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Three-dimensional evaluation of the soft tissue changes using two different types of molar distalizers

Kareem M. Mohamed and Ahmed S. Hashem

Department of orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University. Egypt

kemosuns@gmail.com

Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of maxillary molar distalization with K-loop appliance, and to compare these effects with that of pendulum group. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of maxillary molar distalization with K-loop appliance, and to compare these effects with that of pendulum group. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of maxillary molar distalization with K-loop appliance, and to compare these effects with that of pendulum group. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of maxillary molar distalization with K-loop appliance, and to compare these effects with that of pendulum group. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of maxillary molar distalization with K-loop appliance, and to compare these effects with that of pendulum group. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue effects of Carriere distalizer, and to compare these effects with that of dual force distalizer. Materials and methods: Thirty patients with dental Class II malocclusion were equally divided into two groups. In the first group (nine females and six males with a mean age of 16.4±2.6 years), patients were treated with Carriere distalizer with lower lingual holding arch for anchorage, while in Group 2 (four females and eleven males; mean age, 16.4 years), the patients were treated with dual force distalizer. Cone beam computerized tomographic images were taken at the beginning of treatment and at the end of molar distalization. Changes were statistically analyzed with paired t-test. Results: After maxillary molar distalization with Carriere distalizer, the results showed statistically significant differences in Li-esthetic, nasolabial angle and soft tissue convexity measurements (P< 0.05), and statistically insignificant differences in upper lip length and thickness (P˃ 0.05). In case of Dual Force Distalizer, there is insignificant differences in Li-esthetic, nasolabial angle and soft tissue convexity measurements (P> 0.05), and statistically significant differences in upper lip length and thickness (P< 0.05).

Conclusions: The changes in the soft tissue parameters differ with the design of the maxillary molar distalizing appliance.

[Kareem M. Mohamedand Ahmed S. Hashem. Three-dimensional evaluation of the soft tissue changes using two different types of molar distalizers. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):1-7]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.01.

Keywords: Three-dimensional; evaluation; soft tissue; distalizers

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Influence of Moringa (Moringaolifera) and Rosemary (Rosmarinusofficinalis), and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Immune parameters and Challenge of Nile tilapia to Aeromonashydrophila

Hala F. Ayoub^1*, Mohamed M. El Tantawy¹, and Hany M.R.Abdel-Latif²

¹Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, (CLAR), Abassa, 44662, Abo-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt

² Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Behera, Egypt.

E-mail: dr.halakg@hotmail.com

Abstract: The immune potentiating activities of three medicinal plants; Moringa (Moringaolifera), Rosemary (Rosmarinusofficinalis), and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) leaves on Nile tilapia and their challenge with Aeromonashydrophila was assessed. Fish were grouped into 4 treatments; the first one was fed with isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets supplemented without addition of any supplement (control group) (T1), the other groups were supplemented with 1% dietary C. longa (T2), 1% dietary M. olifera (T3) and 1% dietary R. officinalis (T4). Fish in all groups were fed for 2 months on the experimental diets. Blood was sampled biweekly. Albumin, globulin, and total protein were measured in serum samples. Additionally, lysozyme and respiratory burst activity were evaluated. After the period of the feeding experiment, treated fish were infected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila and relative percent of survival (RPS) was calculated. It was noticed that serum albumin, globulin, and total protein was considerably improved in treated fish in comparison with control one. As well, serum lysozyme and respiratory burst activity in the fish group fed a diet with C. longa (T2) were higher than other groups (T3 and T4) and all the three treated groups were significantly improved in relation to the control group. Results, also, revealed that RPS was 10, 75, 70, and 65% for treated fish groups respectively. It can be concluded that the incorporation of either C. longa, M. olifera, or R. officinalis in diets of Nile tilapia can is helpful for improvement of the immune response towards the emerging diseases.

[Hala F. Ayoub, Mohamed M. El Tantawy, and Hany M.R. Abdel-Lati. Influence of Moringa (Moringaolifera) and Rosemary (Rosmarinusofficinalis), and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Immune parameters and Challenge of Nile tilapia to Aeromonashydrophila. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):8-15]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.02.

