for 8 days with UT prior to administration of CCl4 reversed entirely the histopathological and biochemical alterations induced by CCl₄ to the normal condition. In conclusion, UT is efficient in protecting mice from CCl4-induced liver toxicity probably through elevated resistance to nitrosative and oxidative stress.

[Raed A Al-khayyal, Fawaz A Al-Mousa, Abeer M Alaiary, Lina A Alrassan and Ali M Gado. Beneficial Effect of Uncaria Tomentosa against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Experimental Study. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):42-49]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.05.

Keywords: Uncariatomentosa, CCl4, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity

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The effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery and the extent of pathology on speech outcome after surgery

Omar A. El-Banhawy MD¹, Ibrahim A. Abd El-Shafy MD¹, Eman Ezzat MD², Ashraf A. El-Demerdash MD¹ and Peter W. Shaker MBBCH³

¹Otorhinolaryngology department, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt.

²Phoniatric Unit, Otorhinolaryngology department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt

³Resident of Otorhinolaryngology at Ministry of Health. El Qusia central hospital, Assuit, Egypt.

emezzat50@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to determine both the task of nasal and paranasal sinuses pathologies on the nasal attitude of speech and the impacts of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on speech construction and acuity. Background: The role of endoscopic functional sinus surgery in improving speech quality is controversial. Methods: It is a prospective study that was conducted on 30 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis at Otorhinolaryngology Department in Menoufia University Hospital in period between January 2017 and November 2017; 18 males with mean age of 33 yrs. and 12 females with mean age of 31 yrs. Speech assessment was done for all patients before and at least one month after surgery. All patients fulfilled full history, local nasal examination, clinical examination by CT scan to paranasal sinuses, and assessed objectively of nasalized and non-nasalized speech samples using nasameter in addition to auditory perceptual assessment that was conducted by trained phoniatrician. The patients were listed for undergoing endoscopic sinonasal surgery due to chronic inflammatory nasal obstruction. Results: Nasal obstruction and speech hyponasality due to chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis were objectively improved after FESS evident by measuring the nasalance percentage of the mean nasal sentence by nasometer especially in patients with severe nasal and maxillary sinus pathologies with highly significant relation between results recorded before and after surgery. Also, there is significant relation between pre and post-operative nasometric results as regard nasal pressure, nasal flow, nasal sound pressure level/ oral sound pressure intensity. Conclusion: FESS results in significant improvement of the degree of hyponasality and speech quality. These findings are affected greatly with the extent of the pathology. FESS significantly affects speech production and perception so, it must be taken in consideration specially when dealing with professional voice user to inform them about these changes. It is observed that patients with nasal cavity and maxillary sinus severe pathologies are the most affected by FES with measurable significant improvement in post-operative speech quality.

[Omar A. El-Banhawy, Ibrahim A. Abd El-Shafy, Eman Ezzat, Ashraf A. El-Demerdash and Peter W. Shaker. The effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery and the extent of pathology on speech outcome after surgery. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):50-55]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.06.

Key words: Sinus surgery, Nasometer, Hyponasality, Speech outcome.

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Cytotoxicity Effect of 5-fluorouracil and bee products on the HTC-116 Human colon Cancer Cell Line in vitro

Lina Kurdi and Fatimah Alhusayni

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King of Abdullaziz University, Jeddah, KSA

