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Comparative Histological and Ultrastructural Studies on the Stomach of Hemiechinus auritus, Cavia porcellus and Mustela nivalis in Relation to Their Diet

Hanaa R. Aboelwafa*, Fatma M.A. Taki-El-Deen and Samia M.I. Sakr

Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

hanaa_aboelwafa@yahoo.com, hanaarezk@edu.asu.edu.eg

Abstract: Background: The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive histological and ultrastructural comparison of the stomach of three mammalian animals namely; Hemiechinus auritus, Cavia porcellus, and Mustela nivalis in relation to their diet. Materials & Methods: Six animals from each species were collected from different localities representing their natural habitats in Egypt. The cardiac portions of their stomachs were excised, cut into small pieces, fixed in the appropriate fixatives and processed for light and electron microscopic investigations. Results: Although some basic structural similarities existed in the stomach of these animals, marked differences were noticed. The histological results revealed that the mucosa appeared thicker in Hemiechinus auritus than that in the other two animals, the presence of well-developed peptic and parietal cells in both Hemiechinus auritus and Mustela nivalis than those found in Cavia porcellus, and the muscularis appeared thicker in Hemiechinus auritus than in the other two animals. Ultrastructurally, certain cytological differences were detected in the gastric mucosae of the examined animals. The surface epithelial cells showed numerous and denser mucous secretory granules in Hemiechinus auritus and Cavia porcellus than in Mustela nivalis. The peptic cells in Mustela nivalis displayed more abundantly secretory zymogen granules, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula than those in Hemiechinus auritus and Cavia porcellus. Whereas, the parietal cells of Hemiechinus auritus and Mustela nivalis showed more discriminated intracellular canaliculi and tubule-vesicles among their cytoplasm than in Cavia porcellus. Conclusion: The present study showed marked differences in the histological and ultrastructural features of the stomachs of the examined mammalian animals, Hemiechinus auritus, Cavia porcellus and Mustela nivalis which may be correlated to the nature of the consumed food.

[Hanaa R. Aboelwafa, Fatma M.A. Taki-El-Deen and Samia M.I. Sakr. Comparative Histological and Ultrastructural Studies on the Stomach of Hemiechinus auritus, Cavia porcellus and Mustela nivalis in Relation to Their Diet. Life Sci J 2017; 14(6):1-13]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.01.

Key words: Stomach; gastric mucosa, mammals; histology; ultrastructure

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Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Dyspepsia

Ahmed Abdelmoaty Elnaggar, MD¹; Yasser Baker Mohamed, MD1; Amal Rashad Elshehaby, MD², Amal Ahmed Hareedy, MD³ and Waleed E l Nabaway, MD⁴

¹Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

²Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

⁴Internal Medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Egypt

Aanaggar71@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background and purpose: Celiac disease is a disorder primary affecting gastrointestinal tract causing chronic inflammation to the mucosa and a permanent state of intolerance to gluten. This study was conducted to detect the prevalence of celiac disease among patients with dyspepsia. Study design: Cross sectional study. Subjects: Eighty patient complaining of dyspepsia and coming for upper GIT endoscopy. Place: Internal medicine department, Kasr Alainy University Hospital. Method: Eighty patients complaining of dyspepsia and coming for upper GIT endoscopy. The patients were of both sexes and any age. Assessment: The assessment was carried out by obtaining full personal history and history of dyspepsia (upper abdominal discomfort, epigastric pain) that did not respond to H2 blockersor proton pump inhibitors. Laboratory work was done in the form of assessment of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody as a predictor marker for celiac disease. Also upper GIT endoscopy with biopsy from the duodenum as biopsy is considered the gold standard in diagnosis of celiac disease. The gained measures were analyzed by using SPSS program, t-test and chi-square were used to compare between groups. Conclusion: Celiac disease is under diagnosed in patients with dyspepsia. Anti-tissue transglutaminase is of value in diagnosis of celiac disease. Upper GIT endoscopy and duodenal biopsy is indicated for more confirmation of celiac disease.

[Ahmed Abdelmoaty Elnaggar; Yasser Baker Mohamed; Amal Rashad Elshehaby, Amal Ahmed Hareedy and Waleed Elnabaway. Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Dyspepsia. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):14-16].ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) /ISSN: 2372-613X (Online).http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2.doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.02.

