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Effect of Inter-Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rates on Growth, Yield Components, and Yield of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] at Assosa, Western Ethiopia

A Thesis Submitted to the Post Graduate Programs Directorate, School of Plant Science， Haramaya University, In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Of Science In Agriculture (Agronomy)

Eshetu Melese Gemechu

Haramaya University, ETHIOPIA. eshetumale@gmail.com

Abstract: Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is produced traditionally in Assosa as one of the food and medicinal crops. But its yield is low due to inappropriate plant spacing and fertilizer use. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess the effect of inter-row spacing (IRS) and rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on growth, yield components, and yield of the crop at Assosa. The treatments consisted of three inter-row spacing (IRS) (30 cm, 45cm and 60 cm) and five rates of N fertilizer (0, 23, 46, 69, 92 kg N ha^-1) in factorial combinations in which the intra-row spacing of 30cm was maintained for all plots. The experiment was laid out in randomized completely block design with three replications. Seeds of farmers’ cultivar of okra obtained from the vicinity were used as planting material. The main factors (IRS and N) and the interaction of the two factors had significant (P<0.05) effect on the number of branch plant^-1, number of tender fruit plant^-1, weight of single tender fruit, weight of tender fruit plant^-1 and marketable tender fruit ha^-1. Days to 50% flowering, days to pod setting, period of harvest, number of harvests plant^-1 and yield of tender fruit ha^-1 were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by IRS and N fertilizer. Plant heights at flowering and at last harvest were affected significantly (P<0.05) only by the inter-row spacing. The highest tender fruit yield (30.35 t ha^-1) was obtained in response to planting at the inter-row spacing of 60 cm, which was in statistical parity with fruit yield obtained in response to planting at the inter-row spacing of 45 cm. The highest fruit yield (31.12 tha^-1) was also attained for plants that received fertilizer at the rate of 92 kg N ha^-1, which was in statistical parity with fruit yield obtained in response to the application of 69 kg N ha^-1. However, the partial budget analysis results showed that a combined treatment application of inter-row spacing of 60 cm and 69 kg N ha^-1 had higher marginal rate of return (5833.33%) than combined treatment application of inter-row spacing of 60 cm and 92 kg N ha^-1 (250%). This indicates that for one Birr extra cost due to treatment application of inter-row spacing of 60 cm and 69 kg N ha^-1 a farmer could benefit from obtaining 58.33Birr. Therefore, it can be concluded that planting okra at the inter-row spacing of 60 cm and an application of nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 69 kg ha^-1 resulted in an optimum fruit yield of the crop in the study area.

[Eshetu Melese Gemechu. Effect of Inter-Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rates on Growth, Yield Components, and Yield of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] at Assosa, Western Ethiopia. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):1-16]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.01.

Keywords: Farmers’ cultivar, Partial budget analysis and Tender fruit

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Diagnosis of Culture Negative Acute Bacterial Meningitis by Using A 16S rDNA - Based Gene Sequencing Directly from CSF Samples

Esraa A. Mohamed¹, Mostafa S. Elrafei¹, Mona O. Ramadan¹, Magdy A. El Mahalawy² and Eman A. Eisa¹

