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Toxoplasmosis in stray cats and pregnant women in Egypt: Association between Socio-demographic variables and High-risk practices by pregnant women

Walid Elmonir¹, Mohamed A. Harfoush², Wael F. El-Tras³ and Suzan A. Kotb¹

¹Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (Zoonosis) Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt

²Parasitology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh Provincial lab, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt

³ Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences (Zoonoses), Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt

suzan.morgan47@yahoo.com

Abstract: Toxoplasmosis is worldwide zoonosis that poses a major health threat to pregnant women and immunocompetent individuals. This study investigated the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women as well as stray cats in Kafrelsheikh province, Egypt during the period between June and August 2016. The results showed that 5 of 113 (4.4%) pregnant women were seropositive (IgM+) for active toxoplasmosis. The T. gondii oocysts were detected in 2 of 100 (2%) cat feces samples. A questionnaire was answered by all pregnant participants for possible high-risk practices associated with toxoplasmosis and the answers showed that 82.3% of them routinely practiced at least one of the investigated high-risk practices. Drinking of unhygienic water was the predominant practice (61.9%), while contact with a cat was the lowest (10.6%). Pregnant women with low education level and living in rural dwellings were significantly associated with occupational contact with soil. Consumption of undercooked meat and drinking unhygienic water were significantly associated with residence in urban dwellings and lower education, respectively. There was no significant relationship between seropositivity in pregnant women and age, educational level, residence or any of investigated high-risk practices. This study showed that stray cats may be an important source of Toxoplasma infection in Egypt. The high seroprevalence and reported high-risk practices by pregnant women in this study highlighted the urgent need for education campaigns regarding modes of Toxoplasma transmission to avoid potential threats to at risk pregnant women in Egypt.

[Walid Elmonir, Mohamed A. Harfoush, Wael F. El-Tras  and Suzan A. Kotb. Toxoplasmosis in stray cats and pregnant women in Egypt: Association between Socio-demographic variables and High-risk practices by pregnant women. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):1-5]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.01.

Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, stray cats, pregnant women, high risk practices

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The Eye Clinical patients’ usage of healthcare food in a religion hospital in Taiwan

I-Yuen ¹_, Hui-Ling Jung¹_, Mei-Fang¹_, Li-Chai Chen ², Chi-Ting Horng ^2,*

¹Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC.

²Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pintung City, Taiwan, ROC.

³Department of Ophthalmology, Fooying University Hospital. Donggang Township, Pintung City, Taiwan, ROC.

^* Corresponding authors: Chi-Ting Hormg; E-mail: h56041@gamil.com

Postal address: Fooyin University Hospital, No. 3. Zhongshan rd. Donggang Township, Pintung City, Taiwan, ROC.

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to discuss the effects of several health food supplements on various surgeries in one regional hospital from Jan 2017 to Sep 2017 in southern Taiwan. Methods: This study conducted a retrospective medical chart survey. We analyzed the apparent bleeding tendency during cataract surgery from January 2017 to October 2017 records. During this period, 150 patients (75 male and 75 female subjects) which were randomized selected underwent various ocular surgeries in our hospital. The mean age of the patients was 64.8 ± 5.6 years. If known, patients taking anti-coagulant and anti-platelet prescription drugs were rigorous and required to discontinue intake two weeks prior to operation. We also checked any findings, especially the massive bleeding during various operations and noted the use of health food supplements in surgical patients after surgery. The overall results were analyzed. Results: In our survey, 41.33 % (62/150) of patients took aspirin or warfarin, because the peoples who are indicated to receive various surgeries are all older groups with poor physiological function. Moreover, the incidence of severe hemorrhage significantly during operation observed by the operators was 26.67 % (40/150). We inquired whether the patients forgot to discontinue taking health food supplements. Surprisingly, 85% of patients (34/40) took these food supplements without consulting doctors. The most common over-the-counter drug is gingko extract in Taiwan. Besides, fish oil, Monascus purpureus, and natto was other supplement which may induce moderate and massive hemorrhage. However, the four components could be combined together and we must pay attention to the OTC supplements. Conclusion: A considerable number of clinicians checked the prescriptive medications of surgical patients; however, they failed to inquire the health food supplements. A number of non- prescriptive drugs may induce bleeding, which could interfere with the processes of surgery. We highlight the significance of eliciting any history of nutritional supplements, or herbal medication use, particularly when patients are scheduled for various surgeries.