Keyword: Curcuma longa -Moringaolifera - Rosmarinusofficinalis -Oreochromisniloticus – lysozyme – respiratory burst activity

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Studying the Effect of the Fuel used on the Pollutants Emission from the Power Plants west Cairo

Ahmed I. Elshahat¹, Ahmed A. Soliman², and M. F. Elshahat³

¹Cairo Electricity Production Company, The Egyptian Electricity authority, Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, Cairo, Egypt

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Ahmed.shahat80@gmail.com

Abstract: In most cases, pollutants emit into the air such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and carbon monoxide (NO_X, SO₂, CO). These gases have an important role in deter orating air quality and in smog formation. Furthermore, when these gases interact with oxygen in the presence of hydrocarbons and ultraviolet light they form very dangerous secondary pollutants such as ozone (O₃), which causes inflammation of the mucous membranes of respiratory system as well as eye irritation, coughing, inflammation of the lungs, and other disease symptoms. This paper presents predictions of air pollutants (dust and gases) emitted from a power plant that will be constructed in Greater Cairo the capital of Egypt. The main target of this paper is to exam the effect of replace mazout as fuel by coal fuel contraction of pollutants emitted. Different type of data such power plants emission "Cairo electricity production company”, Metrology data during 2015 "Egyptian Meteorological authority" are evaluated. Also different types of programs as "ISC3" which evaluate the dispersion analysis, MM5 Model which analysis the metrological data, and GIS to representation the relation between data from dispersion model and metrology data are used. Different scenarios are applied on this data to give largest percent of emission improvement. The NO_x highest concentration is (5.4 µg/m³) with using 75% mazout and 25% NG, where the highest concentration of PM₁₀, and SO₂ are (1.9 µg/m³, and 1µg/m³) using 100% mazout. The NO_x highest concentration is (5.4 µg/m³) with using 75% mazout and 25% NG, where the highest concentration of PM₁₀, and SO₂ are (1.9 µg/m³, and 1µg/m³) using 100% mazout.

[Ahmed I. Elshahat, Ahmed A. Soliman, and M. F. Elshaha. Studying the Effect of the Fuel used on the Pollutants Emission from the Power Plants west Cairo. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):16-25]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.03.

Keywords: Study; Effect; Fuel; Pollutant; Emission; Power Plants; Cairo

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Simulation of Early and Late Compressive Strength of Nano-Silica Concrete

H.I. Ahmed¹ and O.A. Hodhod²

[1]Assistant Professor of Strength and Properties of Materials, Civil Eng. Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.

² Professor of Strength and Properties of Materials, Civil Eng. Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.

hany281@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper aims to examine the ability of the artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate both early and late compressive strength of nano-silica concrete. Two ANN models were developed to predict both 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of nano-silica concrete. Sex neurons representing OPC content, nano-silica content, w/b ratio, aggregate/cement ratio, dimensions of concrete specimens and 7-day compressive strength were considered in the input layer of the 28-day ANN model. The output layer includes one neuron, which represents the 28-day compressive strength. The first five neurons of the 28-day ANN model were also considered in the input layer of 7-day ANN model. High consistency was found between experimental data and ANN predictions. Both experimental and ANN results confirmed that replacing 1% cement by nano-silica results in the highest increases in early compressive strength, 1.5% nano-silica content gives the highest increases in late compressive strength, and both early and late compressive strength increase with decreasing dimensions of concrete samples. Therefore, the developed ANN models can be used as an alternative approach to predict both early and late strength of nano-silica concrete.

[H.I. Ahmed and O.A. Hodhod. Simulation of Early and Late Compressive Strength of Nano-Silica Concrete. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):26-31]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.04.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN); Nano-Silica; Early Strength; Late Strength; Aggregate/Cement Ratio.

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Ground Improvement Technique Using Geogrid Reinforcement with Additives (experimental study)

Abdullah Abou Khadra¹, Ahmed F. Zidan² and Yasser Gaber³

¹Assistance Professor (Lecturer) at Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University and is Head of the Road Research Laboratory, Egypt.

²Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.

³Associate Professor, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.

