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Efficacy of alcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on experimental Schistosomiasis: Histopathological and Histochemical study

Tahani I. Farag¹, Howayda S. F. Moawad¹, Samah H. Yahia¹, Azza I. Farag², Rasha A. Elfeqy³

¹Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

 ²Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

³ Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt

Tahaniabdelkhalik@yahoo.com

Abstract: The repeated chemotherapy of schistosomiasis has resulted in emergence of resistant schistosome strains and so there is an intensive need to search for alternative drugs. The present work aimed to evaluate antischistosomal activity of Thymus vulgaris ethanolic extract(TVE)against Schistosoma mansoni infected mice.50 mice were divided into 5 groups, G1: control negative ,G2: infected untreated group (infected by ±80 S. mansonicercariae by subcutaneous route),G3 infected then treated group with 500mg/kg of TVE at 7^th week post infection(pi) and continued for 4 weaks , G4:infected then treated group with  500mg/kg of praziquantel (PZQ)for 2 successive days at 7^thweek pi and G5: combined group infected then treated with TVE and PZQ . All mice were sacrificed after the end of therapy. Parasitological assessment regarding worm burden showed that a highly significant reduction (P ˂ 0.0001) in the mean total worms in all infected treated groups when compared with infected control group. The highest statistically significant reduction rate (81.8%) was obtained in combined treatment group (G5) followed by PZQ treated group (G4) (77.6%), while insignificant statistical reduction rate was reported in TVE treated group (G3) (16.4%). Regarding the liver tissue egg load there was a high significant reduction rate (P ˂ 0.0001) in the mean number of counted ova per gram liver tissue in all treated groups when compared with infected control group, the highest statistically significant reduction rate (81.1%) was obtained in combined group (G5) followed by PZQ treated group (G4) (76.1%), then TVE treated group (G3) (31.8%). Histopathological results indicated a reduction in the number and size of granulomatous inflammatory infiltrations in the liver of treated mice compared to non-treatedone. The histochemical examination of the different treated mice groups showed that combined PZQ and TVE treatment led to marked improvement of the apoptotic changes (mild apoptosis)occurring in hepatocytes nuclei following S. mansoni infection, while TVE alone was less effective than PZQ producing slight improvement of apoptosis(moderate apoptosis). Concerning liver reduced glutathione level, both TVEand PZQ when given alone or in combination produced a significant elevation of the lowered liver GSH of infected group above the normal levels. The results of the present work suggested that TVE has antischistosomal activities that are more prominent when combined with PZQ.

[Tahani I. Farag, Howayda S. F. Moawad, Samah H. Yahia, Azza I. Farag, Rasha A. Elfeqy Efficacy of alcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on experimental Schistosomiasis: Histopathological and Histochemical study. Life Sci J 2019; 16(5):1-12]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.01.

Keywords: Schistosomiasis, Praziquantel, Thymus vulgaris, Apoptosis. Glutathione

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A Self-Inducing Interactive Animation Technology Based on Analyzing Five-Element Attributes of One's Name and Birth Date Numerology for Enhancing School Counseling Quality

Chian-Yi Chao¹ and Chin-Ming Hsu²

^1.Department of Electronic Engineering, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

^2.Department of Information Technology Application, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

 t10049@cc.kyu.edu.tw

Abstract: This paper proposes a self-inducing interactive animation technology based on one's name and birth date numerology to increase school counseling quality. The proposed technology contains three main subjects including analyzing one's name and birth date, creating the inducing cards, and constructing the interactive user interfaces. An individual’s name and birth date are used to analyze his/her inherent personal features which are interpreted into different five-element characteristics, named Gold, Wood, Water, Fire and Soil. This study also utilizes 52 inducing cards as the referred materials in designing animation scenes. In addition, the interactive user interfaces are built by using Visual Basic programming codes and Unity game-based development tool. According to the experimental results, the proposed technology can help the counseling personnel to be students' triggers, inducers and motivators instead of educators and commentators. Conclusively, this study can inspire students' thinking, expression and interactive capabilities as well as help students to understand their self-consciousness and make own choice after clarifying their thoughts.

[Chao CY, Hsu CM. A Self-Inducing Interactive Animation Technology Based on Analyzing Five-Element Attributes of One's Name and Birth Date Numerology for Enhancing School Counseling Quality. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):13-18]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.02.

Keywords: Counseling; name; birth date; numerology; inducing cards

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The influence of a chimeric insulator on the stabilization of shRNA expression transfected by lentivirus

Linsong Yang¹, Fang Wang¹, Xuzhang Lu², Min Zhou³, Chunyan Ye³, Yiwu Sun²

¹School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science，Changzhou University. ²Department of hematology, Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. ³Department of Medicine, Changzhou Third People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University.

linsongyang@cczu.edu.cn, yiwu_sun@hotmail.com

Linsong Yang and Fang Wang contributed equally to this work.

