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Impact of Direct Acting Antivirals for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitic C Virus Infection on Glycemic Control in Egyptian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Arafat Kassem¹ and Hossam E. Salah²

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al- Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
²Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
arafatkassem1970@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection looks to increase the probability of incidental type 2 diabetes mellitus in predisposed subjects, unrelated to the stage of liver disease. The processes through which hepatitis C triggers T2DM include direct effects of HCV, insulin resistance, proinflammatory cytokines and other immune-induced mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of direct acting antiviral agents for treatment of chronic HCV infection on insulin resistance and glycemic control in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This study was conducted on 230 type 2 DM patients with genotype 4 chronic HCV. 200 patients received DAAs in the form of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks, while the remaining 30 patients did not receive DAAs and served as a control group (group C). Patients who reached the SVR 12 weeks after DAAs (190 patients, 95%) were subdivided into three groups according to the end-point of glycemic control; that is, the achieved glycemic control (AGC) group with chronic hepatitis (group A), which comprised 80 patients (42.1%), the achieved glycemic control (NAGC) group with liver cirrhosis child A (group B), which included 62 patients (32.6%) and the non-achieved glycemic control (NAGC) group with liver cirrhosis child B (group C) which comprised of 48 patients (25.3 %). Results: In group A (chronic hepatitis with AGC), 30 patients (36.1%), and group B (liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh A class with ACG) necessitated to decrease the dose of antidiabetic treatment. There were no statistically significant differences between our groups as regard to age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Our patients in group C (Liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh classification B with non-achieved glycemic control) had positive family history of type 2 DM and longer duration of DM if compared to group A, and group B. Conclusion: In Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients with CHC, the administration of direct acting antiviral agents led to a dramatic advance in blood sugar control and should be closely observed for antidiabetic drug reduction to prevent hypoglycemic events. Clearance of HCV improves insulin resistance as evidenced by a reduction of plasma insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR. Achievement of glycemic control in Egyptian HCV patients treated with direct acting antiviral agents is appreciated in patients with mild liver disease (Child-Pugh class A), with short duration of diabetes, and without family history of T2DM, but is not related to body mass index, age, and sex.
[Arafat Kassem and Hossam E. Salah. Impact of Direct Acting Antivirals for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitic C Virus Infection on Glycemic Control in Egyptian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):1-10]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.01.

Keywords: Hepatitis C virus; Direct-acting antiviral agents; Diabetes mellitus

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Experimental Investigation on Shear Strength of Un-bonded Post-tensioned Concrete Deep Beams

H. El-Esnawi¹, A. Hafiz² and M. A. Eita³

¹Ass. Prof. Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Lecturer Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³Lecturer Assistant, Civil Engineering Dept., Higher Technological Institute 10^th of Ramadan City, Egypt

hesnawi2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, eleven un-bonded post-tensioned deep beams without web reinforcement were tested under monotonically increasing single load up to failure. The investigated parameters included; the clear span to height ratio (), Concrete compressive strength, and the average pre-compression (). The Test results indicated enhancement of shear strength by the decreasing of (), ( increasing, and increasing of .

[H. El-Esnawi, A. Hafiz. and M. A. Eita Experimental Investigation on Shear Strength of Un-bonded Post-tensioned Concrete Deep Beams. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):11-17]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.02.

Keywords: deep beams; diagonal tension; prestressed concrete; shear strength; Post-tensioned

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Dynamic Behavior of Unbonded Partially Post-Tensioned Concrete Beams under Cyclic Loading.

H. El-Esnawi1 and A. Hafiz2

1Ass. Prof. Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2Lecturer Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
hesnawi2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Three unbonded partial post-tensioned concrete beams with variable PPR in addition to one unbonded fully post-tensioned beam are tested under cyclic vertical displacement to investigate the dynamic behaviors of partially and fully post-tensioned concrete beams. The failure patterns, skeleton curves, hysteretic model, displacement restoring capacity, ductility, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity of all beams are discussed. Studies indicate that the partially post-tensioned beams behave in a more ductile manner in comparison with a fully post-tensioned beam. Relatively high deformation restoring capacity could also be observed clearly in the fully post-tensioned beam. Tests also show that the energy dissipation capacity of partially post-tensioned beams is significantly higher than fully post-tensioned beams. Stiffness degradation of partially post-tensioned beams was higher than the fully post-tensioned.
[H. El-Esnawi and A. Hafiz. Dynamic Behavior of Unbonded Partially Post-Tensioned Concrete Beams under Cyclic Loading.. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):18-27]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.03.