¹Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

²Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

esraaaziz87@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Acute bacterial meningitis is an important medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality rate all over the world. The uses of 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing have been proposed as a strategy for diagnosis especially in culture negative cases. The aim of the study: Was to evaluate the diagnosis of culture negative acute bacterial meningitis by using 16S rDNA-based gene sequencing applied directly on CSF samples, in order to identify the causative bacterial species for the proper choice of subsequent antimicrobial therapy. Methodology: CSF samples were collected from 30 patients expected to have acute bacterial meningitis (15 with expected community acquired meningitis & 15 with expected VP shunt related meningitis) and from 7 patients expected to have viral meningitis. Blood samples were also collected from patients with expected community acquired meningitis for blood cultures. CSF samples were subjected to macroscopic, chemical, cytological and bacteriological examination. DNA extractions from CSF samples were done using the QIAamp mini kit. The extracted DNA was amplified and sequenced by using MicroSeq500 16S rDNA Bacterial Identification kit and cycle sequencing. The sequences were compared with those available in National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) by using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Results: CSF culture was positive only in 16.7% while 16S rDNA was positive in 66.7% of cases. In culture negative cases, 16S rDNA was positive in 60% of cases. The detected bacterial species in expected VP related meningitis were E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa and in expected community acquired meningitis were E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. The detection rate of 16S rDNA varies according to the combination of different diagnostic methods used for selection of patients, including clinical manifestations, CSF parameters and microbiological findings. In case diagnosed by gold standard methods, the sensitivity of 16S rDNA was 87.5% and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion Direct detection and sequencing of the 1^st 500 bp of 16S rDNA by using cycle sequencing can provide a specific, sensitive, early, rapid and non expensive method for improving the microbiological diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis, especially after initiation of antimicrobial therapy and in culture negative cases. In spite of lacking bacterial isolation and sensitivity test, it could re-optimize the empirical use of antibiotics based on the identified bacterial species.

[Esraa A. Mohamed, Mostafa S. Elrafei, Mona O. Ramadan, Magdy A. ElMahalawy and Eman A. Eisa. Diagnosis of Culture Negative Acute Bacterial Meningitis by Using A 16S rDNA - Based Gene Sequencing Directly from CSF Samples. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):17-26]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.02.

Key words: Bacterial meningitis, 16S rDNA, Microseq500, Sequencing, NCBI BLAST

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Assessment of the antimicrobial potential of the hydro-methanolic extract of Sidr (Ziziphus spina-christi) plant against selected pathogens in vitro.

Ibtsam Gheith1 ¹, Abubakr El-Mahmoudy ^2✉

^1. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 344 Medinah, KSA; and Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, 11843 Dokki, Egypt

^2. Department of Pharmacology, Benha University Faculty of Vet. Medicine, 13736 Moshtohor, Qalioubeya, Egypt

^✉. Correspondence to: a.elmahmoudy@fvtm.bu.edu.eg

Abstract: Ziziphus spina-christi is a native plant growing in the warm and subtropical regions including Middle East. For a long time, its extracts have been used in alternative and complementary medicine with or without a scientific basis. The object of the present study was to evaluate the activity of Sidr plant hydro-methanolic extract against some microbes including Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans using agar diffusion assay. The plant aerial parts yielded 5.7% of raw semisolid extract after maceration in hydro-methanol (50:50 v/v) and evaporation. Six concentrations (4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 mg/mL in Muller-Hinton Broth) were used for the assay. The plant extract exhibited concentration-dependent activity against some Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Bacillus cereus (15.33 ± 0.52), Clostridium perfringens (12.33 ± 0.52), Listeria monocytogenes (11.17 ± 0.41) and Staphyllococcus aureus (10.17 ± 0.75); and against two Gram-negative bacteria, namely, Proteus vulgaris (8.5 ± 0.55) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (8.33 ± 0.52); (the values are in mm after 128 mg/mL extract). The extract was without any visible activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella aerogenes and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 5.16 mg/mL (Bacillus cereus), 8.15 mg/mL (Listeria monocytogenes), 10.22 mg/mL (Clostridium perfringens), 13.71 mg/mL (Proteus vulgaris), 13.01 mg/mL (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and 20.37 mg/mL (Staphyllococcus aureus). These data may indicate that Ziziphus plant extract is active against some pathogenic bacterial strains and thus may be useful in treatment of disease conditions caused by these bacteria.