Key words: Celiac disease /dyspepsia / Anti-tissue transglutaminase/

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Prognostication of Pediatric Appendicitis with Three Scoring Systems

Ahmed El-Shamy

Department of pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

Drahmed_elshamy2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Appendicitis represents one of the most prevalent abdominal emergencies in the pediatric group of population. In spite of being a comparatively common disease, appendicitis diagnosis in children may be challenging in some cases. Scoring systems of appendicitis have been proposed as a diagnostic aid to increase accuracy of decision-making in children with doubtful cases of acute appendicitis. The present prospective study evaluates three scoring systems in children suspected to have acute appendicitis (Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score, Alvarado score, and Pediatric Appendicitis Score). Patients and Methods: 278 child (less than 18 years old) suspicious to have acute appendicitis were involved in the study from January 2013 to December 2016. Variables were recorded for subsequent evaluation of 3 different scoring systems concerning appendicitis diagnosis (Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score, Alvarado score, and Pediatric Appendicitis Score). The diagnostic accuracy of each of the three scoring systems were construed by calculating the diagnostic performances at different cut-off points. Results: 78 child (28%) had non-appendicitis causes of abdominal complaint and eliminated from the study. Two hundred patients underwent appendectomy. There were 116 boys (58%) and 84 girls (42%) with a mean age of 8.6 years (range, 2.6–16.2 years). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive predictive value of the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score were superior to Alvarado and Pediatric Appendicitis Scores in prognostication of acute appendicitis. In children with low-risk acute appendicitis, false negative rates of 2.2% for the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response, 4% for the Alvarado, and 9.7% for the Pediatric Appendicitis Score were measured. Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score correctly classified 95.6% of all patients confirmed with histological acute appendicitis to the high probability group (at optimal cutoff threshold of ≥ 9), compared with 85.9% with Alvarado score (at optimal cutoff threshold of ≥ 7.5), and with 83.4% with Pediatric Appendicitis Score (at optimal cutoff threshold of ≥ 6; p-value is 0.001). Conclusion: Appendicitis Inflammatory Response scoring system is the most convenient, accurate and specific scoring system for the pediatric Egyptian population suffering from acute appendicitis followed by Alvarado scoring system and lastly Pediatric Appendicitis scoring system. Elimination of acute appendicitis safely in pediatric population with scoring systems still remains unreliable especially in female population.

[Ahmed El-Shamy. Prognostication of Pediatric Appendicitis with Three Scoring Systems. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):17-24]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.03.

Keywords: Acute Appendicitis, Diagnosis, Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score, Alvarado score, Pediatric Appendicitis score

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Biosynthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis

Seham M. Hamed¹, Manal M. Abdel-Alim ¹, Neveen Abdel-Raouf ², Ibraheem B.M. Ibraheem²

¹Dept., of Soil Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment R. Institute, Agricultural R. Centre, Giza, Egypt.

²Botany and Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.

seham_moussa939@yahoo.com

Abstract: Silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl-NPs) is a powerful antimicrobial agent. A possible source of biological material for the green biosynthesis of AgCl–NPs was represented by microalgae. In this study rapid biosynthesis of stable AgCl–NPs was achieved by using ethanol extract of cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis v. Kashiensis. The results were verified using UV-Vis spectroscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bioreduction of Ag⁺ ions showed a gradual change in the colour of the extract to brown. Peaks of UV-Vis spectra showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at (409 nm). TEM micrograph analyses confirmed formation of homogenous spherical AgCl–NPs, ranged in size from (12-20 nm). The crystalline nature of the synthesized AgCl–NPs was assigned by their remarkable peaks in the XRD patterns corresponding to (111, 200, 220, 311, 222, 400 and 420) planes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of purified nanoparticle fractions suggested that proteins were the main molecular entities involved in AgCl–NPs formation and stabilization. This study provides a new report for the cyanobacterial species, Anabaena variabilis that, could serve as good, cheap substrate for biogenic of homogenous spherical AgCl–NPs.

[Seham M. Hamed, Manal M. Abdel-Alim, Neveen Abdel-Raouf, Ibraheem B.M. Ibraheem. Biosynthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):25-30]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.04.