Keywords: post-tensioned, cyclic loading, PPR Ratio, Stiffness degradation, displacement restoring capacity, energy dissipation capacity

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Eco-Friendly Synthesis and Reactions of Some α, β-Unsaturated Ketones

S.A. Al-Issa

Faculty of Science

Chemistry Department, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University

E-Mail: Seham.alissa@gmail.com

Abstract: Effective implementation of ultrasound irradiation for the rapid synthesis of series of chalcones I_a-f via the condensation of aryl ketone and aryl aldehyde in alkaline ethanol. Also, pyridine 4_a-c, pyrimidine thione 5_a-d and diazepine 6_a,b derivatives were achieved by Michael addition of compounds containing either active methylene groups or active hydrogen atoms. Moreover, reaction of 2-thione pyrimidine derivative 5_b-c with chloroacetic acid afforded thiazolopyrimidine derivatives 7_a-c. Condensation of 5 _b-c with 3-bromopropionic acid gave pyrimido [2,1-b] [1,3] thiazin-4-one derivatives 8_a-c. The structure of the synthesized compounds were mainly confirmed on the basis spectroscopic methods.

[Al-Issa, S.A. Eco-Friendly Synthesis and Reactions of Some α, β-Unsaturated Ketones. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):28-34]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.04.

Keywords; ultrasound, chalcone, Michael addition, malonitrile, thiourea, chloroaceticacid.

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The view of cesarean pain after preemptive use of Rosa damascena extract in women with elective cesarean section

Parvin Mostafa-Gharabaghi¹, Abbas Delazar², Manizheh Mostafa-Gharabaghi³, Mehri Jafari Shobeiri¹, Arash Khaki^4*

^1. Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

^2. Department of Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

^3. Department of Pediatrics Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

^4. Department of Vet Pathology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract: Post cesarean section pain as an individual acute sensation requires special care. Studies have always shown that 30 to 40 percent of patients experience moderate to severe pain after operation. Opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are effective for the control of pain, but they have some side effects. Hence, some safe analgesics with better effects and little adverse effects are needed. Rose hip products are used in Iran for many years as traditional medicine in the form of jam and syrup. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of preemptive prescription of rose hip extract for postoperative pain in elective cesarean sections. In a double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 87 patients were studied in 2 groups. Patients in Group A were given rose hip extracts capsule and patients in Group B were given placebo capsules. After preemptive prescription of capsule A and B (15 min before anesthesia), we evaluated the pain score with visual analog scale (VAS) in various hours after surgery in the ward and then analyzed the findings. We found that there is need for patients with the palliation of pain to take analgesic drugs after surgery, though the total dose of analgesics and the severity of pain in various times in group A was better than that in group B. There was no significant side effect in both groups. The initiating of breast feeding was same in both groups. According to our study, we can use rose hip extract in elective surgeries without any significant side effects in order to control pain, and it is an effective product as compared with NSAIDS and opiates with less complication.

 [Parvin Mostafa-Gharabaghi, Abbas Delazar, Manizheh Mostafa-Gharabaghi, Mehri Jafari Shobeiri, Arash Khaki. The view of cesarean pain after preemptive use of Rosa damascena extract in women with elective cesarean section. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):35-41]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.05.

Key words: Pain, rose hip extract, elective cesareans.

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Bioaccumulation of Zinc in Java Medaka Fish (Oryzias javanicus) and Identifying of Metallothionein-Like Protein

Khodadoust, Daryoush, Ahmad, Ismail

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia, aismail@science.upm.edu.my

Abstract: Metallothioneins (MTs) have been broadly measured for their probable use as exact bioindicator to be a sign of the existence of heavy metal contamination, since their induction has been observed to be noticeably elevated after heavy metal exposure in a large amount organism considered. In this study with the results from spectrophotometric method induction of Metallothionein (MT) and levels of Zinc of the Java Medaka fish (Oryzias javanicus) were studied after long time (60 days) exposure of juvenile fishes to different concentrations of zinc. Statistically significant differences in Zn and MT’s content in different organs of fish groups exposed to this metal was found between control group and other groups with diverse concentrations of metal (p<0.05). Correlation between Zn content and MTs in all body sections of Java Medaka fish (Oryzias javanicus) were statistically significant and the correlation was positive; increasing the Zn content in body sections, the MTs levels increased also (p<0.01). Also the Metallothioneins (MTs) content in the tissues of Java Medaka fish (Oryzias javanicus) showed a significant difference between the different tissues of this fish. The order of MT content was in the decreasing order of: visceral organs > gill > muscle. Long term effect and MTs protein results indicate that this fish (Oryzias javanicus) is more useful and accurate to monitor particular metals and ecotoxicology studies in the estuary and coastal areas.