[Gheith I, El-Mahmoudy A. Assessment of the antimicrobial potential of the hydro-methanolic extract of Sidr (Ziziphus spina-christi) plant against selected pathogens in vitro. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):27-34]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.03.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Sidr, Traditional medicine, Ziziphus

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Toxicity of some insecticides against the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions

Ahmed H. El-Afify^1*, R.M. Shreef², N.M. Ghanim¹ and M.A. Hendawy²

¹ Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

² Plant Prot. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt

Ahmed.afify45@yahoo.com

Abstract: The green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is the most important predators which has significant potential for commercialization and use against many crop pests. The present work aimed to study the toxicity of some insecitides against C. carnea larvae under laboratory conditions. The obtained results showed that after 24 h of exposure, the LC₅₀ values for abamectin, KZ oil, divor, acetamipride, albolum, super misrona and lambda were 150, 200, 280, 700, 100, 80 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively; while, the corresponding LC₉₀ were 284, 431, 586, 1344, 233, 169 and 1 mg/L, respectively. After 48 h, the highest value of LC₅₀ (550 mg/L) was recorded when used acetamipride followed by divor (205), KZ oil (150), abamectin (110), albolum (81), super misrona (45) and lambda (0.03); while, the LC₉₀ values ranged between 0.18 (in the case of lambda) and 1055 (in the case of acetamipride). With respect to the LC₅₀ value after 72 h of exposure, it reached 0.03 mg/L for lambda cyhalothrin, 40 mg/L for super misrona, 70 mg/L for albolum, 90 mg/L for abamectin, 130 mg/L for KZ oil, 180 mg/L for divor and 480 mg/L for acetamipride; while, the LC₉₀ values ranged between 0.18 and 714 mg/L. According to the slope values, the present findings referred to low homogeneity of the tested strain of the 2^nd instar larvae of C. carnea.

[Ahmed H. El-Afify, R.M. Shreef, N.M. Ghanim and M.A. Hendawy. Toxicity of some insecticides against the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):35-41]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.04.

Key Words: Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea, insecticidal toxicity.

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Seasonal abundance of the two- spotted spider mite Tertranychus urticae koch on common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Basha, M. A.¹; Mostafa, E.M.¹; Hendawi, M. Y.¹; Eleawa, M.² and Shalaby, A. A.¹

¹Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt.

²Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.

ma6501573@gmail.com

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2017 seasons at Kom-Hamada district, Beheira governorate, Egypt to investigate seasonal abundance of the two- spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Tetranychidae) on common been Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivar Giza 9 plants. The initial incidence of the spider mite occurred in relatively few numbers of 1.60 & 0.84 individuals per leaf at the late February of both seasons, respectively. The populations then started to increase and reached the highest density of 18.20 and 20.60 individuals per leaf in the first week of May during 2016 and 2017 seasons, respectively. Temperature appeared to be the most environmental factor affecting population build-up of this pest on the investigated crop. These results may have some practical implications in reducing populations of the two- spotted spider mite attacking common bean plants in Egypt.

[Basha, M. A.; Mostafa, E.M.; Hendawi, M. Y.; Eleawa, M. and Shalaby, A. A. Seasonal abundance of the two- spotted spider mite Tertranychus urticae koch on common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):42-47]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.05.

Key words: Seasonal abundance, Tetranychus urticae, Phaseolus vulgaris, Temperature, Relative humidity, Correlation

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Behavior and Modeling of Some Underground Utilities Using Geofoam Technologies

Tarek M. F.¹; Bahr M. A.¹; Hassan A. A.²; Hassaan D. M. ³

¹ Professor of Soil Mechanics and Foundation, Al Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt.

² Ass. Professor of Soil Mechanics and Foundation, Al Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt.

³ PhD Student, AL Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt.

Dyaahassan2012@gmail.com, Dyaahassan2012@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of using expanded polystyrene EPS geofoam techniques on reducing the vertical and horizontal stresses acting on flexible buried pipes based on an experimental study and numerical analysis. An experimental model with center flexible pipe resting on sand, the overburden is either in the form of pure sand or EPS geofoam blocks and sand applied with EPS different techniques. A series of experiments were carried out to measure the pipe deformation using a static surface loading. The numerical analysis was carried out to simulate the experimental model using the finite element software programs PLAXIS-3D. The results showed that, the EPS geofoam block reduces the buried pipe deflections and strains by a percentage depending on block density and applied technique, and the most effective methods are EPS encasement block with a head void method and EPS block embraces the upper pipe part. The numerical results from PLAXIS-3D and the experimental measured data are compatible with same trend, with more results based on parametric study.