[I-Yuen, Hui-Ling Jung, Mei-Fang, Li-Chai Chen, Chi-Ting Horng. The Eye Clinical patients’ usage of healthcare food in a religion hospital in Taiwan. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):6-14]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.02.

Keywords: ginkgo biloba, natto, fish oil, monascus purpureus

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Prevalence of Prehypertension among Saudi Female University Students – A Pilot Study

Hala Salim Sonbol*¹, Hanan Ahmad Al-Kadi², Asma’a Husain Almalki¹, Hatoon Yousef Al Samadani¹, and Fawzia Abdulaziz Alshubaily¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

² Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

hsonbol@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Background and Aim: The term ‘’prehypertension’’ is defined as a blood pressure (BP) levels of 120-139/80-89 mmHg. Prehypertension is widespread especially in young people who suffer from obesity, and in most studies, is more prevalent than hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prehypertension in Saudi female students at King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. One hundred Saudi female students, 20-30 years old were recruited. Demographic data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. BP was recorded using a standardized technique. Result: Mean age of the study group was 22.1±1.6 years. Prehypertension was prevalent in 7% of the study group. The prevalence of prehypertension was higher in overweight and obese subjects (10%) compared to normal weight subjects (6%), however, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Prehypertension was observered in a group of young and otherwise healthy women and was more common in obese subjects. Since prehypertension is a predictor to future hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular events, early intervention to reduceweight maybe an effective preventive measure. Large scale studies are needed to confirm these findings in both sexes and different age groups. Moreover, clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of weight reduction in lowering the prevalence of prehypertension are warrented.

[Hala Salim Sonbol , Hanan Ahmad Al-Kadi, Asma’a Husain Almalki, Hatoon Yousef Al Samadani, and Fawzia Abdulaziz Alshubaily . Prevalence of Prehypertension among Saudi Female University Students – A Pilot Study. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):15-19]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.03.

Keywords: Prehypertension, hypertension, blood pressure, Saudi females, obesity, body mass index, female students

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The Effects of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes on the Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) In Saudi Women, At Tabuk City

Eman Sery Zayed¹, Rania Kamal Farag Allah², Amani Ali Shaman², Reda Salah Yousef¹, Omnea Elsaifi³ and Khalid Hussein Bakheit¹

Departments of Clinical Biochemistry¹, Obstetrics and Gynecology², and Community Medicine³, Faculty of Medicine, Tabuk University.

esazayed@gmail.com

Abstract: Objectives: Is there an association of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity with the adverse pregnancy outcomes in Tabuk City? Methods: Neonatal adverse pregnancy outcomes included birth weight; newborn morbidity maternal outcome included primary cesarean delivery, preeclampsia and shoulder dystocia. Body mass index (BMI) was determined at booking time. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine associations of GDM and obesity with their outcomes. Results: Mean maternal BMI was, 30.7. It was found that 29.7% were obese (BMI: 33.0 kg/m2), and GDM was diagnosed in 46.2%. Relative to non-GDM and non-obese women, odds ratio for birth weight.90thpercentile for GDM alone was 1.599 (0.706–3.619), for obesity alone 2.014 (0.755–5.372), and for both GDM and obesity 3.519 (1.565–7.912) showing a very high P value clarifying a significant role of GDM and obesity on the birth weigh outcome. Odds for birth weight.90th percentile were progressively greater with both higher OGTT glucose and higher maternal BMI. Results for primary cesarean delivery and preeclampsia were similar. Both maternal GDM and obesity are independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Their combination has a greater impact than either one alone. Regarding to the body weight among the studied women, it was found that out of 944 women 334 (35.4%) were over weight, 280 (29.7%) were obese while 330 (35%) were normal weights. Total GDM pregnant women were 436 out of 944 (46.2%), 160 women of them were obese (36.7%). Obesity in pregnancy is a recognized risk factor for many maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes including increased rate of cesarean section, macrosomia, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus [3-5]. Risks for the fetus and newborn include macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice and also long-term consequences such as T2DM, childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome in adults [9], perinatal mortality and congenital malformations [10,11]. GDM alone may have distinct effects on clinical outcomes independent of obesity. The same is true for maternal obesity [12]. As both share common metabolic characteristics such as increased insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, examination of the combined association of these common metabolic problems with pregnancy outcomes is very important to be investigated.