Abukhadrah77@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the main challenges that facing the construction engineers is soft soils with less bearing capability, so a lot of efforts must be done to creating an alternative ways for treating weak soils by using various kinds of supplements and stabilizers for reducing the costs supplements and improving the quality of weak soil. The current study aimed to adopting an experimental program to study the impact of two types of geogrids layers at different depths with and without environmental friendly enzyme called (permazyme) on the soil strength. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was conducted to investigate the enhancement in soil strength. This research has been performed to investigate the engineering performance (CBR) for three kinds of subgrades soil (sand- clay- loam) strengthened with layers of two different geogrids (geo1-geo2) at depths (1.5cm- 3cm- 4.5cm) without additives. The obtained results have shown that GEO1 is better than GEO2. Therefore, GEO1 is better than GEO2. The test has been repeated for the same types of subgrade soil reinforced with layers of GEO1 at depths (1.5cm- 3cm- 4.5cm) and (2.3cm- 4.6cm- 6.9cm) without additives. The obtained results have shown that using of three layers at depth of (1.5cm- 3cm- 4.5cm) is better than Depth of (2.3cm- 4.6cm- 6.9cm). The test has been repeated for the same types of subgrade soil reinforced with GEO1 at depths (1.5cm- 3cm- 4.5cm) with permazyme modifier. The obtained results have shown that GEO1 without permazyme is better than using permazyme with GEO1. As laboratory tests have been applied, field tests have been applied also. Settlement of original soil differs from modified soil. Settlement test has been applied in field original soil, permazyme modified soil, Geogrid modified soil and Permazyme Geogrid modified soil to determine the best type of these modifiers in field.

[Abdullah Abou Khadra, Ahmed F. Zidan and Yasser Gabe. Ground Improvement Technique Using Geogrid Reinforcement with Additives (experimental study). Life Sci J 2019;16(4):32-39]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.05.

Keywords: CBR value, Geo-grid, Permazyme, Modified soil, Geogrid reinforced soil.

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Ultrasound–Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (USG-TAP) Block during and after caesarean section for Post-Operative Pain Control

Abd El Moneem Mohamed Zakaria¹, Magdy Ahmed Abd El Momen², Ahmed Osama Abd El Mottal¹, Mahmoud Saeed Mahmoud Nabayel¹

¹Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine - Al Azhar University

²Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive care & Chronic pain, Faculty of Medicine - Al Azhar University

Email: dr.mahsaeed@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: The most common surgical procedure performed for women in the world is the cesarean section, in spite of post-operative pain which represent an issue of matters. The pain post-cesarean operation is considered the chief cause of hesitating to perform the operation. Different forms of analgesics can be given to the patients immediately post-section by different routes for relieving of pains, in the form of simple parenteral analgesics (paracetamol and NSAID’s drugs) up to neuraxial narcotics. Different methods are applied parentally for relieving post-cesarean section pains involving, tranversus abdominis plane block and TAP block which can be applied either transcutaneous or by open surgical technique or can be done under ultrasound guided. Objective: For assessing the analgesic effect of the ultrasound-guided transverses abdominis plane (USG-TAP) block during and after cesarean section in women with respect to the pain score after cesarean section for a period of 24hrs. Patients and Methods: This study included 100 women will doing caesarean operation. The participating women were divided randomly into two groups using computerized randomization system: Group 1: subjects who received transverses abdominis plane block (TAP block) using bupivacaine 0.25% during caesarean section (cases50). Group 2: subjects who received ultrasound-guided TAP block using bupivacaine 0.25% after the end of caesarean section inside operating theatre (cases50). Results: Different parameters were matched between the two groups including post-operative nausea and vomiting, post-operative pain scoring at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours using visual analogue scale, early ambulation, the recommended doses of opioid analgesia and undesirable effects of the local anesthetic “bupivacaine” (pruritus, arrhythmia or hypotension),. TAP block during and after CS providing good analgesic effect during the 1^st24 hours post-section and without non-significant variation between the two groups was recorded. Conclusion: It is concluded from the current study that TAP block during and after CS supplied best analgesic action along the 1^st24 hours post-cesarean section, also decreased opioid consumption. And the difference was statistically insignificant between the two groups.

[Abd El Moneem Mohamed Zakaria, Magdy Ahmed Abd El Momen, Ahmed Osama Abd El Mottal, Mahmoud Saeed Mahmoud Nabayel. Ultrasound–Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (USG-TAP) Block during and after caesarean section for Post-Operative Pain Control. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):40-49]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.06.

Keywords: Ultrasound–guided transversus abdominis plane, transversus abdominis plane, post-operative nausea and vomiting.

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Effect of some atherosclerosis risk factors on cholesterol, triacylglycerols and serum proteins levels in west Algerian adults

Djilali Larbaoui

College of Life Sciences, Ibn-Khaldoun University – Tiaret 14000, Algeria.