Key words: Silver chloride nanoparticles; Green biosynthesis; Anabaena variabilis

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Features of HRM in the management system

Diana Gandomfeshan

Department of Business Administration, Payame Noor University (PNU)

 salehizaynab@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, compliments of the concept of human resource management (HRM) and then the author of the definition of human resource management discussed. Also, the Necessary changes in the human resources management system and the importance of human resource management is reviewed and discussed. In this study, we examined the theory of human resource management of the English scientist R. Licarda too. According to this theory, the organization may use several methods of human resource management, some of the methods more effective, and some more effective solutions for individual tasks that are discussed.

[Diana Gandomfeshan. Features of HRM in the management system. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):31-33]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.05.

Keywords: features of HRM, human resource management, motivation, management system.

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Macro-benthic diversity in relation to water quality status of Song River, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Anil Bisht¹, Dhyal Singh¹, Deepali Rana¹, Sotsula¹ and Sushil Bhadula²

¹Department of Zoology, Uttaranchal College of Biomedical Sciences and Hospital, Sewla Khurd, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

²Department of Environmental Science, Dev Sanskriti University, Shantikunj, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

hodzoology@ucbmsh.org

Abstract: Aquatic macro invertebrates are used in fresh water quality assessment to identify the environmental stress resulting from a variety of anthropogenic disturbances. They also play a significant role in the food chain of an ecosystem. Monthly survey of macro benthic community diversity and water quality assessment at 3 sampling stations was done from December, 2015 to May, 2016 in Song river of Doon Valley, District Dehradun. Phylum Arthropoda was found to be most dominating (52%), followed by Phylum Mollusca (22%) and Phylum Annelida (19%). Order Hemiptera was the most diverse group represented by a maximum of 5 genera. Shannon-Wiener diversity index was also calculated. The water quality also depicted a temporal variability pattern.

[Anil Bisht, Dhyal Singh, Deepali Rana, Sotsula and Sushil Bhadula. Macro-benthic diversity in relation to water quality status of Song River, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):34-41]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.06.

Key Words: Macro-invertebrate, Song River, Water quality, Physico- chemical parameters

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The Effect of different Electronic support systems through cloud computing on developing 3^rd year students’ Computer knowledge

Radwan M. Albadani ¹, Akram Fathy Mostafa ²

^1. Institute of Educational Graduate Studies, King Abdul-Aziz University (Jeddah), Saudi Arabia

^2. Instructional Technology Department, South valley University (Qena), King Abdulaziz University

drakrameg@sed.svu.edu.eg

Abstract: The following study aims at exploring the effect of using different ways or forms of e-support (flexible- fixed) throughout cloud computing on developing 3rd year prep students’ understanding to computer subjects. The methodology of the study is experimental. The educational content designed with mechanism to cope with learner’s need of support and help. The survey includes 60 students of the third year prep school; students divided into two groups in a haphazard way with 30 students each. The first group submitted to flexible technical support, and the second one submitted to fixed technical support. The researcher concluded that there are no statistical differences at 0.05 levels between students of the two experimental groups. The researcher also noticed that post-average results of the two groups have developed. Hence, the researcher recommends using technical support both (flexible-fixed) to provide better and active environment that helps students and learners to develop understanding to keep in touch with modern technical environment surrounding learners.

[Radwan M. Albadani, Akram Fathy Mostafa. The Effect of different Electronic support systems through cloud computing on developing 3^rd year students’ Computer knowledge. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):42-54]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.07.

Key Words: E-Support, E-Support Forms, Clouding Computing

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Restrict Conservative Management of Renal Artery Thrombosis, case study and review of literature

Naeem alshoaiby¹, Yahya Elficki², Ammar Rajab³, Asma Alshehri⁴, Seham Sharaheli⁴, Salma Almagadi⁴

¹Oncosurgery Consultant, King Abdul Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

²Internal Medicine Consultant, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia

³Internal Medicine Resident, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia

⁴Research Assistant and Coordinator, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia

profelficki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Renal artery thrombosis is a rare, but serious and often misdiagnosed condition. Emergency physicians, internists and vascular surgeons need to consider this diagnosis in unexplained flank pain, especially in patients with risk factors for this disease. In this case report, the authors review a case of unilateral renal infarction caused by renal artery thrombosis in a patient with risk factors for thrombosis but no previous history of thromboembolism. A review of scholarly articles was performed and the case is discussed in the context of the current knowledge of this condition. Common presenting symptoms, features of the history and risk factors will all be discussed herein. Diagnostic evaluation of flank pain in the setting of the suspicion of renal infarction will be discussed, including the modalities of high-resolution computed tomography, renal angiography, scintography and ultrasound. Acute management and prognosis will also be discussed.