[Eman Sery Zayed, Rania Kamal Farag Allah, Amani Ali Shaman, Reda Salah Yousef, Omnea Elsaifi  and Khalid Hussein Bakheit . The Effects of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes on the Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) In Saudi Women, At Tabuk City. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):20-25]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.04.

Keywords：Effect; Maternal Obesity; Gestational Diabetes; Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Tabuk City

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Gemcitabine plus Capecitabine Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Non-Metastatic Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Alaa Maria and Mohamed El-Shebiney

Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Hospital, Egypt.

alaamaria1@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: While it is proved that chemotherapy (CT) is the standard treatment modality for inoperable, non-metastatic, locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), concurrent radiotherapy (RT) with CT agents such as gemcitabine (GEM), capecitabine or fluorouracil is also an acceptable treatment option. Purpose: We aimed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of GEM plus capecitabine followed by concurrent GEM and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in non-metastatic LAPC. Patients and Methods: Thirty patients with inoperable, non-metastatic LAPC received induction CT consisted of 3 cycles of GEM (1000 mg/m² intravenously over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15) and capecitabine (830 mg/m² orally, twice daily on days 1–21) in 28 day cycles followed with CRT consisted of gemcitabine 600 mg/m² weekly for 5 weeks concurrent with 3D-CRT for a total dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions in 5.5 weeks and finally additional two CT cycles of gemcitabine at a dose of 1,000 mg/m² weekly for 3 weeks with 1 week rest between the 2 cycles. Results: After a median follow-up period of 10.5 months, 4 (13.3%) patients were alive. The median overall survival (OS) was 11.5 months with 43.3% 1-year OS rate and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.3 months with 10% 1-year PFS rate. None of the patients had grade 4 toxicity with grade 3 nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue was represented in 10%, 6.7%, and 6.7% of patients respectively. Conclusions: Gemcitabine plus capecitabine followed by concurrent GEM and 3D CRT for treatment of non-metastatic LAPC is active with acceptable tolerability and survival outcome.

[Alaa Maria and Mohamed El-Shebiney. Gemcitabine plus Capecitabine Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Non-Metastatic Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):26-33]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.05.

Key words: pancreatic cancer, locally advanced, gemcitabine, concurrent chemoradiotherapy

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Response of Vegetative Growth of Some Mango Seedling Clones to Salinity

Qaoud, E. M., Habib, S. E., Saif, M. A., and Sliem, M. Y

Horticultural Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.

Corresponding Author: s_qaoud@agr.suez.edu.eg

Abstract: The present study was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2013 to 2015 in a private nursery at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt on Succary Abiad mango cultivar and four polyemberyonic unknown mango genotypes grown in Ismailia and Suez Governorates. The trees were 10-15 years old and grown under high salinity stress. One tree from each region was selected and labeled to be the source of seeds each season. Seeds were freshly extracted from ripen fruits then sowed in polyethylene bags during August. The seedling received the recommended agricultural practices from august to April. At the first of May, the seedlings were treated with different concentrations of sodium chloride till the end of August. Data showed that the vegetative growth (plant height, leaves number and area, stem thickness, roots number, fresh weight and dry weight). Data indicated that clone 3 is the best rootstock followed by Succary Abiad cv., clone 2 and clone 1 while clone 4 is the most sensitive to salinity.

[Qaoud, E. M., Habib, S. E., Saif, M. A., and Sliem, M. Y. Response of Vegetative Growth of Some Mango Seedling Clones to Salinity. Life Sci J 2017;14 (10): 34-44]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.06.

Key Words: Mango - Seedling - Salinity - Stress - Vegetative growth

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Self-body Examination: Instructional Guide for Early Detection of Physical and Reproductive Health Problems among Adolescent Girls

Eman Mostafa Sayed Ahmed¹, Omaima Mohamed Esmat², Hyam Refaat Tantawi³, Hala Mohamed Sanad⁴

¹Assistant Professor of Maternity & Gynecological Nursing Department at Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

²Assistant Professor of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

³ Assistant Professor of Pediatric Nursing Department at Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