E-Mail: djlarbaoui@yahoo.fr.Tel. +213 697669000.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of some atherosclerosis risk factors such as obesity, diabetes and coronary artery disease on total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and serum proteins in hypertensive west Algerian adults undergoing surgery. Mean age and BMI of patients was 53 ± 4 years and 26 ± 2 Kg/m², respectively. Patients were divided into eight groups according to hypertension with/ or without other associated pathologic factors (obesity, diabetes and coronary artery disease) and compared with 51 controls (M:W, 25:26) with a mean age of 50 ± 6 years and BMI of 22 ± 1 Kg/m². Total cholesterol gradually increases according to atherosclerosis risk factors number and coronary artery disease. Triacylglycerols were also increased in all groups but remain within the normal range. Increased Apo A-I and decreased Apo B100 were observed in all patients. No significant differences in total proteins, albumin and globulins were noted in all hypertensive patients compared with controls. In addition, intergroup differences as well as that of patient groups with two or more risk factors for atherosclerosis with the GI (hypertension alone) show no significant difference. In conclusion, hypertension causes an alteration in different parameters, increased significantly total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and Apo A-I levels and decline in ApoB100 and that this alteration is proportional to the number of associated risk factors (e.g. diabetes and obesity) which may be considered in this study as good markers for cardiovascular disease.

[Djilali Larbaoui. Effect of some atherosclerosis risk factors on cholesterol, triacylglycerols and serum proteins levels in west Algerian adults. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):50-55]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.07.

Keywords : Obesity, Diabetes, Coronary Artery Disease, Total Cholesterol, Triacylglycerols, Serum Proteins, Hypertensive west Algerian adults.

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Laboratory Approach for Wastewater Treatment Utilizing Chemical Addition Case study: El-Rahway Drain, Egypt

Lubna A. Ibrahim^1,2, Amany A. Asaad¹ and Essam A. Khalifa²

¹Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring, National Water Research Center, Egypt.

²Drainage Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt.

email: lubna736@hotmail.com

Abstract: An examination was directed to evaluate drainage water quality parameters along El-Rahway Drain, Egypt, in regards to Law 48 of 1982 and its adjustment in 2013. Reduction of pollutants from wastewater utilizing ALUM, and disinfection via sodium hypochlorite and CuO NPs were used to investigate the removal efficiency of these chemical. Raw wastewater and treated water were analyzed after each chemical addition step to determine chemical and microbiological parameters. By the aid of jar test apparatus, we utilized assorted ALUM dosages from 0 to 250 mg/L to determine the ideal ALUM dosage for wastewater treatment. The chlorine dose must be determined via the chlorine demand strategy. CuO NPs was prepared by a quick sol-gel method, characterized utilizing X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmelt-Teller (BET) and different parameters were studied to decide the optimal dosage for disinfect wastewater. The outcomes shown that the drainage contains higher groupings of TP, TN, cadmium, lead, BOD, COD and total Coliforms (TC) higher than the permissible limits for drainage water. The results of treatment by ALUM proved that ALUM was capable of reducing TP, TN, cadmium, lead, BOD, COD and total Coliforms (TC) by 93%, 30%, 100%, 73%, 70%, 63% and 97%, respectively at a dose 0.2 g/L to lower than the recommended limits all pollutants except TN and TC. The chlorine dose required for purifying water treated with ALUM strategy was 10 mg/l, respectively. CuO NPs has a monoclinic and pure phase and was found to be has a surface area of about 76.3014 m²/g, the average particle radius 1.78 nm. The dosage of CuO NPs required for disinfection was 2 g/L. The result indicated that CuO NPs was capable of replacing chlorine in order to control of chlorine toxicity. Further examinations required in situ for treating wastewater before discharge into fresh water bodies.

[Lubna A. Ibrahim, Amany A. Asaad and Essam A. Khalif. Laboratory Approach for Wastewater Treatment Utilizing Chemical Addition Case study: El-Rahway Drain, Egypt. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):56-67]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.08.

