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Significance of Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete

Khaled Aly Metwally¹, Ahmed Serag Faried², Taher Anwar Tawfik³

¹lecturer at the High Engineering Institute, 6^th of October city, Egypt.

²Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.

³Demonstrate at the High Engineering Institute, 6^th of October city, Egypt.

E-mail: khaledalymetwally@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present scenario carbon emission and basalt mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem. Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on environment, using byproducts like ground slag as partial replacement of coarse aggregate. Different researchers have also revealed numerous uses of ground slag as a replacing agent in determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement of coarse aggregate from blast furnace slag in concrete.

[Khaled Aly Metwally, Ahmed Serag Faried, Taher Anwar Tawfik. Significance of Blast Furnace Slag as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):1-6]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.01.

Keywords: Ground slag, coarse aggregate, Review, Replacement, Concrete, Strength

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Effect of Protocol of Care on Dyspnea of Patients with Lung Cancer

Rokia Ibrahim¹, Nagwa Ragab Attia², Gehan Abd El Hakim³ and Esam El Shikh⁴

¹Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing Tanta University, Egypt

²Ass. Prof, Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty Of Nursing Tanta University, Egypt.

³Lecturer, Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty Of Nursing Tanta University, Egypt.

⁴Consultant of Surgical Oncology, Tanta Cancer Center, Egypt.

ngawagad@rocketmail.com

Abstract- Dyspnea is one of three most frequently reported symptoms by patients with lung cancer. Thus, relief of dyspnea in patients with lung cancer is important to functional health and health-related quality of life. Aim:-This study aimed to evaluate the effect of protocol of care on lung cancer patient dyspnea. Material and methods: - A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Intensive Care Unit at Tanta Cancer Center, Affiliated to Ministry of Health at El Garbeia Governorate, Egypt. Data were collected over a period of 7 months. A convenient sample of 105 patients with lung cancer suffering from dyspnea and under prescribed medical management was selected. The subjects were divided into three groups: Group I: - (Control group), It consisted of 35 patients with lung cancer and treated according to routine dyspnea management of the Intensive Care Unit. Group II:- (Study group), It consisted of 35 patients with lung cancer meeting all inclusion criteria and received protocol of care for dyspnea (positioning and breathing exercises) by the researcher with routine care management of the unit. Group III:- (Study group), It consisted of 35 patients with lung cancer meeting all inclusion criteria and received protocol of care for dyspnea (positioning, and relaxation technique) by the researcher with routine management of the unit. Three tools were used for data collection for this study as follow. Tool (I): Assessment tool which included Patient's socio-demographic characteristics, past and present medical history, history of cancer treatments, history of pulmonary disease, routine laboratory investigations, vital signs and smoking history and Present history of dyspnea. Tool (II): Dyspnea visual analogue scale. Tool (III): Cancer Dyspnea Scale (CDS). Results: The main results revealed that physiological parameters were improved in the two study groups. The results revealed that the mean scores of Pa O2 and SaO2 were increased among the two study groups after session of 7^th day compared the control group. Also, severity of dyspnea measured by visual analogue scale and cancer dyspnea scale was improved in dyspnea scores in the two study groups than control group. Conclusion and recommendations: Breathing exercises and relaxation techniques have an effect on decreasing the severity of dyspnea in lung cancer patient. It was recommended that breathing exercise and progressive relaxation technique should be used as routine nursing intervention for all lung cancer patients.

[Rokia Ibrahim, Nagwa Ragab Attia, Gehan Abd El Hakim  and Esam El Shikh. Effect of Protocol of Care on Dyspnea of Patients with Lung Cancer. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):7-20]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.02.

Key words: dyspnea, lung cancer, protocol of care, relaxation technique.