⁴Assistant Professor, BSN coordinator, Nursing Department-WHO Collaborating Center for Nursing Development, College of Health Sciences, University of Bahrain

hsanad@uob.edu.bh

Abstract: Background: Self-body examination considered one of the most important health strategies for discovery, early detection & management of many health problems among adolescent age. Aim & design: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Self-body Examination instructional guide for Early Detection of Physical and Reproductive Health Problems among Adolescent Girls. The design of the study was Quasi-experimental. Setting: The study was conducted at Technical Institute of Nursing, & Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University. The subjects involved unmarried female student nurse at first academic year 2014 – 2015. Sample: Purposive sample consisted of 63 nursing students. Tools: Data were collected through three Tools (structured interviewing questionnaire, performance check lists, and follow up card). Results: The study revealed that there was statistically significant difference between pre-intervention program compared to post 1 month and post 2 months regarding practice of self- body exam. Many health problems discovered by adolescent girls through improvement of self-examination for different parts of their body & referred to physicians; Breast problems, skin problems, genital infection, ENT problems, dental problems, eye problems & menstrual problems. Conclusion & recommendation: The study concluded that the positive impact of the Instructional guide on adolescent girls’ self -body examination practices for early detection of their Physical and Reproductive health problems. There searchers recommended that integrating self-body exam guideline in adolescent schools. Further researches are still needed to explore the barriers that confront practice of self- body exam among adolescence.

[Eman Mostafa Sayed Ahmed, Omaima Mohamed Esmat, Hyam Refaat Tantawi, Hala Mohamed Sanad. Self-body Examination: Instructional Guide for Early Detection of Physical and Reproductive Health Problems among Adolescent Girls. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):45-54]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.07.

Key words: Self-body Exam, Adolescent, Health Problems

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The Bacterial Effect on the Liver Histology caused by Fecal Coliform Bacteria

ZakiAl-Hasawi¹, Esam Al-Wesabi^1,4,*, Hassan Al-Harbi²,Reem Al-Hasawi³

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.

²Poison Control and Medical Forensic Toxicology Center, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.

³Department of Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Science and arts, King Abdul Aziz University, Rabigh21911, Saudi Arabia.

⁴Al-Hodeidah University, Al-Hodeidah, Republic of Yemen.

* Corresponding authors: Esam O. Al-Wesabi; E-mail: esam.omer@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was conducted to analyze well waters effect in Mughynia site, which lies along the valleys that discharge in the Red Sea in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. This is to evaluate and determine whether the water of these wells is suitable for drinking and agricultural use.Administration of White Swiss Webster Albino mice with drinking well water containing Fecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB) at a concentration up to 2400 colonies/100L for 90 days, caused liver injury. There were alterations in the liver cells structures, swelling of cells, the cells became large in size and changed in shape, and most of the sinusoids disappeared. There was an increase in the percentage of cytoplasmic vacuolization and granulation, and dissolution of nuclear material of most of the cells, together with the destruction of some cells. Chromatin inside most of the nuclei was lost, and the cytoplasmic vacuolization was congested with many blood cells and death of some cells. These results suggest that indicators of fecal pollution should be used in drinking water microbiological analysis and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Therefore, the continue to discharge untreated water into well water should be limited and water resources should be treated to eliminate the pollutants.

[Al-Hasawi Z, Al-Wesabi E, Al-Harbi H, Al-Hasawi R. The Bacterial Effect on the Liver Histology caused by

Fecal Coliform Bacteria .Life Sci J 2017;14(10):55-58]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online).

http://www.lifesciencesite.com.8. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.08.

Keywords: Well water pollution; fecal coliform bacteria; Histological; Liver

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Impact of stone quarrying on the health of Residents in Nigeria

Igbinovia Osayi Martins, Osu Charles I ^* and Iwuoha G.N.

* Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323 Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Telephone: +234 803 7783246 email: charsike@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of stone quarry activities and seasonal variation on the concentration of air pollutants. Higher concentration of particulate matter was observed in the dry season than wet season. Concentration of particulate matter ranged from 10.40 ± 0.02 to 18.70 ± 1.40 mg/m³, dry season; 1.07 ± 0.02 to 2.50 ± 0.09 mg/m³, wet season (Table 1) for site A and 12.01 ± 1.10 mg/m³ to 13.60 ± 0.30 mg/m³, wet season; 16.40 ± 1.30 to 21.30 ± 1.60 mg/m³, dry season for site B. concentration of H₂S ranges from 0.30 ± 0.05 to 1.70 ± 0.10 ppm, wet season; 2.06 ± 0.02 to 2.10 ± 0.01 ppm, dry season for site A and 0.60 ± 0.05 to 1.00 ± 0.10 ppm, wet season; 3.17 ± 0.02 to 1.30 ± 0.01 ppm, dry season for site B. Mean concentration of NO₂ ranges from 0.50 ± 0.01 to 1.90 ± 0.03 ppm, wet season; 4.30 ± 0.01 to 7.00 ± 0.11 ppm, dry season for site A and 2.01 ± 0.02 to 3.30 ± 0.02 ppm, wet season; 4.70 ± 0.01 to 6.30 ± 0.10 ppm, dry season for site B. Mean concentration of SO₂ in study locations shows the same trend of being higher during dry season than during wet season. This is due to dilution effect of rain on the atmosphere. Its values ranges from 0.70 ± 0.06 to 1.20 ± 0.02 ppm, wet season; 5.14 ± 0.20 to 6.10 ± 0.08 ppm, dry season for site A and 1.30 ± 0.02 to 5.10 ± 0.15 ppm, wet season 6.20 ± 0.10 to 6.80 ± 0.04 ppm, dry season for site B. The concentration of vanadium in the environment ranged from 0.13 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.03 and 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.46 ± 0.01 for sample A and B respectively. The concentration of the heavy metal ranged from 14.00 to 42.50 mg/kg, Cu; 23.50 to 38.70 mg/kg, Cr; 45.60 to 136.30 mg/kg, Zn; 0.10 to 0.65 mg/kg, Hg; 10.60 16.80 mg/kg, Pb and 1.60 to 16.40 mg/kg, Ni for site A. Concentration of the heavy metal in site B ranged from 11.30 to 25.10 mg/kg, Cu; 4.70 to 15.20 mg/kg, Cr; 44.30 to 186.10 mg/kg, Zn; 0.01 to 0.20 mg/kg, Hg; 6.60 to 13.90 mg/kg, Pb and 1.00 to 5.40 mg/kg, Ni. This study found that about 99.99 % of air pollution diseases affect the households. Data from this study showed that chronic exposure to dust and polluted air from crushing of stones increased susceptibility to respiratory problems. Percentage values obtained were 24.49 %, catarrh; 28.57 %, coughing; 26.53 %, headache; 9.18 %, chest pains and 11.22 %, eye infections.

[Igbinovia O.M., Osu Charles I and Iwuoha G.N. Impact of stone quarrying on the health of Residents in Nigeria. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):59-64]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.09.

Keywords: stone quarry; air parameters; health effect

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[Life Sci J 2017;14(10):65-70]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10.

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Investigating Frequency Contents of Capnogram using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Autoregressive Modeling (AR)

Mohsen Kazemi, M.B. Malarvili

Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor, Malaysia

mohsenkazemi@biomedical.utm.my

Abstract: In this paper, frequency contents of capnogram signals are investigated. Capnogram is the graphical output of capnograph and it is able to show different changes in expiratory. Capnography is the monitoring of the CO₂ level during respiration. This method is not only non-invasive, easy to do, and relatively inexpensive, but also in recent years medical societies, representing anaesthesiology, cardiology, critical care, paediatrics, respiratory care, and emergency medicine, have mandated or recommended it. Hence, processing this signal will help understanding the nature of capnogram to use for diagnosis variety of respiratory disorders. In this study, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and autoregressive (AR) modelling-Burg Method have been used to calculate power spectral density (PSD) in normal capnogram and asthmatic ones to compare the results possibility of using this analysis for diagnosis and prognosis purpose. The preliminary results show that, frequency properties of capnogram signal significantly can be used to distinguished asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. In conclusion, these results reveal the potential of using these characteristic of capnogram signal to differentiate a variety of breathing difficulties that will help medical practitioners involved in respiratory care.

[Mohsen Kazemi, M.B. Malarvili. Investigating Frequency Contents of Capnogram using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Autoregressive Modeling (AR). Life Sci J 2017;14(10):71-78]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.11.