[Tarek M. F.; Bahr M. A.; Hassan A. A.; Hassaan D. M. Behavior and Modeling of Some Underground Utilities Using Geofoam Technologies. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):48-60]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.06.

Keywords  Buried pipes; Expanded polystyrene EPS; Experimental Model; Numerical Analysis.

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The Effect of Diabetes on the Relation of Epicardial Fat Thickness to the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in St Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients

Dr. Mohamed Wafaie Aboleineen, Dr. Waleed Salem El-Awady, Dr. Marwa Mohamed Gad and Dina Ali Ahmed Fergany

Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University-Zagazig, Egypt

dina.fergany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: there is a strong relation linking epicardial fat depth and harshness of coronary artery illness. The impact of diabetes on severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is well identified. The potential effect of diabetes on the association among EFT and severity of CAD in ST elevation myocardial infarction was not fully investigated. Patients and Methods: The study included 52 patients with STEMI (mean age: 56.3±6.4 years). Patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of diabetes (diabetic and non-diabetic group). EFT was determined on the right ventricle of persons having the left lateral decubitus position via transthoracic echocardiography. GENSINI score was applied to identify the harshness of CAD. Results: Diabetic subjects exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) EFT values in comparison with non-diabetics. EFT is in parallel related with diabetes and GENSINI score in all subjects (p < 0.05, for all). The relationship between EFT and GENSINI score was stronger in diabetic patients in comparison with non-diabetics (r = 0.6618; p< 0.001vs. r = 0.330; p = 0.04). Conclusion: In diabetic and non-diabetic individualsn suffering from STEMI, epicardial fat thickness is linked with GENSINI score. This association is stronger in diabetic patients than non-diabetic.

[Mohamed Wafaie Aboleineen, Waleed Salem El-Awady, Marwa Mohamed Gad and Dina Ali Ahmed Fergany. The Effect of Diabetes on the Relation of epicardial Fat Thickness to the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in St Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):61-65]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.07.

Key words: Epicardial fat thickness, Diabetes, STEMI, Gensini score.

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Oral Streptococcal DNA Genotype Profiling as a Promising Tool for Forensic Personal Identification

Marwa M.Shahin¹, Mona M. Ghonem¹, Wageih S. El-Naghy², Amal A. Wafy², Abdel Khalek H.S.² and M. O. Ramdan²

¹Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

²Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

wighwigh535@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Bacterial DNA is protected from degradation by salivary enzymes. Additionally, oral streptococcus species are unique to each person. So, oral streptococcal genotype profile analysis could be proposed as a method for personal identification by isolation of bacteria from the bite marks in case of crimes. Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the medico-legal application of oral streptococcal genotype profile for personal identification, besides evaluating the effect of oral antibiotic intake on feasibility of its use for matching with existing bite mark evidence. Subjects and methods: Twelve volunteers were included in the current study. Each volunteer was asked to inflict a bite mark on his upper limb. Six of them were going to take prophylactic oral antibiotic after dental manipulations. Swabs were taken from the following sites; the incisors biting margins, the skin before bite infliction, the skin after bite infliction and the incisors biting margins one month later. Arbitrarily-PCR was used for streptococcal genotype profile analysis recovered from these swabs. Results: The genotype profile isolates from swabs of each participant were not identified among the isolates of any other participant. After one month, the percentage of genotype profile matching was 100% for those who didn’t receive antibiotic and 74%-88% for those who received it. Conclusion: Oral streptococcal genotype profiling could be considered a promising forensic tool for personal identification even with the use of antibiotics.

[Marwa M. Shahin, Mona M. Ghonem, Wageih S. El-Naghy, Amal A. Wafy, Abdel Khalek H. S. and M. O. Ramdan. Oral Streptococcal DNAGenotype Profiling as a Promising Tool for Forensic Personal Identification. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):66-71]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.08.