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Clinical Pathology of caffeinated and non-caffeinated energy drinks: Review

I. Gheith

Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 344

e.m.gheith@hotmail.com

Abstract: This report reviews the most recent literature and results published about the different effects of different brands of power/energy drinks, their chemical composition, benefits and health hazards, clinicopathological and histopathological alterations upon habituation to consume them. To highlight the extent of the impact to limit the use in order to put national and international regulations for use and spread of such drinks, we thought to mention the most recent results following consuming these products on different health criteria, including, body weight, liver, heart & kidney functions; as well as histopathology. Moreover, the effects on blood glucose, as almost all of the energy drinks contain considerable concentrations of it in their composition whether labelled or not. All of the previous studies confirmed that each constituent (s) included in the energy drinks composition may adversely affect the subject health down to life-threatening end-point. Nevertheless, a positive effect may be gained if they are used in suitable labelled doses; the point that may do not be welcomed by marketing policy of the producing companies. The aim of work is to focus on the life-threatening aspects to encourage all medical and educational institutions to apply more workshops and labels explaining the truth about these products and construct an awareness program suitable for all personnel with different levels of education. The seriousness of these drinks on public health, regulators to monitor local markets, awareness campaigns through the media and various visual and audio by government, encouraged all scientific investigators and researchers to destine more experimental work to study the effects of energy drinks on all the body organs in details. More research and more need to show alternative natural products giving energy to consumers without any chemical constituents that may cause adverse effects on the subject health. Almost all people lack information about these products except that it supplies the body with energy and power. Not all the people are familiar to the research or can understand the conclusions raised by it. Adult family members must monitor the consumption of these drinks by their children and check all of the ingredients labelled on all the products available in the market to know exactly about the composition and to ask the specialist about the contents and their possible effects.

[I. Gheith. Clinical Pathology of caffeinated and non-caffeinated energy drinks: Review. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):21-36]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.03.

Keywords: Energy drinks, hematological parameters, biomarkers, liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, bone, bone marrow.

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Toxicity of monosodium glutamate on the liver of chick embryos and the effectiveness of pomegranate peel extract in reducing this toxicity (to show scientific miracle in the Quran and Sunnah).

Fawzyah A. M. Al-Ghamdi

Biology Department, Science Faculty, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. dr_fawzyah1@hotmail.com

Abstract: The monitor changes caused by monosodium glutamate MSG on both the morphological and histological structure of the liver of chicken and the preventive and therapeutic roles of Pomegranate peels extract PPE at (10-12-14) days of incubation. 720 fertilized egg divided equally into6 groups; Control group (C- distilled water (0.1 ml/egg). PPE G (PPE-(0.3 ml/egg). MSG G (MSG-(0.1 ml/egg). Mixed group (PPE+ MSG): MSG (0.1 ml/egg) and PPE (0.3 ml/egg) together in (0-1) days. Preventive G (PPE-MSG: 0.3 ml/eggs per day) at (0-1 days) then with a MSG (0.1 ml/eggs per day) at (3-4 days). Therapeutic G (MSG-PPE: MSG (0.1 ml/eggs per day) at (0-1 days) then with PPE (0.3 ml/eggs per day) at (3-4 days). External examination revealed more of malformation and discrepancy in the weights and heights of the embryos. Morphometric measurements showed delayed or decreased in organs growth as height of neck, beak, eye diameters, liver weights, diameters of hepatocytes. Histological study appeared differences degeneration in blood sinusoids, hepatic cords and hepatocytes. Results showed that MSG group was mostly affected followed by MSG+PPE group then MSG-PPE group, meanwhile PPE-MSG group showed marked protection, also PPE group was like control group. We can concluded that MSG substance had oxidized effects that act on the cells and tissues of the body that depend on the amount and time of dose administration. We must eat foods containing the beneficial compounds especially mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah as the pomegranate fruit that has enormous benefits as it acts as antioxidant that protect cells and reduce the risk of various diseases.

[Fawzyah A. M. Al-Ghamdi. Toxicity of monosodium glutamate on the liver of chick embryos and the effectiveness of pomegranate peel extract in reducing this toxicity (to show scientific miracle in the Quran and Sunnah).. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):37-60]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.04.

Key words: Pomegranate Peel extract, Monosodium glutamate, Preventive, Therapeutic, malformation, degeneration.