Keywords: Autoregressive modeling; Burg Method; Capnogram; Fast Fourier transform; Windowing

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Absolute Zero Defect – A Challenging Target

Nawar Khan¹, Mushtaq Khan ²

^1. Department of Engineering Management, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Peshawar Road, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan

^1. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, 44000, Pakistan

nwr_khan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Absolute Zero Defect (AZD) is a concept which means no defectives product or service to be ever conceived, designed, developed, produced and provided to customers both inside as well as outside an enterprise system on any scale of measurement. At present, at Zero Defect (ZD) level, it is assured that no defective product or service is delivered to external customers outside the enterprise. Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy of ‘Continual Quality Improvement’ (CQI) and analogy techniques used provide the base of assimilating the AZD concept and its scales. This paper also discusses the paradigm shift from ‘ZD’ concept to ‘AZD’ concept and scales.    CQI of all business functions (marketing, finance, HR, production and sale/purchase etc), processes and its management system under TQM Philosophy can result in reduced rejections, scraps, reworks and failures. Wastages and losses show inefficiencies in the entire system of a business; input supplies, transformation and distribution channels. The cost of variables of recurrent nature of failures will have a higher impact than one time cost variables. This phenomena leads to higher production cost which reduces the margin of profit and compromises on competitive position in today’s world market of open trade house under World Trade Organization (WTO) protocols. CQI of all business functions and processes under TQM philosophy is the best emerging approach for quality management and improvement of any enterprise. A large number of improvement tools, techniques and systems under TQM philosophy have been evolved and others are being researched. The aim is to first reduce and then completely eliminate rejections, reworks, scraps and failures (both internally as well as externally) in an enterprise. However, the problem arises in quantitative measuring and monitoring scale. Presently, the defects counting is done out of 100 on H (Hundred) scale only. This H scale gives misconceiving and deceiving impression as far as the quantitative impact of low percentage defective products is concerned. In fact, a small fraction in term of percent may involve a huge quantity of defectives when measured in a mass scale production (involving huge quantities) and recurring systems, like process industries. This deception of low percentage defectives usually result in accepting it as a norm due to ‘Process Natural Variability’ () of a production system. Industrialized countries have already started CQI of all business functions and processes to achieve the AZD level. They have developed a new and broader scale for measuring defectives, called M (Million) scale. A new scale of measuring defectives is called T (Thousand and Trillion) scale, is the next stage. Still, these scales may not be suitable for future era of precise and perfect production and provision of products and services.

Application of AZD concept and its scales is not limited by size and type of enterprises for carrying improvements in its business functions and processes. A number of merits can be claimed from AZD concept and its related scales. However, this AZD concept presents challenges to all stakeholders; scholars, researchers, practitioners and even industrialists. They have to formulate and develop strategies, tools, techniques and systems to achieve the ultimate aim of absolute zero non-conformity within as well as outside the enterprise. This shall lead to provision of defect free products and services to the society at large.

[Nawar Khan, Mushtaq Khan  . Absolute Zero Defect – A Challenging Target . Life Sci J 2017;14(10):79-85]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.12.

Keywords: Total Quality Management (TQM), Zero Defect (ZD), Absolute Zero Defect (AZD), Datum Level, Quality Improvement.

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Pesticides Bioremediation Potentials of Bacterial Isolates of Contaminated Spot

Ayman H. Mansee¹, Manal M.R.Montasser², Ranya A. Amer³

¹ Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt

amansee@alex-agr.edu.eg

² Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia

² Central Lab of Pesticides, Agricultural Researches Center, Alexandria, Egypt

³ Environmental Biotechnology Department, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA- City)

Abstract: Bioremediation approach to clean up pollution is a rapidly changing and expanding area of environmental biotechnology. Bacterial consortium capable of degrading atrazine and methyl-parathion was isolated from a mud waste of a gas station. Five isolates were screened and classified differentially according to shape, colony type, gram reaction and spores formation as D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. Isolates were able to grow in mineral salt medium supplemented with paraoxon or methyl-parathion (until 250 ppm) as a sole carbon source. D1 and D5 isolates are more efficient for degrading 70–85% of the initial dose of paraoxon (250 ppm) after incubation for 48 hrs. Also, D1 and D2 showed highest efficiencies among the other isolates by achieving more than 40% degradation of tested methyl-parathion. Moreover, the five isolates have been tested for degrading atrazine at 0.06 and 0.12 mM and showed capabilities for utilizing atrazine as a sole nitrogen source. D1 has shown higher atrazine-degradation rates in atrazine-containing minimal media than other isolates. Current investigation has indicated that D1 degrade as high as 96% of atrazine after incubating for 28 days, which introducing D1 as a nominee for bioremediation programs. The molecular identification of D1 was performed by amplification of 16S rDNA gene and sequencing of the purified PCR product. Based on the obtained data, isolate D1 was designated as Bacillus sp. D1 with GenBank accession no. KJ545610. Finally, the current bacterial isolates have potential as a bioremediation tool in contaminated areas for different pesticides categories.