[Naeem alshoaiby, Yahya Elficki, Ammar Rajab, Asma Alshehri, Seham Sharaheli, Salma Almagadi. Restrict Conservative Management of Renal Artery Thrombosis, case study and review of literature. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):55-60]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.08.

Key words: Renal Artery Thrombosis, Renal Artery Embolism, Hematuria

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Assessment the ability of some bacteria and actinomycetes strains in the treatment of sewage sludge

Ibraheem I. B. M¹, Hammouda, O^1, Abdel-Raouf, N¹, Abdel-Tawab, M.S² and Faysal, A²

¹ Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.

² Beni-Suef Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beni-Suef, Egypt

*E-mail: faysalamira@yahoo.com

Abstract; The current study aimed to assessment the ability of the previously isolated eight strains of bacteria and actinomycetes in the biodegradation and removal of the organic pollutants of sewage sludge (SS) through using the dried sludge (DS) of Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beni-Suif City, Egypt as a substrate media and measuring the removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS and VSS. Different concentrations of DS 1, 2, 3 and 4gm in different conditions of aerobic and anaerobic treatment were applied. Three grams of concentrated DS in anaerobic conditions were measured high removal efficiency reached 78, 80, 60 and 52% for COD, BOD, TSS and VSS respectively with Nocardiopsis lucentensis and 74, 86, 55 and 43% for COD, BOD, TSS and VSS, respectively with Saccharomonospora azurea. Also mixture of the two potent actinomycetes (N lucentensis and S azurea) measured highly removal efficiency reached 78, 92, 65 and 63% for COD, BOD, TSS and VSS respectively under normal anaerobic condition (nonsterilized sludge) after 5 days incubation at 32 ^o C.

[Ibraheem I. B. M, Hammouda, O Abdel-Raouf, N, Abdel-Tawab, M.S and Faysal, A. Assessment the ability of some bacteria and actinomycetes strains in the treatment of sewage sludge. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):61-65]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.09.

Key words: Bacteria; Actinomycetes; Sewage Sludge; Treatment

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Y-Chromosome Microdeletions and their association with male factor infertility in Egyptian Patients

Yasser H. El Nahass¹_, Amr Ahwany²_, Mekky Radwa Y.³, Mohamed S. Fayez³_, Esraa M. Mohasseb⁴ and Fatma A. ElRefaey¹

¹Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.

²Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³Faculty of Biotechnology, October University of Modern Sciences and Arts University, Egypt

⁴Animal Health Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt

fatma.Elrefaey@nci.cu.edu.egy

Abstract: Background: Y chromosome microdeletions of the azoospermia factor regions (AZFa, AZFb, AZFc) is one of the most common causes of male infertility. These microdeletions lead to spermatogenic failure. Aim: This study aimed to assess the incidence of Y chromosome microdeletions in azoospermic and oligospermic Egyptian infertile males and to correlate it with histopathological patterns and testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Patient and Methods: Fifty infertile males were included. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO criteria. Y chromosome microdeletions were detected after genomic DNA extraction by a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detecting 25 different sequence tagged sites (STSs) for AZFa, AZFb and AZFc in 5 different tubes reactions to each patient. Results: Among 50 infertile males; 34/50 (68%) patients were azoospermic and 16/50 (32%) were oligospermic. Six/50 patients (12%) had detectable Y microdeletions with a total of 13 deleted STSs; 11/13 (85%) in AZFc versus 2/13 (15%) in AZFb. STS deletions detected were SY158 (3/13, 23%), SY243(2/13, 15%), SY166 (2/13, 15%) followed by SY143, SY117, SY277, SY273, SY254 and SY152; each detected in 1/13 (7%). Five/6 patients (83%) with Y microdeletions were azoospermic vs. 1/6 (17%) oligospermic patient. TESE result was only successful in 2/6 patients (33%) having AZFc deletions. Conclusion: The incidence of Y chromosome microdeletions in our studied population was similar to many ethnic reports. Screening of Y microdeletions is essential for appropriate genetic diagnosis in infertile males. AZFc can help informed decisions regarding positive TESE outcome.