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Hypoglycemic Effect of Alcoholic Extracts of Phyllanthus virgatus and Juniperus Phoenicea L, on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic in Male Rats

Maha Ahmed Al-Ahdab

Home Economic Dept., Ministry of Higher Education, King Abdul-Aziz University.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by insulin hyposecretion and/or insensitivity. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of alcoholic extracts of Phyllanthus virgatus and Juniperus Phoenicea leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 6 equal groups. Group 1 was kept as a negative control group Group 2, kept as positive control group, groups (3) and (4) were orally administered the extract of Phyllanthus virgatus in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg B.wt/day respectively. While groups (5) and (6) were orally administered the extract of Juniperus Phoenicea L in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg B.wt/day respectively, for four weeks. Blood samples were collected for serum biochemical analyses, also the pancreas was taken for histopathological examination. The results showed that the alcoholic extracts of Phyllanthus virgatus and Juniperus Phoenicea leaves at doses of 400 mg/kg B.wt/day significantly reduced body weight gain, feed intake and food efficiency ratio; normalized serum levels of liver enzymes and kidney function parameters; improved lipid profile; decreased blood glucose and MDA but increased in levels of insulin, GSH and SOD compared to that of untreated diabetic rats as well as there was an alleviation in the histopathological changes which seen in the pancreases of diabetic rats. The study recommends that administration of Phyllanthus virgatus and Juniperus Phoenicea Leaves extract can reduce blood glucose level and the incidence of different complications as results of hyperglycemia.

[Maha Ahmed Al-Ahdab. Hypoglycemic Effect of Alcoholic Extracts of Phyllanthus virgatus and Juniperus Phoenicea L, on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic in Male Rats. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):61-70]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.05.

Key Words: Phyllanthus virgatus, Juniperus Phoenicea L, antihyperglycemic, biochemical analyses, Histopathology, and Rats.

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The Antioxidant effects of Wheat Germ Oil Against Potassium bromate Induced Hepatorenal toxicity in Male Rats.

Asmahan T. Alahdal and Reham A. Arafat

Home Economic Dept., Ministry of Higher Education, King Abdul-Aziz University

Riham917@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of wheat germ oil at three dosage levels (150, 300 and 450 mg/kg.b.wt.) to male rats intoxicated with potassium bromate (KBrO₃) after 4 weeks of treatment on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and oxidative stress markers such as glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) were determined. Histopathological examination of liver was also performed. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups as follows: group1: negative control group, group 2: positive control group, groups 3, 4 and 5 intoxicated with KBrO3 and orally given wheat germ oil at dosage levels 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg.b.wt., respectively. The results showed that oral administration of wheat germ oil at three dosage levels (150, 300 and 450 mg/kg.b.wt.) to intoxicated rats with potassium bromate for 4 weeks significantly decreased in serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in a dose depended manner when compared to the control positive group. Oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT) were significantly improved as compared to the control positive group. Histopathological examination of liver sections of rats orally given wheat germ oil showed alleviation of histological degeneration changes caused by KBrO3. The results of this study indicated that oral administration of wheat germ oil induce potent hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant effects in rats intoxicated by KBrO3. This study recommends that, intake of wheat germ oil may be beneficial for patients with oxidative stress which is linked as a main cause of many diseases.

[Asmahan T. Alahdal and Reham A. Arafat. The Antioxidant effects of Wheat Germ Oil Against Potassium bromate Induced Hepatorenal toxicity in Male Rats. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):71-80]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.06.

Key words: Wheat germ oil, Antioxidant enzymes, Oxidative stress, Potassium bromate

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Extremely drug-resistant Salmonella in broiler production chain in Egypt

Walid Elmonir¹, Abdelhalim M. Hegazy², Wael F. El-Tras³ and Asmaa Shohiep¹

¹Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (Zoonoses) Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt

²Poultry Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh Provincial lab, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt

³Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences (Zoonoses), Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt

ashohiep@gmail.com

Abstract: Background and objectives: Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry is an emerging threat for public consumers. A cross-sectional study was conducted for investigating prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in broiler production chain in Egypt. Materials and Methods: Environmental samples and broiler carcasses in 30 premises were examined for detection of Salmonella. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates was conducted phenotypically by disk diffusion and genetically by detection of tetA, aacC and qepA genes. Results: Salmonella was detected in 30% of the investigated premises; broiler farms (20%), abattoirs (40%) and poulterers’ shops (40%). Highest percentages of Salmonella detection were recorded in litter and water (13.3% per each) in broiler farm environment and spleen in broiler carcasses (26.7%). S. Kentucky was the most common serovar (40%) and S. Uganda (13.3%) was reported for the first time in chicken in Egypt. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was reported in 86.7% of Salmonella isolates. Highest resistances were for tetracyclines (86.7%), ampicillin (86.7%), ciprofloxacin (60%) and cefotaxime (53.3%). Six Salmonella isolates, S. Kentucky (1), S. Reubeuss (2), S. Tamilnada (1) and S. Untypable (2), were extremely drug resistant (XDR) isolates that showed concomitant resistance for ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. The tetA, aacC and qepA genes were detected in 50%, 30% and 30% of Salmonella isolates, respectively. However, discrepancies were observed between phenotypic and genetic antibiotic resistance. Conclusions: As far as we know, this is the first report of XDR-Salmonella in broiler production chain in Egypt, which may pose an immense risk for public health and broiler industry.

[Walid Elmonir, Abdelhalim M. Hegazy, Wael F. El-Tras  and Asmaa Shohiep. Extremely drug-resistant Salmonella in broiler production chain in Egypt. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):81-87]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.07.

Keywords: Salmonella, Broilers, Antibiotic resistance, XDR-Salmonella.

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Identification of Critical Promoter CpG Sites for Expression of APLN Transcription in Females by DNA de-Methylation

Rowyda N. Al-Harithy*, Alaa' A. Al-Ansari* and Alsharefarayya Alharthi**

*Department of Biochemistry, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ** Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, U.K.

dr.alharithy@gmail.com

Abstract: Modification of DNA by methylation of cytosines at CpG dinucleotides is a widespread phenomenon that leads to changes in gene expression. Other studies uncovered associations between the degree of CpG methylation at specific sites and gender. However, it is unclear whether apelin (APLN) gene promoter DNA methylation contributes to gene secretion. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the methylation pattern of BstUI and AvaII sites at the APLN gene promoter and investigate the impact of gender and BMI on APLN promoter DNA methylation pattern and gene expression. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 40 Saudi volunteers (mean age, 49.4±12.8 years; 20 females, 20 males). Methylation at the promoter region of the APLN gene was examined by specific-restriction enzyme digestion (BstUI and AvaII). Followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel. Nonselective Apelin-12 Enzyme Immunoassay kit was used to study protein expression in blood serum. Gene expression elevated significantly in the females harbor de-methylation at BstUI and AvaII sites compared with the females harbor methylation at both sites (P=0.008) and nearly significant to the males harbor de-methylation at both sites (P=0.06). A significant positive correlation was observed between de-methylation and gene expression in the females (r=0.7, P=0.008). The research suggests that there exists a mechanism to regulate the APLN transcription through de-methylation of APLN promoter at BstUI and AvaII sites, especially among females.

[Rowyda N. Al-Harithy, Alaa A. Al-Ansari and Alsharefarayya M. Al-Harthi. Identification of Critical Promoter CpG Sites for Expression of APLN Transcription in Females by DNA de-Methylation. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):88-93]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.08.

Keywords: DNA Methylation, APLN gene, Promoter CpG sites, Gene expression, Gender

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The role of HIF1α, VEGFα and MCT4 on performance in racing horses