Abstract: The exogenous gene silencing during lentiviral transfection experiments often troubles researchers. We developed two lentiviral RNA interference (RNAi) vectors by inserting a chimeric insulator (IS2) consisted of SAR and 650 bp cHS4 sequence into its 3’LTR, in which shRNA was controlled respectively by U6 or H1 promoter. The corresponding vectors without IS2 were generated for comparisons. RNA interference targeting exogenously expressed DsRed was tested in PT67 cells, which were stably transfected with pCMV-DsRed-Express plasmid. Our results showed that the RNAi vectors with IS2 had more effective interference activity by comparing the average intensity of red fluorescence. The virus titer of the above constructed virus reached the standard of general packaging titer of 10⁶ TU/ml, although it was lower than that of their controls. Therefore, IS2 as an insulator enhances the expression stability of the lentiviral RNAi vector, and may make it to be a new option for gene therapy and cell transfection research.

[Linsong Yang, Fang Wang, Xuzhang Lu, Min Zhou, Chunyan Ye, Yiwu Sun. The influence of a chimeric insulator on the stabilization of shRNA expression transfected by lentivirus. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):19-25]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.03.

Key words: Lentivirus, RNAi vector. Insulator, U6, H1, IS2, DsRed

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Electrically Multi-layered Small Implantable Antenna for Medical Devices: Design and Characterization

Ashraf Sayed Abdel Halim

Department of Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Canadian International Collage (CIC), Egypt.

ashraf_sayed@cic-cairo.com

Abstract: This study illustrates the design method for the implementation of electrically multi-layered small implantable antenna for biotelemetry processes. The suggested antenna consists of three layers arranged in a stack, pressed on high permissively, grounded substratum. The deepest layer of the antenna above the ground flat surface contains a meandered construction with a precisely placed T-shaped aperture. The intermediate segment consists of2 U- contoured radiators and an M- contoured metallic part is moreover added on the highest segment for additional enhancement of the radiation efficacy of the antenna. These three stacked layers form a symmetrical closed loop structure resonating on its fundamental resonant design, at 403 MHz, for the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) band. A shifted higher system procedure of the similar enclosed loop design, along the negative currents on ground level allowing broad band process, at 2.45 GHz, for the industrialized, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. To clarify the resistance accompanying implanting of an antenna in human body that mostly resulting in detuning and impedance mismatch, the antennas most relevant radiating sections were completely investigated. A fully parametrized solution is suggested that makes the antenna a good candidate for an apparatus, implanted at many separate areas of the human being with reasonably specific electrical characteristics with consequently peculiar detuning influence. Toward additional analysis, the particle swarm algorithm was fulfilled to improve the antennas practice during working within a compressed, 23x23x5mm³blockade of human skin, equivalent phantom. The simulated operation of the suggested prototype antenna, reveals that it can be employed, toward whether in-vitro or in-vivo processes. Any wireless communication between implantable antenna and an external outside-body antenna suffers significant link loss because of the lossy character of live human tissues. This link deterioration is normally unreliable and varies for different sectors of the human body. To investigate an implantable connection scenario, complete setup is broadly simulated utilizing a full wave electromagnetic simulator. This simulation requires human body phantoms carrying electrical characteristics as permittivity and mass conductivity, or still bulk density similar to that of human tissues. It has been observed that geometry of these phantoms is frequently chosen as simple as feasible to minimize the needed computational means and the overall time for the fulfillment of the simulation. It is problematic to expect how much inaccuracy is predicted when realistic phantom is replaced by geometrically simpler phantom. This work focuses on superiority of applying realistic human body phantoms over geometrically simple body phantoms for entire body transmission simulation. To test this relationship, an implantable antenna, located inside a human stomach prototype, is established to connect with an outside body antenna at MICS b and Maintaining the separation among implantable antenna and outside-body antenna fixed, the realistic human body phantom is then substituted by 2 varieties of geometrically simpler phantoms with disparate complexity. Results in the form of calculated s-parameters and phantom complexity metrics are further investigated to conclude the study.

[Ashraf Sayed Abdel Halim. Electrically Multi-layered Small Implantable Antenna for Medical Devices: Design and Characterization. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):26-32]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.04.