Keywords: Laboratory; Approach; Wastewater; Treatment; Utilizing; Chemical Addition; Case study; El-Rahway Drain; Egypt

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Evaluation of cardiac specific Troponin I levels for diagnosis and prediction the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Wafaa S. Elsherbiny¹ Enas A. Elzamarany², Gehan F. Atia ², Marwa M. Zakie³

 ¹Cardiology Department, ²Clinical pathology department, Faculty of Medicine ,Tanta University, Egypt

³ Babi Ebaid Central Hospital

wfelsherbeny@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: The detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can be performed by measuring cardiac troponin, which is characterized by high in sensitivity and specificity as specific marker of myocardial cell injury. Objective: To assess and confirm the cut-off levels for troponin I (cTn I) to achieve better sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosing of AMI and prognostic value of cTnI in such patients. Material and Method: 100 subjects were admitted to the ED or CCU, they were complained from pain in chest and/or shortness of breath. Blood samples were collected at intervals of 0-3, 6-9 and 12-24 hours after admission and cTn I and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) were determined. The specificity, sensitivity and the area under the curve (AUC) were estimated. The relation between troponin I levels and mortality at 40 days was evaluated. Results: The study showed that the majority of patients 76 % were males of mean age 54.3 ± 7.7 years. 65 % of studied patients had MI; approximately two thirds of them showed ST elevation (41 %) while 24 % showed non ST elevation and unstable angina represented 35 % of cases. Three cut-off values, 0.096ng/mL, 0.370 ng/mL and 0.614 ng/mL were selected to evaluate the cTnI assay sensitivity and specificity, each one of these cut-off values was evaluated at different periods (0-3, 6-9 and 12-24 hours after admission). Troponin I sensitivity for diagnosis of MI was (80, 98.5, 98.5%) and specificity was (94.3, 93.1, 97.1%) for each cut-off respectively. Three cut-off values (15-21-25 IU/L) were evaluated for CK-MB with a sensitivity (86.2, 95.4, 95.4%) and specificity (85.7, 80, 97.1%) respectively. cTnI was found to be more specific and sensitive than CK-MB in diagnosing MI cases. Regarding prediction of mortality, cTnI that measured 0 – 3 hours post admission is the best predictor of MI occurrence and death. Conclusion: for the diagnosis of AMI in the ED, cTn I is more sensitive than CK-MB, and is valuable in ruling out AMI when the level is lower than the cut-off value of 6 or more hours post the commencement of chest pain. cTnI best predictor of mortality in the patient with AMI.

[Wafaa S. Elsherbiny Enas A. Elzamarany, Gehan F. Atia, Marwa M. Zaki. Evaluation of cardiac specific Troponin I levels for diagnosis and prediction the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):68-75]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.09.

Keywords: Troponin, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Emergency.

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The sensitivity of different convection schemes in RegCM4.4 for seasonal forecast of temperature and precipitation through winter and summer seasons of 2014 over Egypt

Awatif Ebrahim¹, Tarek Sayad², Sherien A. Zahran³, and Fathy M. El-Hussainy²

¹Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt.

²Astronomy and Meteorology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

³Assistance Professor at Canadian International Collage (CIC), Cairo, Egypt.

shereinzahran@gmail.com

Abstract: The mechanism of seasonal climate forecast and early warning is clearly insignificant. It has a great effects on the country’s risk management preparedness and socio-economic sectors such that water resources, energy, agricultural, health, and tourism and protection strategies of disasters as well. Seasonal forecasts of rainfall and temperature could be assist in planning, management and mitigate decisions for the policymakers. This research study the long-range seasonal forecast for Egypt, which is conducted with the latest version of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics by using the “Regional Climate Model (RegCM4.4)” driven by Climate Forecast System (CFS) boundary conditions at a grid spacing of 30 km. The Community Land Model; Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) is used to describe land surface processes. The simulation with Emanuel, Grell and Kain-Fritsch convection schemes are compared against the observations of surface air temperature and precipitation factors because of rectification of the model with focus on these factors. Meanwhile the Temperature and precipitation from the ERA-Interim, GPCP, and NCEP/FNL are reanalysis and used in model evaluations. The model evaluation shows that the forecast of temperature over Egypt is better demeanor in June-July-August (JJA) than in December-January-February (DJF). In DJF a warm bias was found at low south of Egypt. Whatever it was underestimated for precipitation in the north of Egypt and over estimated in south; especially by using Emanuel Scheme. Wherever, by using ERA-Interim reanalysis the predicting of temperature and precipitation were decreased. In addition to the verification process during the summer and winter seasons how that, the maximum root mean square error are decreased.

[Awatif Ebrahim, Tarek Sayad, sherien A. Zahran and Fathy M. El-Hussainy. The sensitivity of different convection schemes in RegCM4.4 for seasonal forecast of temperature and precipitation through winter and summer seasons of 2014 over Egypt. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):76-88]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.10.