[Daryoush Kh, Ismail A. Bioaccumulation of Zinc in Java Medaka Fish (Oryzias javanicus) and Identifying

of Metallothionein-Like Protein. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):42-53]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.06.

Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Java medaka, Zinc, Metallothionein, Bioindicator

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An evaluation of protein, mineral supplements and anthelmintic treatment on communally managed sheep, naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.

Francis R Bakunzi, Lucky K Mogapi, Lebogang E Motsei, Mathew Nyirenda, Rendani V Ndou, Mwanza, M

Centre for Animal Health Studies, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.

Francis.bakunzi@nwu.ac.za

Abstract: This trial was conducted to determine the effects of anthelmintic treatment together with protein and dicalcium phosphate supplements on sheep performance, reared on communal rangelands for 2 years. fourty female Dorper sheep of around 1 to 2 years old were randomly alloted into 4 groups of 10 sheep each. The first group was orally drenched with fenbendazole at an interval of three months. The second group was given protein pellets daily while the third group was dosed every three months and fed protein pellets daily together with dicalcium phosphate lick. The fourth control group was neither dosed nor fed mineral and protein supplements. The 3 treatment groups had generally lower eggs per gram ( epg ) of faeces than the control group. The anthelmintic/protein/dicalcium phosphate group had significantly reduced faecal nematode egg counts when compared to the other 3 treatments, with the protein and anthelmintric groups displaying the same effect but much lower than the control group. The same trend was displayed by all the groups in terms of body mass gain. The protein, dicalcium phosphate supplemented and anthelmintic treated group had significantly higher PCV values, followed by protein, anthelmintic and control groups respectively. There was a significant difference observed between the protein, mineral supplements and anthelmintic treated group for albumin as compared to other 3 groups which did not differ significantly. The synergistic nematode control effect of using anthelmintic treatment, protein and mineral supplementation combinations may go a long way in reducing the rampant use of anthelmintics that have led to the potential development of anthelmintic resistance.

[Bakunzi F. R, Mogapi L. K, Motsei L. E, Nyirenda M, Ndou R. V, Mwanza, M. An evaluation of protein, mineral supplements and anthelmintic treatment on communally managed sheep, naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):54-57]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.07.

Keywords: synergistic effects, anthelmintic treatment, gastrointestinal nematodes, protein and mineral supplements, Dorper sheep

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Early Maladaptive Schemas versus Emotional Intelligence in Substance Addicts and Non-addicts.

Azar Yavarpour¹, Behnaz Abasi Rad², Bita Haghighat³

^1.MA in Psychology. Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University. Tehran, Iran.

^2.MA in Psychology. Islamic Azad University. Roodehen, Iran.

^3.MA, student in Psychology. Islamic Azad University. Sari, Iran.

Abstract: The objective of this research was to compare early maladaptive schemas with emotional intelligence of substance addicts and non-addicts. This research was a descriptive study. The statistical population included all male and female substance addicts who reported to public rehabilitation centers in Tehran 2012. The statistical population included 750 individuals. Study sample was selected by simple random sampling. The study sample included 100 subjects consisting of 50 addicts and 50 non-addicts. This study used Bar-on Emotional Intelligence Inventory and Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). Data analysis was carried out by applying independent t-test and multivariate regression. The results showed that the average emotional intelligence in non-addict individuals was higher than the average emotional intelligence in substance addicts at 95% confidence level. The average score of early maladaptive schemas in substance addicts is higher than the average score of non-addicts. Statistical significance is skewed toward substance addicts. Regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and maladaptive schemas could predict 0.581 of the total variance for the propensity to addiction in substance addicts. The comparison of standard regression coefficients showed that disconnection and rejection schemas have higher share in prediction of the propensity to addiction in substance addicts (b =-0.512). The relation of emotional intelligence and maladaptive schema subscales (self-discipline, vigilance, and inhibition) versus the propensity to addiction in substance addicts is negative. Consequently, the higher the propensity to addiction in substance addicts, the lower the frequency of emotional intelligence and maladaptive schema subscales (self-discipline, vigilance, and inhibition), or vise versa.

[Azar Yavarpour, Behnaz Abasi Rad, Bita Haghighat. Early Maladaptive Schemas versus Emotional Intelligence in Substance Addicts and Non-addicts. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):58-63]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.08.