[Yasser H. El Nahass, Amr El Ahwany, Radwa Y. Mekky, Mohamed S. Fayez_, Esraa M. Mohasseb and Fatma A. ElRefaey. Y-Chromosome Microdeletions and their association with male factor infertility in Egyptian Patients. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):66-71]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.10.

Keywords: Y-Chromosome – Microdeletions – Male Infertility – AZF – Azoospermia

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Ectoparasites and Bacterial Co-infections causing Summer Mortalities Among Cultured Fishes at Al-Manzala with Special Reference to Water quality parameters

Mohamed I. Nofal ¹ and Hany M.R. Abdel-Latif²

¹ General Authority of Fish Resources and Development (GAFRD), Manzala Fish Farm, (Fish Breeding and Production), Dakahia, Egypt.

² Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Matrouh Branch, Egypt.

hmhany@alexu.edu.eg

Abstract: Ectoparasites and bacterial co-infections were identified from fish kills during summer 2016 from pond cultured fishes at Al-Manzala fish farms. Diseased Nile tilapia, Common carp, Silver carp, and African catfish were examined clinically, bacteriologically and surveyed for ectoparasites to determine the mortality causes. Additionally, pond water was sampled during the survey period to explore any physicochemical abnormalities. Examined fishes were off food, lethargic, and have generalized septicemic signs; hemorrhages over the opercula, eye, and at the base of all fins with ulcerations over the skin, dorsal musculature and around the anus with evident high mortalities. Internally, congestion and hemorrhages over all the internal organs with bloody-tinged ascitic abdominal fluid. The bacterial isolates retrieved were Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyii, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Enterococcus faecalis, and Edwardseilla tarda. The identified parasites were; Monogenetic fluke (Gyrodactylus sp), ciliated protozoan parasites (Icthyophithirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp), and ectoparasitic crustacean parasites (Lernaea cyprinacea, and Argulus spp). Water examination revealed elevated organic matter content, un-ionized ammonia % (NH₃) (0.9 mg/l), Iron (2.45 mg/l), Copper (1.55 mg/l) over the permissible limits. In this context, it was found that the identified ectoparasites may act as a portal of entry or vehicle for secondary bacterial invaders together with bad water quality parameters, and all those factors were combined for the occurrence of mortalities of cultured fishes at Al-Manzala fish farms.

[Mohamed I. Nofal and Hany M.R. Abdel-Latif. Ectoparasites and Bacterial Co-infections causing Summer Mortalities Among Cultured Fishes at Al-Manzala with Special Reference to Water quality parameters. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):72-83]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.11.

Keywords: Co-infections - physicochemical abnormalities - Ectoparasites - Manzala

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Population density and various stress factors affecting number of Rhesus Monkey, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) in Bir Sonti Reserve Forest in district Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

*Ajay Kumar

Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana (India)

*e-mail: ajayindorakuk@yahoo.com

Abstract: Line transect method (Sale and Berkmuller, 1988) was used to record population density and various stress factors affecting number of Rhesus Monkey, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) in Bir Sonti Reserve Forest in district Kurukshetra, Haryana (India). Population density/Km² of sighted Rhesus Macaques varied from a minimum of 154.76 individuals/Km² (November) to a maximum of 347.61 individuals/Km² (April) with an average of 234.71±4.97 individuals/Km² were recorded in the study area. Conflict with man and their domestic dog and Hanuman Langur, increase human activity in forest, less number of fruit tree in forest, well develop agricultural area nearby forest, searching food toward road side (because people thrown food items on Ladwa-Pipli road that is passes in the forest) and Hanuman Mandir in particular day, i.e., Tuesday and Friday of each week in each months of year; increases artificial plantation (nursery) in forest, use of electrical fencing by farmers nearby agricultural of forest and less water resources is main reason of monthly as well as seasonally variation in population density of Rhesus.