Keywords: Identification; bite marks; streptococcal DNA; genotype profiles; arbitrarily-PCR; antibiotics

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Survey on qualitative characteristics of compost and Bio-compost fertilizers

Paria Amirian¹, Meisam Asghari ², Iman homayoonnezhad³

¹Department of Environment, Payame Noor University (PNU), I.R. of IRAN

² Faculty of chemistry, University of Sistan & Baloochestan, Iran.

mei_asghari_chem@yahoo.com

³Department of Environment, Payame Noor University (PNU), I.R. of IRAN

Abstract: In all of aspects of wastes management, observance of rules and standards is vital and necessary in protection of environment and biosphere. In creation, developing and processing management of compost and biocompost industries, observance of scientific standards and controlling the qualitative characteristics of products are inevitable. So economic and health consideration initiated a study aiming to investigation on qualitative characteristics of compost and biocompost in Shiraz city of Iran. For identifying quality of those fertilizers samples collected in winter and summer of 2008 and physical and chemical characteristics have been investigated. The results showed that concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium are in normal level. In contrast concentration of heavy metals such as nickel, plumb and cadmium are not in proper levels and humidity percent of fertilizers are below the normal limit due to evaporation and high temperature of summer season. Totally, the quality of biocompost is higher than compost because of higher percentage of organic materials and keeping compost and biocompost in desired quality requires more protection especially in high temperature seasons.

[Paria Amirian, Meisam Asghari, Iman homayoonnezhad. Survey on qualitative characteristics of compost and Bio-compost fertilizers. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):72-75]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.09.

Keywords: solid wastes management, quality, compost, bio-compost, Shiraz

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A Blind OFDM Parameter Estimation Method Based on Cyclicprefix Analysis

Do-Sung Shin¹, Jin Young Kim¹ (Corresponding Author), Asmatullah Chaudhry ², So Hee Min ¹, Seung Ho Choi³, Hyung Jung Kim⁴, Chang Joo Kim⁴

^1. School of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea

^2. PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad, Parkistan

^3. Dept. of Computer Science, Dongshin University, Naju, South Korea

^4. Spectrum Engineering Research Team, Radio Technology Research Department, ETRI, South Korea

saintds@nate.com, beyondi@jnu.ac.kr, asmatulla.chaundry@gmail.com, shmin3@jnu.ac.kr, shchoi@dsu.ac.kr, acekim@etri.re.kr, cjkim@etri.re.kr

Abstract: The spectrum sensing problem has augmented new scenarios with cognitive radio and opportunistic spectrum access concepts. Further, it becomes one of the most challenging issues in cognitive radio systems when primary user signal characteristics at secondary level are unavailable. In this paper, we present a novel technique to sense, blindly infer signal features (FFT size, cyclic prefix (CP) length) and detect OFDM signal based on second order cyclostationarity analysis. First, we infer accurate FFT size and CP length from the sensed signal based on cross correlation through considering FFTs of different size (2^L) and CPs length. In our experimental study, we assume that CP length in the sensed OFDM signal could be 5% to 15% of the FFT size {64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 and 4096} used at primary user level. We successfully estimate accurate FFT size and CP length and carryout performance analysis of the proposed approach at various channel conditions and effect of increase in sample length (frames) of the sensed signal. In addition to this, we derive recursive procedure to calculate cross-correlation at sample (l+1) using cross-correlation value at sample (l) and few mathematical operations. We have also tested MAX values distribution for FFT size and CP whether inferred parameters are valid or not by finding confidence of estimation. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can be successfully used to measure unknown OFDM signal parameters and to detect OFDM signal blindly in cognitive radio at 0 % false alarm rate with detection rate 100%.

[Shin DS, Kim JY, Chaundhry A, Min SH, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Kim CJ. A Blind OFDM Parameter Estimation Method Based on Cyclicprefix Analysis. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):76-86]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.10.