FFFsa-2017@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Tumoris one of the most irresistible diseases all over the world, comprising large group of disorders distinguished by unmanaged cellular proliferation. Nowadays, there is an increased concern in the clinical application of natural products as an efficient, safe, and economic therapeutic alternative. Apitherapy or honey bee products therapy, was used to control different illness including cancer. Aim: The main target from this work was to study in vitro the potential cytotoxic impacts of honey bee products (RJ, H, PG, and mix) combined with or without 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) against viability of colorectal cancer cells (HTC116). Material and methods: Human colon cancer cell line HCT116 were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, enriched with 10% FBS and antibiotics. The cells were incubated under suitable environmental conditions (5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37°C and high humidity). Samples with cell viability of 95% and above were selected for use throughout this study. The cytotoxicity of 5-FU combination was tested against HTC-116 cells by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Results: Treatment of in vitro HTC116 cultured cells with 5-FU alone resulted in elevation in IC50 value (6.94 uM, R-value 4.24%), in comparison with treatment with one or more of bee products (IC50 >100 uM/ml. In contrast, treatment with 5-Fu and supplementation with one or more of Honey products (RJ, H, PG & Mix), resulted in a significant decrease in IC50 value, which reached 3.39, 2.59, 1.9 and 2.04 uM, respectively. Therefore, during treatment with 5-FU, combine with one of honey products (RJ, H, PG) or their combination induced significant decline in cell viability as matched with the control (untreated) group, and the capability of 5-FUto affect the growth of HCT 116 cells in vitro was more enhanced only when the drug was supplemented with bee products. In conclusion, The combination of a single dose of one of Royall jelly, honey, pollen grains or their combinations with different concentrations of 5-FU confirmed significant suppressive action on HCT 116 viability in contrast to 5-FU alone at the same dosage. The obtained data proposed that bee products (RJ, H & PG) has a synergistic cytotoxic outcome with 5-FU in HCT 116 cell lines in vitro.

[Lina Kurdi and Fatimah Alhusayni. Cytotoxicity Effect of 5-fluorouracil and bee products on the HTC-116 Human colon Cancer Cell Line in vitro. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):56-61]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.07.

Keywords: HCT-116, cell line, cytotoxicity, colorectal cancer, honey products

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MC-LR induces apoptosis of KK-1 cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress

Xingde Du, Haohao Liu, Le Yuan, Yueqin Wang, Rui Wang, Ya Ma, Huizhen Zhang^＊

College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China

huizhen18@126.com

Abstract: Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide toxin produced by cyanobacteria, which can damage the reproductive system through multiple pathways. However, previous studies were focused on the male reproductive system, and little is known on MC-LR-induced female reproductive toxicity. Therefore, mouse ovarian granulosa (KK-1) cells were used to explore MC-LR-induced apoptosis in the present study. The expressions of pro-apoptotic factors and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs)-related factors in KK-1 cells were detected on protein and gene levels after exposed to different concentrations of MC-LR (0, 4.25, 8.5, 17 μg/mL). The results demonstrated that MC-LR could significantly increase the expressions of pro-apoptotic factors (caspase-3 and caspase-9) and ERs-related factors (CHOP and GRP78) in KK-1 cells, suggesting that MC-LR could induce apoptosis of KK-1 cell. This study provides a basis for exploring the potential mechanisms of MC-LR-induced apoptosis in female germ cells.

[Du XD, Liu HH, Yuan L, Wang YQ, Wang R, Ma Y, Zhang HZ. MC-LR induces apoptosis of KK-1 cells via Endoplasmic Reticulum stress. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):62-66]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.08.

Keywords: Microcystin-LR; KK-1; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Apoptosis

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Creep Behavior of Nano Silica Concrete under Different Stress Levels

Ihab A. Adam¹, Osama Hodhod², Hasan Alesnawi³ and Eman A. Abd Elazeem⁴

¹Professor, Construction Research Institute, National Water Research Centre, Delta Barrage, Egypt

²Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

³ Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al–Azhar University, Egypt

⁴Assistant lecturer, Institute of Aviation Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt, E-mail: eng.eman036@yahoo.com

Abstract: Concrete structures have a long term behavior based on many factors such as material properties, load history and distribution, geometry of the structure, and the environmental conditions. Researchers are frequently pushing the limits to develop the performance of concrete with the aid of advanced chemical admixtures and supplementary cementations materials like nano silica (NS), silica fume, fly ash, blast furnace slag, steel slag. In this study, creep behavior of NS concrete was investigated. The dimensions of concrete specimens used for measuring creep strains were 100x100x400 mm. All creep specimens were subjected to a nominal stress of 30% and 50% of concrete compressive strength. Immediately after loading, the initial measurements were recorded. Because of the loss of loading due to shrinkage and creep strains, which occurs with time, each creep specimen was reloaded again at 2, 9, and 30 days, and every 28 days thereafter, after the first application of load. It was found that all specimens containing NS have larger values of creep than the control concrete. The specimens which contain 4% NS had the lowest values of creep and that contain 2% NS had the largest values of creep if they compared to other NS specimens.

[Ihab A. Adam, Osama Hodhod, Hasan Alesnawi and Eman A. Abd Elazeem. Creep Behavior of Nano Silica Concrete under Different Stress Levels. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):67-77]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.09.