[Mansee A., Montasser M., Amer R. Pesticides Bioremediation Potentials of Bacterial Isolates of Contaminated Spot. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):86-93]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.13.

Keywords: atrazine, methyl-parathion, contaminated spots, bacterial isolates, and bioremediation.

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Socially damaged women’s perception of sexually transmitted infections: A Qualitative study

Leila Allahqoli¹, Zhila Abeed Saeedi², Ali Azin³, Sepide Hajaan⁴, Hamid Alavi Majd⁵, Nader Molavi⁶

^1. PhD Student of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^2. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Medical Surgical, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

^3. Assistant Professor, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran

^4. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

⁵. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Para medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

⁶. Attending physician at Khane Khorshid, Women's Harm Reduction Drop-in-Center, Tehran, Iran

jilasaeedi@sbmu.ac.ir

Abstract: The population of socially damaged women is reportedly at higher risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than the general population. Qualitative method was utilized to determine socially damaged women’s perception of STIs. Two focus groups and eighteen semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with socially damaged women, 15-45 years old, at shelters and drop-in-centers in Tehran, Iran. Data was analyzed using the content analysis approach. Although most of the participants had heard about HIV/AIDs and hepatitis, they had inadequate knowledge of STIs, misconceptions about the use of condoms and the transmission of STIs. Perceived sensitivity and efficacy was low among participants and most of them had perceived discrimination in the society. Lack of knowledge and social support and inadequate life skills in Iranian socially damaged women leads them to adopt risky behavior and subsequently to contract STIs.

[Leila Allahqoli, Zhila Abeed Saeedi, Ali Azin, Sepide Hajaan, Hamid Alavi Majd, Nader Molavi. Socially damaged women’s perception of sexually transmitted infections: A Qualitative study. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):94-100]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.14.

Keywords: Sexually transmitted infections; women, perception; qualitative research.

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Relationship between physical fitness and body mass index in military training in Republic of China --- a pilot study

Kuo-Yuan Chuang^1,4, Kuang-Jen Chien^2,4, Bo-Yu Chen¹, Ya-Hui Chang³, and Chi-Ting Horng^1,3,*

¹Medical Educational Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

²Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

³Department of Ophthalmology, Zuoying branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁴These authors contributed equally to the paper

Tell phone: 886-7-5834845 Email: h56041@gmail.tw

Abstract: Purpose: To demonstrate the relationship between weight mass index (BMI) and the physical fitness in ROC Army. Methods: 100 young male soldiers with mean age (20.5 ± 0.8 years old) were enrolled in this experiment. We checked their height and body weight and further transferred to the BMI of everybody. The, all the participants were asked to performed series of physical performance such as 2-min sit-up, 2- min push-up and 3000 meter run. We recorded the scores which were classified into 2 groups (BMI > 25 and BMI < 25 ). We compared the scores during the 2 groups with the standard score of the man aged 20 years. Results: There are 50 soldiers with normal body composition (BMI <25) and 50 military members with over-weight or obsess enrolled in this experiment. The lean soldiers (BMI < 25) had mean 68 sit-up in 2 minutes, 62 sit-up in 2 minutes and 12.5 minutes in 3000 m run. On the other hand, the soldiers with over-weight and obsess (BMI > 25) had mean 32 2-min push-up, 22 2-min sit-up and complete the 3000 m within average 21.5 min. When compared with the standard score, all the results showed significant findings. Conclusion: Soldiers must maintain high level of physical fitness to endurance demanding tasks, harsh deployment environments and military occupational specialty requirement. In our study, the fact that soldiers with obese and overweight (BMI > 25) had poor physical fitness. Hence body weight control and regular exercise was essential for the soldiers.

[Kuo-Yuan Chuang, Kuang-Jen Chien, Bo-Yu Chen, Ya-Hui Chang, and Chi-Ting Horng. Relationship between physical fitness and body mass index in military training in Republic of China --- a pilot study. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):101-107]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.15.