Keywords: FFT size and CP length estimation, OFDM signal detection, cognitive radio, cross-correlation

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Bromelain Encapsulated in Niosome Reduced IL-6 and TNF-α LPS Induction

¹Siavash Hosseinpour Chermahini, ^1,2Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid, ^1,2Azila Abdul Aziz

¹Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

²Institute Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

Corresponding author: sia.vash83@yahoo.com

Abstract: Due to Skin inflammation is a pathogenic factor for ectodermal tissue, and NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) as applicable prescription have serious side-effects, so bromelain as a natural, safe, and effective remedy without any side-effects would offer a welcome alternative treatment. On the other hand, existence of stratum corneum (SC) as skin barrier, needed a novel method for delivery of specific doses of bromelain to desire site of action. Niosome as practical system was selected to deliver bromelain to inflamed skin. To this regards, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in mice was assembled as an in-vivo simulated model. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrotic Factor–alpha (TNF-α), were measured in respond to noisome encapsulated bromelain treatment. Base on the results, noisome encapsulated bromelain significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in compare of bromelain alone, vehicle and control.

[Siavash Hosseinpour Chermahini, Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid, Azila Abdul Aziz. Bromelain Encapsulated in Niosome Reduced IL-6 and TNF-α LPS Induction. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):87-89]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.11.

Keywords: Ectodermal tissue, niosome, inflammation, stratum corneum, encapsulate

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[Life Sci J 2018;15(9):90-94]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12.

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Comparison of Students’ Perception of Environmental and Social Supports for Participation in Physical Activities Given their Gender

Mahbube  Hoseini ^a, Mones Yadegar ^b, Zahra Amini Sarteshnizi^c, Samaneh Shahba^d, Sabora Sam Deliri^e, Khalil Allahvirdiyani^f

^a Department of psychology (comparative education), Allameh Tabatabaii University, Tehran, Iran

^b Department of Counseling And Guidance, Allameh Tabatabaii University, Tehran, Iran

^c Department of Sport Psychology, Islamic Azad University khorasagan Branch, Esfahan, Iran

^d Department of Counseling And Guidance, Islamic Azad University Tehran-Olom Tahghighat Branch, Tehran, Iran

^e Department of psychometric, Islamic Azad University Tehran-Olom Tahghighat Branch, Tehran, Iran

^f Department of psychometric, International University of Imam Reza, Mashhad, Iran

E-mail: ka6667@gmail.com

Abstract: Dominant climate in collegiate environments and social supports from friends and family are taken into account as important determinants of physical activity level. In this direction, the purpose of present study was allocated to determine gender differences in perceptions of environmental and social supports for participation in physical activities in college age students. To this aim, in an ex post facto study, 300 undergraduate students (162 girls and 138 boys aged 20.32±0.98 and 20.97±1.02 years, respectively) who were studying in the second semester of 2012 at the Alzahra and Tehran universities, completed individual characteristics questionnaire, Perceived School Climate for Physical Activity Scale (Birnbaum et al., 2010), and Social Support for Physical Activity Scale (Grieser et al., 2010). Data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and follow up one-way ANOVA at the p<0.05. Results showed that gender has not significant effect on students' perceptions of professors' environmental support (p>0.05). But about peers support, boy students had higher perceptions of their peers' environmental support (p<0.001). Findings of the study showed that there is no significant difference between girl and boy students' perceptions of family social support (p>0.05). About social support provided from friends, results offered more benefits for boy students (p<0.05). This study discusses gender differences in the environmental and social supports to improve students' participation in physical activities.

[Hoseini, M., Yadegar, M., Amini Sarteshnizi, Z., Samaneh, Sh., Sam Deliri, S., Allahvirdiyani, Kh. Comparison of Students’ Perception of Environmental and Social Supports for Participation in Physical Activities Given their Gender. Life Sci J 2018;15(9):95-99]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj150918.13.

Keywords: Gender, Environmental support, Social support, Physical activity

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