Keywords: Nano Silica; Creep; Compressive Strength; Cement Content; w/c.

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Risk Assessment of Time and Cost Overrun Factors throughout Construction Project Lifecycle

Prof. Mostafa Hasan Kotb¹, Prof. Amin Saleh Aly² and Eng. Khaled Muhammad Ali Muhammad³

¹Professor, Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Professor, Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

³PhD Student,, Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

eng.5aled.m.3li@gmail.com

Abstract: The construction industry has a reputation for delivering projects over budget. This research identifies actual project examples illustrating the problem of cost overruns. Results of a questionnaire survey present perceptions of the main reasons why building construction projects sometimes exceed the initial budget estimate. The paper reviews how the construction industry is responding to the challenge of accurate budgeting. In the domain of facility capital cost budgets and risk management, two key conclusions are made. Firstly, that complete design information leads to more accurate budget estimates. Secondly, that client driven design change is the greatest risk. Clients are the key drivers of change and they must therefore take a look at themselves before blaming the industry for being inefficient.

[Mostafa Hasan Kotb, Amin Saleh Aly, and Khaled Muhammad Ali Muhammad. Risk Assessment of Time and Cost Overrun Factors throughout Construction Project Lifecycle. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):78-91]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.10.

Keywords: Qualitative Analysis, design changes, design information, cost overruns, risk management

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Fungal pathogens of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) and their bio-control.

Ijato J. Y

Department Of Plant Science, Faculty Of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

E-mail: considerureternity@gmail.com; GSM: 08067335124

Abstract: Plant disease management should be ecologically based and should be undertaken within the purview of integrated pest and diseases management scheme. Therefore, the best method is to utilize environment-friendly concept. Really, the use of bio-fungicide of mainly plant based products has gained ground in the recent time. Moreover, plant biodiversity has provided a suitable platform and source of biologically active materials for use in traditional crop protection system. Investigation was carried out to test the efficacy of aqueous Ocimum gratissimum extracts for the control of yam tuber rot caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Hot and cold water extracts were obtained from leaves of O. gratissimum and were found to be fungicidal against the fungi. The extracts suppressed the growth of these fungi in culture and reduced rot development in yam tubers. The most phytotoxic capacity of hot water extract of O. gratissimum at 50g/100ml was found against B. theobromae (95.71%) and A. flavus (96.67%). Similarly, the most fungicidal values of 95.33% and 79.75% were respectively evoked against A. glaucus and A. niger by hot water extract of O. gratissimum at 50g/100ml. The most mycelial reduction effects of cold water extract of O. gratissimum at 50g/100ml was against B. theobromae and A. flavus, evoking 90.48% and100% respectively. Cold water extract of O. gratissimum at 50g/100ml performed most by causing inhibition on A. glaucus (100%) and A. niger (96.40%). The phytotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum are without any known residual implication.

[Ijato J. Y. Fungal pathogens of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) and their bio-control.. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):92-94]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.11.

Key words: O. gratissimum, rot pathogens, yam tuber rot

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Environmental distribution of medicinal plants in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Al Zandi^1, Abdul Wali Al-Khulaidi^2,3 and Nageeb A. Al-Sagheer^1,2 

¹Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University (BU), Qilwah Saudi Arabia

²Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Yemen

³Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University (BU), Baljurashi, Saudi Arabia

a.alzandi2010@gmail.com

Abstract: Optimum Information on the medicinal plants is lacking in the Saudi Arabia including Al-Baha region. The information will be useful in sustainable use of these medicinal plants in future time and developing strategies for protecting, sustainable and proper uses of these plants. The study area is located South West of Saudi Arabia and characterized by intensive urbanization which affected dramatically the distribution of vegetation. Density per hectare and frequency of each medicinal plant species were calculated. 133 promising medicinal plant species belonging to 14 families and 28 genera were recorded in the study area. The most represented families were Apocynaceae with 18 plants, Euphorbiaceae with 14 plants, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae each with 11 plants. More intensive field work is needed to discover more medicinal plants.

[Abdulrahman Al Zandi, Abdul Wali Al-Khulaidi and Nageeb A. Al-Sagheer. Environmental distribution of medicinal plants in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2019;16(9):95-102]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj160919.12.

Key words: Medicinal plants, frequency %, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

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