A. Behairy ¹, Hussein A. Heshmat ¹, Hussein Abaza²

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

² Dean of Faculty of Physical Education, Banha University, Egypt

E-mail: amanybehairy25688@gmail.com

Abstract: For several decades, equine physical performance has been a subject of research; just some studies have been directed for molecular genetic analyses. To date, examines in people have reported several genes related with elite athletic performance, while thinks about in horses are uncommon. In our research we aimed to illustrate the role of certain genes which linked with exercise and training, and have been revealed to be functionally relevant for early performance assessment of elite athletic horses. Ten racing horses (5 Arabian and 5 Thoroughbred horses) were selected from equestrian clubs in Cairo Governorate. Firstly, physical parameters included (heart rate and temperature) were detected. Then, the blood samples obtained from both groups before and instantly after training from trained horses. Quantitative real time PCR used to measure HIF1α, VEGFα and MCT4 gene expression. Our results reported a considerable increase in HIF1α, VEGFα and MCT4 gene expression after training in trained horses. The results determined the pivotal role of HIF1α, VEGFα and MCT4 in exercise and their important effect on equine performance during hypoxic training. In conclusion, this study interprets underlying molecular responses to exercise and training adaptations in equine blood and how these responses affect on system-wide physiological performance. Biology of the HIF1 pathway and other related genes affecting horse performance have seen great interest. Despite late great evolution in understanding the atomic instruments of the HIF pathway because of its activity, several important questions still needed to be answered.

[A. Behairy, Hussein A. Heshmat, Hussein Abaza. The role of HIF1α, VEGFα and MCT4 on performance in racing horses. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):94-104]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.09.

Key words: HIF1α, VEGFα, MCT4, Arabian, Thoroughbreds, Racing horses.

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Ocimum basilicum var. purpureum Floral Essential Oil: Phytochemicals, Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, Free Radical Scavenging, Antimicrobial Potentials

Ololade Z.S.^1*, Fakankun O.A.¹, Alao, F.O.², Udi O.U.¹

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, P.M.B. 1015, Ota, Nigeria

²Department of Biological Sciences, Bells University of Technology, P.M.B. 1015, Ota, Nigeria

zacchsnatpdt@gmail.com; suntolgroup@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study examined the phytochemicals and medicinal properties of the floral essential oil of O. basilicum var. purpureum from Nigeria. The GC and GC-MS analyses revealed the presence of twenty-five organic compounds making up 99.7% of the total percentage composition of the essential oil. The most abundant components was phenolic compound called methyleugenol (15.5%), followed by 2-phenyl-1-hexanol (14.0%), 1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetraazole (14.0%), 2-methyl-3,5-dodecadiyne (14.0%), o-nitrocumene (14.0%) and patchoulane (6.7%). The total phenolic content was quantitatively determined as 459 µgmg^-1 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) confirming the presence of high amount phenolic compounds in the floral essential oil. The DPPH IC₅₀ value was 1.0 µgml^-1, the essential oil was capable of scavenging free radicals in a range of 86-73% and the antioxidant power of the essential oil increased with concentration. The essential oil was found to be 90% more active than the synthetic antioxidant (ascorbic acid). The essential oil was also found to exert excellent antibacterial properties compared to standard antibiotics. The floral essential oil was significantly active against all tested species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with high zones of inhibition between 15-30mm. The bacteria inhibition of the essential oil was found to be positively correlated with their terpenoid and phenolic contents. The results from this study indicate that the floral essential oil show potential as a good source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial drugs and may impart health benefits by its pharmacological property.

[Ololade Z.S., Fakankun O.A., Alao, F.O., Udi O.U. Ocimum basilicum var. purpureum Floral Essential Oil: Phytochemicals, Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, Free Radical Scavenging, Antimicrobial Potentials. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):104-110]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.10.

Keywords: Ocimum basilicum var. purpureum, floral essential oil, phytochemical, phenolic, pharmacological

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Natural occurrence and phylogeny of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus on Malva parviflora and Melilotus indicus from Iraq

M. Al-Waeli^1,2, A. Dizadji¹, G.H. Mossahebi¹, A. Ahangaran³

¹Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

²Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Basrah University, Iraq

³Plant Protection Organization, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author email: adizaji@ut.ac.ir