Keywords: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Emotional Intelligence, Substance Addicts.

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Comparison of Post Extubation Complications In 3 Different States of Filling Endotracheal Tube Cuff With Lidoaine 4% In Elective Surgery Patients (This is the template – do not put these words about template in your paper)

Mahnaz. Shafakhah, Marzieh. Moattari, Seyed. Masood. Lahsaee, Abdolreza Rajaeefard Rajaeefard, Seyed. Hasan. Abbasi, Hamidreza Esfandiari

Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

shafakhahm@sums.ac.ir & shmmsh2@gmail.com

Abstract: post-extubation complications including coughing, sore throat, and hoarseness during emergence from general anesthesia common clinical problems. Some Clinical techniques used to decrease these complications. This aimed to assess post-extubation endotracheal tube complications in 3 different states of lidoaine 4% for filling endotracheal tube cuffs. This was a clinical trial study carried out in Iran. 200 candidates of elective surgery being and 2 ASA were randomly divided into 4 groups (N=50). The endotracheal tube cuffs of each group members were filled with (5-10ml) distilled water, lidoaine 4%, alkalinized lidoaine 4% and warmed alkalinized lidoaine 4%, respectively. The patients were observed for complications such as cough (for 6 hrs), sore throat, and hoarseness (for 24 hrs) after extubation. The data were analyzed by chi2, logistic regression using SPSS.

[Shafakhah M, Moattari M, Lahsaee SS, Rajaeefard AR, SS Abbasi, H Esfandiari. Comparison of Post Extubation Complications In 3 Different States of Filling Endotracheal Tube Cuff With Lidocaine 4% In Elective Surgery Patients. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):64-69]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.09.

Keywords: Intubation; Cuff, airway extubation,; complications; lidoaine

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Outcome of Embolism in the Presence or Absence of Genetic and Acquired Risk Factors and its relationship with Pulmonary Artery Pressure after Six Months of Treatment

Dr. Mohammad Reza Ghaffari¹, Dr. Shamsi Ghaffari²

^1: Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

^2: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ghaffarimohammadreza14@yahoo.com

Abstract: Thrombophilia greatly increases the risk of pulmonary thrombosis. Many genetic and acquired factors are involved in thromboembolism. From the genetic factors we can mention two autosomal genetic mutations, such as mutation of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytic study, 60 patients with thromboembolism who had inclusion criteria were selected and divided into two groups of genetic and acquired thromboembolism risk factors (groups A and B with 30 patients in each group). All patients in both groups were investigated in terms of outcome of embolism in relation with the presence or absence of genetic or acquired risk factors and its relationship with pulmonary artery pressure at the beginning of study and six months after the treatment. In total, 31 patients (56.4%) were male and 24 patients (43.6%) were male. The mean age of the study population was 44.4 ± 14 years (the age range was from 23 to 75 years old). The relationship of stability of blood clots in the pulmonary artery and genetic risk factors, after six months of treatment, was statistically significant (P=0.03). However, the relationship between pulmonary artery pressure and genetic and acquired risk factors was not significant (P=0.24). According to the presence of significant relationship between genetic risk factors and outcome of pulmonary embolism, by adopting specific prevention and cure measures (such as genetic engineering), we can stop many pulmonary complications and mortality which helps patients and the healthcare system.

[Mohammad Reza Ghaffari, Shamsi Ghaffari. Outcome of Embolism in the Presence or Absence of Genetic and Acquired Risk Factors and its relationship with Pulmonary Artery Pressure after Six Months of Treatment. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):70-74]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.10.

Keywords: pulmonary embolism, risk factor, CT angiography

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The investigation of Depression health mental between variousethnic cultures: Brief Review

Reza Ahmadi¹, Mohammad Khan ahmadi², Maryam Malmir³, Azita Amin al-roaya⁴

^1: MA in Exceptional Children, AllamehTabatabaei University, Iran

^2: MA in Psychology, AllamehTabatabaei University, Iran

^3: PhD Student of Exceptional Children, Islamic Azad University, Iran

^4: PhD Student of Exceptional Children, Islamic Azad University, Iran

khanahmadimohammad14@yahoo.com

Abstract: Depression is under-diagnosed in primary care all over the world, particularly in ethnic minority populations. Several explanations have been offered for this including the unsatisfactory ‘Western’ definitions of depression, different explanatory models between patient and doctor, linguistic barriers and variations in presentation. Such problems may also exist in secondary health of mental care services. Help-seeking behavior remains a problem in the management of depression in ethnic minority populations, partly due to stigma associated with mental illness (although this may be changing due to acculturation), and differing illness beliefs. Depression may present with somatic symptoms and cultural idioms of distress in any culture, particularly ethnic minority levels. The common presentation of depression as somatic symptoms in patients from certain cultures may be explained by the traditional illness beliefs within those cultures. The use of trained interpreters, raising awareness of depression and a culturally sensitive approach to clinical practice amongst other strategies may help us diagnose depression and improve help seeking-behavior.