Keywords: Seasonal variability, Regional climate model, schemes, Egypt

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The Impact of Alzheimer's Disease on Family Caregivers in Saudi Arabia

Alia Almoajel¹, Norah Mohamed Alsadhan², Noor Almasoud³, Latifah Alseraia³, Sarah Alanazi³, Amal Almotari³

^1. Assistant professor, Department of community Health Sciences, King Saud University.

². Lecturer of public health, king Saud university.

³. Students at the Department of community Health Sciences, King Saud University

almoajela@gmail.com, aalmoajel1@ksuedu.sa

Abstract: Providing care for a person with Alzheimer’s disease is very difficult and may have a negative effect on the caregivers. The objectives of this study ware to investigate the physical, psychological, social, financial, and religion impact of Alzheimer’s disease on the family caregivers. Methods: Cross-sectional study using self-administered online-based survey. Main outcome measures: characteristics of the caring services and the burden of caring services on the family caregivers Results: This study conducted on 172 family caregivers on Saudi Arabia (64%) of them were women, the majority (81.13%) were 21 to 50 years old, the caregiving services affected the sleeping hours of (59.89) of caregivers, (68%) felt frustrated, and the majority (82.56%) get social support from other family members. Most of the caregivers (90.12%) indicated that the caregiving is a religious duty, and (65.7%) did get financial support for giving services. Conclusions: The caregiving services have negative physical and phycological impact on caregivers, they received social support but not received and financial support.

[Almoaje A, Alsadhan N, Almasoud N, Alseraia L, Alanazi S, Almotari A. The Impact of Alzheimer's Disease on Family Caregivers in Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):89-96]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.11.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; caregivers; physical, psychological, social, financial, religion, and impact

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Review Article, Phage Therapy: An Alternative to Antibiotics

Sana Alattas, Malak Abu Samha, Wid Al-Rashidi

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 4702, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21412, Saudi Arabia.

*Corresponding author: Sana Alattas Emails: sangtas@mit.edu, sgalattas@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: The idea of phage therapy to treat bacterial diseases was conceived with the revelation of the bacteriophage right around a century back. After a checkered history, its present renaissance is energized by the unsafe appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria on a worldwide scale. As a characteristic of this restored intrigue, the unanswered issues of phage therapy are presently being tended to, particularly for human use. Phage treatment in the farming, nourishment preparing and fishery businesses are as of now being in use effectively. While staying alert of the potential downsides of this novel development, this review is undertaken for promoting painstakingly controlled empirical data on its viability and safety in treating human diseases, particularly in perspective of its various advantages over antibiotics. Also, it highlights some studies that support the effectiveness of phage therapy on some bacterial genera of Enterobacteriaceae. Lastly, the review aims to promote scientists to start human trials for phage therapy and compare it with antibiotic treatment results.

[Sana Alattas, Malak Abu Samha, Wid Al-Rashidi. Review Article, Phage Therapy: An Alternative to Antibiotics. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):97-107]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.12.

Key words: Phage therapy, bacteriophage, Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistant

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A Voice Initiated Smart Auto-Tracking Mobile Vehicle

Chian-Yi Chao ¹ and Chin-Ming Hsu ²

^1. Department of Electronic Engineering, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

^2. Department of Information Technology Application, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

 t10049@cc.kyu.edu.tw

Abstract: This paper proposes a voice initiated smart auto-tracking mobile vehicle which can go start, stop, forward, backward, left turn and right turn automatically based on the received signal from a voice and the detected optical sensors. The proposed auto-tracking mobile vehicle is mainly constructed by AT89S51 based main control board and 8255 input/output peripheral board. Both commercial boards were built by Taiwan Embedded Microcontroller Development Institution (TEMI). In this paper, the AT89S51 microcontroller is used for software programming control and the 8255 parallel input/output extension chip is used for hardware peripheral control. According to the experimental results, the developed smart auto-tracking mobile vehicle can be initiated either by a voice or a push button as well as automatically terminated at the end of track with the ‘T’ mark, where the track is built by sticking the black tape on the ground. Conclusively, the designed smart auto-tracking mobile vehicle can provide students with brainstorm training opportunity in planning, designing and implementing the microcontroller based project.

[Chian-Yi Chao and Chin-Ming Hsu. A Voice Initiated Smart Auto-Tracking Mobile Vehicle. Life Sci J 2019;16(4):108-113]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj160419.13.

Keywords: Auto-tracking; microcontroller; AT89S51

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