Abstract: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most important worldwide viruses causing severe disease in tomato cultures worldwide. During 2015-2016, a total of 110 leaf samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic weed species were collected from tomato fields in central and southern Iraq. To assess the TYLCV incidence, double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was carried out using a commercial kit, which revealed the presence of the virus in 10 out of 110 (9.1%) of the samples. Subsequently, a DNA fragment of 789 bp, covering TYLCV V1 gene, was amplified in five out of 10 ELISA positive samples of Malva parviflora and Melilotus indicus by PCR. After cloning and sequencing, multiple alignment of the nucleotide sequence of amplicons and other TYLCV isolates showed the highest identity of 99% with TYLCV-KISR strain2 (KJ830841) from Kuwait and TYLCV-Florida (AY530931) from USA isolates. No evidence for the presence of a second genomic component in the five Iraqi isolates was observed by PCR using different sets of primers specific for DNA-B or satellite DNA β. In phylogenetic analysis our five isolates were categorized in both groups I and II. There is not any separation between isolates according to host plant species or geographical origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TYLCV on both weed species in Iraq. Weeds serve as bridges to maintain virus and vector populations through the year. More effective quarantine programs are needed to avoid further expansion of TYLCV in Iraq.

[M. Al-Waeli, A. Dizadji, G.H. Mossahebi, A. Ahangaran. Natural occurrence and phylogeny of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus on Malva parviflora and Melilotus indicus from Iraq. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):111-119]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.11.

Key words: TYLCV, weed, Malva parviflora, Melilotus indicus, Iraq

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The Frenchay activities index (FAI) measurement on the glaucoma patients with visual field defects

Hsieh-Ting Liu^1,#, Chi-Ting Horng^2,#, Jing-Hui Wu¹, Yin-Hung Liu¹, Syue-Chin Lien¹, Lu-Yu Wu^3,4,*

¹Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taiwan. ROC.

²Department of Ophthalmology, Fooying University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.

³Department of Nuring, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taiwan. ROC.

⁴Department of Nuring, Fooying University, Taiwan. ROC

^# contributed equal the work and therefore should be considered equivalent authors

^* Corresponding author: Lu-Yu Wu; E-mail: h56041@gmail.com; TEL: +886-7-749-6751

Address: Department of Nuring, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital. No.2 Jhong-Jheng 1st Rd. District of Lingya, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. ROC.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the various health-related quality of life of patients with glaucoma which may decrease vision and visual field sensitivity and finally result in disability. Methods: 50 chronic glaucoma patients (28 female; mean age: 57.3± 14.6 years old) under control for years were asked to complete questionnaires about daily activities from the Frenchay activities index (FAI) which may present the health-related quality of life and measure the degree of diminution of physical and psychologic level in clinics. Moreover, some descriptive results were also recorded from the glaucoma patients’ complaints. In FAI, we further added 3 items including outing, banking and sports which is called FAI-18 and assess the activities of glaucoma patients in detail. Results: Three factors about FAI were identified – domestic chores, leisure and work, outdoor. In the answers, 0 to 3 may present the numbers or frequencies in special days. Finally we calculate the numbers of 18 items which may present the engagements of various activities and further hint us the problems which bother their daily life of quality. Therefore, the results could supply the nurses and occupational therapist how to care the associated glaucoma patients with visual loss or visual fields defect. In FAI-18, we found that reading, local shocking, paid work, taking car/bus, social activity, outings, banking and sports may impact on the patients with chronic glaucoma (the mean data < 0.55). Moreover, we found that 76 % glaucoma patients had the depressive mood. Conclusion: Glaucoma would result in blindness or loss of stereopsis and the life quality of an individual’s general well-being and their ability would be affected. In our study, glaucoma should influence not only the life qualify, various daily activities but also depressive mood. Therefore, the patients with glaucoma need the strong support from medical team including doctors, nurses, and even occupation therapists.

[Hsieh-Ting Liu, Chi-Ting Horng, Jing-Hui Wu, Yin-Hung Liu, Syue-Chin Lien, Lu-Yu Wu. The Frenchay activities index (FAI) measurement on the glaucoma patients with visual field defects. Life Sci J 2017;14(9):120-129]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj140917.12.

Keywords: glaucoma, Frenchy activities index (FAI). occupational therapist

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