Keywords: Electrically Multi-layer; Small Implantable Antenna; Medical Device; Design; Characterization

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Enzyme inhibition, Antioxidant and Insecticidal activities of flavonoids and fixed oil from Albizia zygia (J. F. Macbr)

Oloyede, G. K.^1*, Ali, M. S² and Lateef, M.³

^1. Organic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

oloyedegk@gmail.com / +234 803 562 2238

^2.HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi.

^3. Multi Disciplinary Research Laboratory, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi.

Abstract: Albizia zygia (Leguminosae) is a gum producing tree and wide spread in tropical Africa. It has secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. This study investigates the enzyme (urease and α-glucosidase) inhibition, antioxidant and insecticidal activities of the crude extract and isolates. Terpenoids (lupeol and betulin) and flavonoids (4',7-dihydroxyflavanone, 3,4',7-Trihydroxyflavone, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) were isolated from A. zygia and were shown to possess significant enzyme inhibition (urease and α-glucosidase) and antioxidant activities, when activities were compared with thiourea, 1-deoxynojiromycin hydrochloride (DNJ) and butylated hydroxylanisole used as standards in the three assays. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone (21.5 ±0.32), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (31.2 ± 0.10) and the fixed oil (32.9 ± 0.56) were the most active in the antioxidant assay. The fixed oil obtained from A. zygia was dominated with hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, palmitic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester, oleic acid, and oleic acid, methyl ester. Hence, this study supported and added more information to our previous research on A. zygia and justifies its use in the treatment of tumour and oxidation related diseases.

[Oloyede, G. K., Ali, M. S and Lateef, M. Enzyme inhibition, Antioxidant and Insecticidal activities of flavonoids and fixed oil from Albizia zygia (J. F. Macbr). Life Sci J 2019;16(5):33-40]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.05.

Keywords: Terpenoids, flavonoids, enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, insecticidal

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Predictors of Smoking Cessation in Tabuk City; Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study

Bandar Al qahtani ¹, Ibrahim AL Hariri ², Abdul Salam Ahmed ³, Marwan Manajreh ¹

¹Department of Academic Affairs, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Northwestern Region, 71411 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Family Medicine, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Northwestern Region, 71411 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

³Department of Surgery, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Northwestern Region, 71411 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

banderqahtani@yahoo.com

Abstract: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at King Salman and King Khalid Armed Forces Hospitals in Tabuk city in Saudi Arabia to determine the predictors of smoking cessation among military personnel treated at these two hospitals. A total of 2000 army personnel were randomly selected for this study regardless of their ranks and service status. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The overall response rate was 93.75% (1875 participants). Results revealed that the majority of participants were not used to cigarette in their life in the past [1226(65.4%)], currently [1289(68.7%)] or even on daily basis [1295(69.1%)]. Half of the participants 979(52%) picked up the smoking habit from one of their parents. Whereas, the accessibility [very easy 1039(55.4%); easy 836 (44-6%)] of getting cigarettes was the main common ground for all of the participants. On the other hand, peers influenced a total of 1286(68.6%) participants while 1012(54%) participants were driven by the affordable price. Vast majority of the participants 1556(83%) believed that awareness campaigns and programs for community and schools respectively as well as social networking 1469(78.3%) and the internet 1300(69.3%) can make a difference in cigarette smoking cession. Parent(s), peers, easiness/affordability/tempting price of getting a cigarette were the main cigarette smoking predictors among the study population. Therefore, public awareness campaigns and programs in schools can give a supportive push to the plans of cigarette smoking cession among the study population.

[Al qahtani B, Al Hariri I, Ahmed A, Manajreh M. Predictors of Smoking Cessation in Tabuk City; Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):41-46]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.06.

Keywords: Cigarette smoking cessation; peers influence; cession awareness campaign; Tabuk

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Liver and Spleen Stiffness by Shear Wave Elastography For A Noninvasive Evaluation of Esophageal Varices in Chronic Liver Disease Patients

Amany M. Dwidar¹, Waleed S. Mohamed¹, Mohamed A. Tawfik¹, Hazem Omar², Fouad Harras¹

¹Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

²Diagnostic and Intervention Radiology, Diagnostic and Intervention Radiology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt.