[Ajay Kumar. Population density and various stress factors affecting number of Rhesus Monkey, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) in Bir Sonti Reserve Forest in district Kurukshetra, Haryana (India). Life Sci J 2017;14(6):84-89]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.12.

Keywords: Rhesus Monkey, Population Density, Stress Factor, Bir Sonti Reserve Forest, Kurukshetra, Haryana

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Rheumatoid Arthritis and Methotrexate Awareness

Mohammad Mustafa ¹, Yousef M. Alammari ² and Sami Bahlas ³

^1. Rheumatology Fellow, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

^2. Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia

^3. Professor of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Background: Poor knowledge by patients concerning the adverse effects of MTX may increase the risk of serious life-threatening complications. We conducted the current study to evaluate the side effects of MTX that have affected to our patients and to determine their prior knowledge of the side effects of MTX. METHODS: We performed a Cross-sectional study in patients with rheumatologic diseases who are on MTX. Questionnaires with “yes” or “no” questions were conducted through clinic interview or telephone call. The main questions addressed patients’ awareness of common side effects of MTX. In addition, patients were asked if they have developed any of these effects。 RESULTS: Knowledge of side effects associated with MTX was less than 50% overall. The most recognized side effects were teratogenicity (42.2%), followed by neutropenia (33.7%) and hair loss (31.8%). However, Hair loss was the most common side effect that patients developed (54.9%), followed by gastrointestinal upset (44.5%) and menstrual irregularity (21.4%). Patients who were aware about gastrointestinal upset and hair loss had developed these symptoms (78% for gastrointestinal upset and 81.8% for hair loss) at approximately twice the rate of those who were not aware (30.9% and 42.4%, respectively). Low education was associated with poorer knowledge. The most common factor given for non-compliance was side effect of medication (47.1%). CONCLUSION: MTX-related complications and side effects might be decreased by improved patient education, which can lead to less harm and better compliance.

[Mohammad M. Mustafa, Yousef M. Alammari and Sami Bahlas. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Methotrexate Awareness. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):90-95]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.13.

Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis; Methotrexate; MTX; awareness; knowledge

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Save strategies for controlling of Candida albicans growth with using plant extracts

Maryam M. Hasan

Biology department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, KSA

Email: nectar.22@hotmail.com

Abstract: Plant extracts are one of methods used since ancient times in alternative medicine and still until recently have been developed by the progress of since and modern technology. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions to estimate the antifungal activity of Lawsonia inermis which is known as "Henna", Coleus forskohlii which is known as "Shar" and Senna acutifolia which is known as "Ashraq " or "Ashrag" against C. albicans, with using antifungal agent (Flucazole) as a positive control. Result showed that the extract of henna leaves is highly effective against the tested C. albicans; and the inhibition zone increased with increasing plant extract concentrations where it was 20, 22 and 25mm at 100, 200 and 300µL of leaves plant extract respectively. The results showed the same effect for the Ashrag plant extract, but the yeast was resistant to the extract of the root, stalks of the Shar plant. In case of extract of Coleus forskohlii root, their anticandida activity was undetected but leaves extract showed anticandida growth particularly at low concentrations.

[Maryam M. Hasan. Save strategies for controlling of Candida albicans growth with using plant extracts. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):96-99]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. X. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.14.

Key words: Antifungal activity, plant extracts, Candida albicans

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Medicinal uses of Onion (Allium cepa L.): An Overview

Sijjil Shafiq, Mehak Shakir and Qurban Ali*

Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan

Corresponding author: saim1692@gmail.com

Abstract: Medicinal value of onion is known since ancient civilizations. Onion is the part of our daily diet and it holds many properties that can help with numerous health issues because it is anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, vasodilatory, anti-carcenogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal. Quercetin is main element that gives onion these properties. The extracts of onion are seen to resist the growth of many microbes and are more effective against gram positive bacteria. The ethanolic and essential oil extracts of onion are able to fight pathogens more effectively than aqueous extracts. There are no drug interactions known with onion consumption that’s why its usage is safe.

[Sijjil Shafiq, Mehak Shakir and Qurban Ali. Medicinal uses of Onion (Allium cepa L.): An Overview. Life Sci J 2017;14(6):100-107]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15. doi:10.7537/marslsj140617.15.

Keywords: onion, medicinal value, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, vasodilatory, anti-carcenogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal.

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