Keywords: physical fitness, BMI

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The effects of total body vibration on visual acuity and stereopsis during military exercise

Kuo-Yuan Chuang¹ and Chi-Ting Horng ^2,*

¹Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

²Department of Ophthalmology, Zuoying branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Tell phone: 886-7-5834845; Email: h56041@gmail.tw

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the impacting effects of on human visual acuity and stereopsis during military exercise. Methods: In our experiment, total 60 healthy male soldiers (mean age 22.6 Y/O) were enrolled. The whole body vibration exercise was induced in Taiwan High Speed Rail Laboratory. We created the Gx and Gy force (< and > 0.1G) in one moving vibrating platform. We checked the visual acuity of right eye and stereopsis of every subject before and during the vibration. The vision was checked by Rosenbaum pocket vision screener. The stereopsis was tested by the stereotest-circles. Results: In our experiment, all the BCVA of the 60 participates revealed 20/20 on the ground and the stereopsis all reached 40 seconds of arc. When whole body vibration occurred lower than 0.1G (X-or Y-axis), the BCVA and stereopsis remained unchanged. That is to say that the static and dynamic visual acuity and stereopsis are equal when vibration less than 0.1G. If the Gx or Gy greater than 0.1G, dramatic changes were found. When 0.1G from lateral direction (Gx) happened, the dynamic BCVA of 50% subjects showed one line letter drop (to 20/25) and also dynamic stereopsis of 50% subjects changed to 60 sec of arc. If Gy force greater than 0.1G (A-P direction), the dynamic BCVA of 40% subjects dropped 2 lines (to 20/30). Moreover, the dynamic stereopsis of 40% of volunteers reduced to 50 sec of arc. Besides, all the subjects complained about different levels of discomfort (ocular strain or headache) in reading. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, no exact data showed the degree and level of vibration induce the decrease of visual acuity and stereopsis in the past. Our scientific evidence shows that the visual acuity and stereopsis of the human being may mildly deceased when the Gx (or Gy) greater than 0.1G in acceleration and deceleration of any vehicles in the ground.

[Kuo-Yuan Chuang and Chi-Ting Horng. The effects of total body vibration on visual acuity and stereopsis during military exercise. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):108-116]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 16. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.16.

Keywords: Whole body vibration exercise, Visual acuity, Stereopsis

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 Effect of Phenylalanine Acid and Urea on Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Gladiolus Plants Grown on a Clayey Soil

E. A. Abou Hussien¹ and M.M. Moussa²

¹Soil Sci. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Menoufia Univ., Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.

²Horticulture Dept., Fac. of Agric., Menoufia Univ., Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.

m.m.moussa77@gmail.com

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out on alluvial clay soil at Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El – Kom, Egypt (30.52^oN and 30.99^oE) during two successive winter seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) on gladiolus plants ( Gladiolus grandiflorus L.), rose supreme cv. to evaluate the individual and combined effects of foliar spray of amino acid (phenylalanine) at different rates of 0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 mg/l and soil application of mineral nitrogen fertilization at different levels of 0; 50; 75 and 100 % of recommended dose which were 0; 120; 180 and 240 kg urea/fed, respectively on growth; yield qualitative; chemical composition of gladiolus plants and mineral nitrogen fertilization efficiency. The studied treatments arranged in a split-plot design, with the main plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that, different applications of mineral nitrogen fertilization (urea) and phenylalanine alone or together had a significant increase in the flowering growth parameters (flowering stem length; flowering stem diameter; number of florets/spike; inflorescence length; fresh and dry weights of inflorescence); corms and cormels production (corms diameter; corms fresh and dry weights; number and dry weight of cormels/plant) as well as chemical composition (chlorophyll a and b; carotenoid; total carbohydrate; N; P; K; Fe; Mn and Zn contents) in both seasons compared with untreated plants. Combined treatment of phenylalanine at 150 mg/l + 180 kg urea/fed gave the highest flowering growth; corms and cormels production. While, combined treatments of urea at 180 kg/fed + each of 100; 150 and 200 mg/l phenylalanine produced the highest concentrations (%) of N; P and K respectively, in the two seasons. On the other hand, the combined treatment of 100 mg/l phenylalanine plus low urea level gave the greatest promoting effect on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, a and b) in the leaves during two seasons.

[E. A. Abou Hussien  and M.M. Moussa. Effect of Phenylalanine Acid and Urea on Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Gladiolus Plants Grown on a Clayey Soil. Life Sci J 2017;14(10):117-125]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 17. doi:10.7537/marslsj141017.17.

key words: Phenylalanine, Urea, Gladiolus, Growth characters and Chemical composition.

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