e-mail: wsmohamed1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the gold standard for detecting esophageal varices (EV) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). However, due to the possible limitations of EGD, there has been much interest in the use of noninvasive techniques for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of liver and spleen stiffness measured by ultrasound shear wave elastography (LS-SWE, SS-SWE) in prediction of presence and grading of EV in CLD. Methods: One hundred-twenty CLD patients were included in this cross-sectional study and subjected to EGD and LS-SWE and SS-SWE after informed consent. Either absence or the grade of EV if present was correlated with values of LS-SWE and SS-SWE. Univariate and multivariate analysis of data and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used. Results: LS-SWE was better than SS-SWE in detection of EV (AUC of 0.755 vs 0.621) with cutoff values of 10.3 and 18.25 kPa respectively. On the other hand, SS-SWE was better than LS-SWE in discrimination of the EV grade (AUC of 0.865 vs 0.724 for F2 EV, and 0.864 vs 0.713 for F3 EV) with cutoff values of 19.62 and 14.21 kPa respectively for F2 EV and 28.75 and 15.6 kPa respectively for F3 EV. Conclusion: LS-SWE and SS-SWE could be considered as a choice noninvasive method for screening EV by sparing EGD for patients in need for intervention.

[Amany M. Dwidar, Waleed S. Mohamed, Mohamed A. Tawfik, Hazem Omar, Fouad Harras. Liver and Spleen Stiffness by Shear Wave Elastography For A Noninvasive Evaluation of Esophageal Varices in Chronic Liver Disease Patients. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):47-55]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.07.

Keywords: Liver stiffness, Spleen stiffness, Shear wave elastography, Esophageal varices, Chronic liver disease.

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Does Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis hold in the long run: A Case study of China

Manzoor Ahmad¹, Zia Ullah Khad² and Shehzad Khad³

^1. School of Business, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China

2 School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610072, China

3 Department of Accounting and Finance, University technology Malaysia, Johor, 81310, Malaysia

manzoor.ahmad@gmail.com

Abstract: This study investigates the long run relationship between carbon emissions, gross domestic product and energy consumption by utilizing time series data of 1971-2013 for China. Specifically, the study focus on analyzing whether environmental Kuznets curve exists in the long run or not. For this purpose, the methodology of unit root tests based on Phillips-Perron (PP), the ARDL Cointegration, the Granger Causality test in a VAR, Impulse Response and Variance Decomposition of VAR model are employed. The quadratic linkage between gross domestic product and carbon emissions has been identified, validating the presence of long run as well as short run Environmental Kuznets Curve relationships. The results of Granger causality test infer one way causality runs from gross domestic product to carbon emissions. The results of Variance Decomposition and Impulse Response suggest that the gross domestic product and energy consumption are two important components of carbon emissions in the long run. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out in order to check the fluctuations in carbon emissions with respect of economic progress.

[Manzoor Ahmad, Zia Ullah Khad and Shehzad Khad. Does Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis hold in the long run: A Case study of China. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):56-69]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.08.

Keywords: Energy Consumption, Carbon emissions, GDP, Granger causality, ARDL, EKC, Sensitivity analysis

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Post Floods Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water at District Nowshera (Pakistan) and its Health Impacts on Consumer

^*1Naseem Ullah, ²Javid Ali,³Shahzeb khan, ¹Farhat Ali Khan, ⁴Said Hassan, ²Zia-ur- Rahman, ⁵Sudhair Abbas

¹Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan

²PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Jamrud Road Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan

³Department of Pharmacy, university of Malakand, Chakdara.

⁴Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, KPK- Pakistan

⁵Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, KPK -Pakistan

*Author for Correspondence: Naseem Ullah Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, Email: farhatkhan2k9@yahoo.com

Abstract: TPC were found in the range of range of 3 X 10⁸ – 1 X 10³ CFU/ml. Seven samples have the highest TCB value >1600 MPN/100ml. The lowest TCB was 23MPN/100ml. All samples were contaminated with TFC. Escherichia coli was present in 90% samples, Pseudomonas Aurogenosa was present in 40%, Vibreo Cholera was present in 80%, Salmonella was present in 60%, Shigella was present in 90% samples. Staphylococcus aureus were present in the range of 1 X 10⁷ CFU/ml, one samples have not found staphylococcus aureus.

[Naseem Ullah, Javid Ali, Shahzeb khan, Farhat Ali Khan, Said Hassan, Zia-ur- Rahman, Sudhair Abbas. Post Floods Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water at District Nowshera (Pakistan) and its Health Impacts on Consumer. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):70-73]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.09.

Keyword: Post Flood; Bacteriological Quality; Drinking Water; District Nowshera; Pakistan; Health Impact; Consumer

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Differences in physical fitness and some pulmonary functions level for soccer youngsters

Dr. Ahmed Dobai

Assistant Professor in Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education for Boys and Girls, Port Said University, Egypt

Email: ah_dobai@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the differences in physical fitness and some pulmonary functions level for soccer youngsters, the researcher used the descriptive method due to its suitability to the nature of the study, the study sample was chosen intentionally, two groups, the first group (10) youngsters from Port Fouad club under (15) years, the second group (10) youngsters from private learning center under (15) years, physical fitness was assessed by estimating pulse rate and VO₂ max using cooper test, respiratory rate was measured also some pulmonary functions was assessed using Pony spirometer represented in FVC, FEV₁, PEF  MEF₂₅, MEF₅₀, the results revealed that the first group using rationing training were improved in comparison with the second one in all determined variables, it may be concluded that the physical training must be performed in rationing basis due to its positive effect on physical fitness and health of soccer youngsters.