[Reza Ahmadi, Mohammad Khan ahmadi, Maryam Malmir, Azita Amin al-roaya. The investigation of Depression health mental between variousethnic cultures: Brief Review. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):75-78]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.11.

Key words: depression, health seeking behavior, minority levels, somatic presentation, idioms of distress

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General approach to quantitative and qualitative changes in the stored maize genotypes ecosystem infested by Sitophilus zeamais (L.) under variable thermal thresholds

Abdul Khaliq¹*, Mudassar Javed¹, Muhammad Sagheer¹ and Mansoor-ul-Hasan1, Muhammad Hannan Ahmad², Hafiz Abdul Gafoor² and Mubasshir Sohail²

¹Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,

²Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: e-mail: abdulkhaliq1931@gmail.com

Abstract: Stored product pests are serious threats to stored grain commodities especially in under developed countries like Pakistan. Insects cut down the grains quantity and also deteriorate the grain nutrients leaving unfit for germination and food. Study was carried out to estimate losses (quantitative and qualitative) to screen out the eight advanced maize genotypes viz: NK-8441, MMRI-Yellow, 30K08, Agati-2002, SWL-2002, EV-6098, EV-1098 and Pak-Afghan against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) at 28, 32 and 35^oC. In physical losses, progeny development, frass weight, damage grain percentage and weight loss but in nutritive losses crude Protein, fat, fiber and ash was included. Results showed that in MMRI-Yellow proved most susceptible genotype following by NK-8441, Agati-2002, SWL-2002, EV-6098, EV-1098 and Pak-Afghan at 32^oC. While, hybrid 30K08 genotype was highly resistant and least infested by weevil development. Similar results were estimated for qualitative losses where crude fat, fiber and ash contents were highly deteriorated in MMRI-Yellow and low in 30K08. Present research can help in breeding program.

[Abdul Khaliq, Mudassar Javed, Muhammad Sagheer and Mansoor-ul-Hasan1, Muhammad Hannan Ahmad, Hafiz Abdul Gafoor and Mubasshir Sohail. General approach to quantitative and qualitative changes in the stored maize genotypes ecosystem infested by Sitophilus zeamais (L.) under variable thermal thresholds. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):79-85]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.12.

Key words: Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, Qualitative losses, resistant genotypes, Quantitative losses

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Salmonella among humans of Asian countries

Archana Iyer ^1,2, Taha Kumosani^1,2, Jehad Mostafa Yousef^1,2, Elie Barbour³, Steve Harakeh⁴

^1. Department of Biochemistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

^2. Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

^3. Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; adjunct professor Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

^4. Special Infectious Agents Unit – Biosafety Level 3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

arch729@gmail.com

Abstract: This review aims at comprehensively reporting the impact of Salmonellosis in humans of developing Asian countries, the mode of dissemination, the various methods of serotyping, drug-resistance and the distribution of different Salmonella serotypes in these countries. The review focusses mainly on developing Asian countries which have a big population, higher risk of dissemination of the pathogen due to poor standards of public hygiene and sanitation, and also a high rate of arriving and departing travellers. Moreover, most of these countries lack a proper continuous surveillance and control system to monitor the epizootiology of Salmonella serovars. Various serotypes that were prevalent in Asian countries included the following: S. weltevreden, S. rissen and S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. rissen, S. stanley and S. enteritidis. A high degree of serotypes distribution was found among the different countries. Resistance to multiple drugs was present in many serovars. The reported results indicate an alarming rate of human Salmonellosis in developing Asian countries, highlighting the importance of developing stringent surveillance and control programs aiming at control of this pathogen.

[Archana Iyer, Taha Kumosani, Jehad Mostafa Yousef, Elie Barbour, Steve Harakeh. Salmonella among humans of Asian countries. Life Sci J 2018;15(3):86-91]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.13.

Keywords: Salmonellosis, human serotypes, Asia, developing countries, surveillance

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