[Ahmed Dobai. Differences in physical fitness and some pulmonary functions level for soccer youngsters. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):74-78]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.10.

Keywords: Physical fitness, Pulmonary function, Soccer youngsters

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Effect of palm bunch ash and Neem ( Azardirachta indica A. Juss) leaf powder on termite infestation in groundnut field in Owerri ultisol, South-eastern, Nigeria.

Ogbedeh, K.O¹., Ekwe, C.P¹., Ihejirika, G.O¹., Dialoke, S.A¹., Onyewuchi, O.P¹., Anyanwu, C. P¹., Bosah B.O³, Kalu, I.E²., Cookey, C.O¹ and Nnebue, O.M¹.

¹Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemical Engineering, Anambra State University Uli, Nigeria.

³Department of Agronomy, Asaba campus, Delta State, University, Abraka.

Corresponding author: E-mail: ogbekenn@yahoo.com

Abstract: As one of the major pests of field crops, termites attack groundnut at all stages of its development especially during prolonged dry spell. Effect of palm bunch ash and neem (Azardirachta indica A. Juss) leaf powder on termite infestation in groundnut field in Owerri, Nigeria was investigated in this study. The field trial was carried out in 2016 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a 3x3 Factorial fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments include three rates of palm bunch ash at 0.0 (control), 1.0 and 2.0tons/ha and three rates of neem leaf powder at 0.0(control), 1.0, 2.0tons/ha respectively. Data were collected on percentage emergence, termite incidence and termite severity. These were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using least significant difference at 5% level of probability. Result shows that there were no significant (P< 0.05) differences in percentage emergence amongst treatment means due to palm bunch ash and neem leaf powder applications. Contrarily, palm bunch ash at 2.0tons/ha recorded least termite incidence especially at twelve weeks after planting (12WAP) with a value of 22.20% while control plot maintained highest values at 6WAP (48.70%) and 12WAP (48.30%) respectively. Also palm bunch ash at 2.0 tons/ha depressed termite severity more than other treatments especially at 2 and 4 WAP (0.56) respectively. Control plots on the other hand consistently maintained highest termite severity throughout the trial with highest value at 2 and 12WAP (1.56). Conclusively, palm bunch ash exhibited highest depressive action against termite on groundnut especially at higher application value of 2.0tons/ha, and so farmers could integrate it into termites control programme in Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria.

[Ogbedeh, K.O., Ekwe, C.P., Ihejirika, G.O., Dialoke, S.A., Onyewuchi, O.P., Anyanwu, C. P., Bosah B.O, Kalu, I.E., Cookey, C.O and Nnebue, O.M. Effect of palm bunch ash and Neem ( Azardirachta indica A. Juss) leaf powder on termite infestation in groundnut field in Owerri ultisol, South-eastern, Nigeria. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):79-85]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.11.

Key word: Groundnut, incidence, neem, palm, severity, termites

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The Relationship between Flipped Classrooms and Academic Achievement Motivation of the Students of Higher Educational Studies

Abdulellah Abdullah Mohammad Alsulaimani

Assistant Professor - Instructional Technology, Faculty of educational graduate studies, King Abdulaziz University, (Jeddah), Saudi Arabia

Abstract: The current research paper aims to design a Flipped Classroom Model (FCM) and measure its effectiveness in promoting the academic achievement motivation of the students of higher educational studies at King Abdulaziz University. The study sample consisted of (56) students enrolled in the Higher Education Studies Program at King Abdulaziz University. Aquasi-experimental design used two groups: an experimental group which used a proposed Flipped Classroom Model, and a control group which used traditional classrooms. Furthermore, an academic achievement motivation measure has been developed. The implementation results have revealed that Flipped Classrooms (FCs) are more effective in promoting the academic achievement motivation of the experimental group than the control group of the traditional classrooms.

[Abdulellah Abdullah Mohammad Alsulaimani. The Relationship between Flipped Classrooms and Academic Achievement Motivation of the Students of Higher Educational Studies. Life Sci J 2019;16(5):86-93]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj160519.12.

Key words: Flipped Classrooms, Academic Achievement Motivation.

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