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Shortened Dental Arch Concept: Investigation of the quality of written prescription by dentists to dental technicians in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Manal R Alammari, BDS, MSc, PhD

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, KSA.

malammari@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Background & aim: The aim of this study was to review and evaluate the quality of communication, instructions and prosthodontic prescription given to profitable and governmental dental laboratories by general dentists, restorative dentists and prosthodontists for shortened dental arch cases treated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Over the period of six months, a cross-sectional survey with self-designed-structured questionnaires was conducted. A survey of the main five governmental and private dental laboratories was carried out. 200 questionnaires were filled by an interview and case discussion with each dental lab technician who received a case for shortened dental arch (SDA). Results: A sample size of 200 male dental technicians were interviewed. 91% of them were not Saudi. In addition, 25.5% had an experience for more than 25 year.67.5% of the dental technicians were working in private laboratories. Most of the cases received (76%) were for lower arch. The most treatment option that were selected by dentists were the Co-Cr RPD 86.5%. The majority of the cobalt chromium RPD cases (64.2%) had instruction form without mentioning the clasp material. The most common major connector selected for the lower arch cases 55.5% was lingual bar and a U-shaped major connector in the upper. Conclusions: It would appear from the results of this survey that amid the different restorative treatment choices for SDA, Co-Cr RPDs are the most common. The prescribing den­tist’s signature, clasps’ material and date the prosthetic work required were the most frequently absent sections of information. Recommendations for improved communication, clear, complete and signed prosthodontics laboratory form of better patient service.

[Manal R Alammari. Shortened Dental Arch Concept: Investigation of the quality of written prescription by dentist to dental technicians in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):1-7]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.01.

Keywords: shortened dental arch, partial denture, Co-Cr RPDs, prescription’s quality, dental technicians

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A novel single tube method for biochemical identification of Escherichia coli

Dina M. Hassan, Galal M. Ibrahim, Douaa G.Ibrahim

Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Anesthesia and ICU department, Faculty of medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

dinamhassan@hotmail.com, dinamhassan@kasralainy.edu.eg

Background: Identification of E.coli is an important task in both public health and clinical microbiology laboratories. Escherichia coli is responsible for a wide variety of diseases in human and animals, including urinary tract infections, diarrhea, septicemia, hemorrhagic enteritis, respiratory diseases and ear infections. Pathogenic isolates of E.coli are of special significance . Therefore, a rapid, inexpensive method to presumptively identify E.coli isolates with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity is desirable. We developed a single-tube method as a screening test for E.coli from various clinical specimens and also could be used for environmental samples . Aim: To evaluate a novel medium in a single tube, for screening isolates suspected to possibly represent E.coli and comparison of its results to results of the classical IMViC plus H₂S, Urease and Arabinose 7 tubes (FDA) procedure. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the method, (398) strains of Gram-negative isolates were tested. We tested this tube with, (213)E.coli isolates, and (185) Non E.coli Gram-negative isolates all were selected based on conventional biochemical reactions and FDA procedure. ATCC quality control organisms were evaluated as well to ensure accuracy. Results: All (100%) of E.coli isolates tested were appropriately characterized by using this single tube with this medium. Similarly, (100%) of other Gram-negative bacilli were appropriately screened as non-E.coli. This tube correctly identified 100% of E.coli isolates compared to FDA procedure. Conclusion: This unique medium provides the most important biochemical reactions needed to screen for E.coli and other Enterobacteriaceae in a single-tube format, which decreases labor by 85%  (i.e, 1 tube is inoculated vs 7 ).

[Dina M. Hassan , Galal M. Ibrahim and Douaa G. Ibrahim A novel single tube method for biochemical identification of Esherishia coli. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):8-12]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.02.

Keywords: E.coli, Screening; Gram-negative bacilli; Culture media

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Synthesis, Characterization and Antihyperlipidemic of Rutin-calcium (II) Complex

Jingliang Zhang ^a, Chang Cui ^b, Huili Zhang ^c, Shiguang Wang ^a, Jinhai Liu ^c, Guangyu Zhai ^c

a. School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451100, China

b. School of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China

c. School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 451100, China

zhaiguangyu@zzu.edu.cn

Abstract: A rutin-ca complex was synthesised in methanol and was characterized using elemental analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Spectroscopic data suggested that the metal/ligand ratio of the complex is 2:1. The antihyperlipidemic activity of the complex was evaluated by animal experiment of 30 wistar rats. It was shown that the complex was much more effective antihyperlipidemics than the free flavonoid.

[Zhang J, Cui C, Zhang H, Wang S, Liu J, Zhai G. Synthesis, Characterization and Antihyperlipidemic of Rutin-calcium (II) Complex. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):13-21]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.03.

Keywords: flavonoid, rutin-calcium (II) complex, synthesis, antihyperlipidemic

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Daily Sedation Interruption Performed by Nurses Alone-the Effects on Mechanical Ventilation in ICU

Peili Li¹, Huanzhang Shao^2△, Wenliang Zhu², Wenxiao Zhang², Yuan Shi², Min Li², Jianxu Yang², Xia Zhang², Zhisong Guo², Bingyu Qin²

^1. Department of Nephrology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China

^2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.

shaohuanzhang@sina.com

Abstract: Sedation and analgesia are important therapies for mechanically ventilated patients who suffer from enormous stress. To avoid oversedation, daily sedation interruption (DSI) is pervasively advocated. However, it is usually assessed by doctors, and it was an increasing concern that DSI could be performed by nurses alone. To evaluate the effects of DSI on patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU, we conducted a prospective and randomized trial. One hundred and twenty patients with mechanical ventilation from January 2013 to December 2013 were recruited and randomly divided into two groups, observational group, in which DSI was decided and carried out all by nurses independently (n=60), and control group (n=60). Data about dose of sedation, complete arousal time after sedation, duration of mechanical ventilation, sedation time, and the length of ICU stay, as well as occurrence of adverse events, were all recorded and compared. Our study demonstrated that observational group had lower sedation dose, shorter fully wakening time after drugs withdraw, shorter time of mechanical ventilation, total sedation time, and hospital stay in ICU. In conclusion, DSI conducted by nurses was an effective method which should be adopted in patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU.

[Li PY, Shao HZ, Zhu WL, Zhang WX, Shi Y，Li M，Yang JX，Zhang X. Daily Sedation Interruption Performed by Nurses Alone-the Effects on Mechanical Ventilation in ICU. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):22-25]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.04.

Key words: sedation, daily sedation interruption, nurse, mechanical ventilation

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Life Sci J 2016;13(8):26-31]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5.

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Lead nitrate induced oxidative dysfunctions in Cyperinus carpio: Role of Typha latifolia

Irfan Ullah¹, *Munawar Saleem Ahmad¹, * Rahmat Ali Khan²

^1. Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan

^2. Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KPK, Pakistan

Rahmatgul_81@yahoo.com, saleemsbs@gmail.com

Abstract: Typha latifolia is traditionally used for the treatment of cancer, heart problems and skin diseases in Pakistan. The present project was therefore arranged to study the protective effects of methanol extracts of Typha latifolia (TLME) ethno pharmacologically against lead nitrate induced hepatic common carp. To study the protective effects of TLME, 40 Cyperinus carpio were equally divided into 4 groups (10 rats). Group 1 was given normal diet (control). Group II was treated with lead nitrate (100 ppm) alone while Group III and IV were given 250 ppm and 500 ppm of TLME (for a week) along with lead nitrate (100 ppm). After a round of the clock of the last treatment fish samples were weighed, anesthetized with tricaine methane sulphonate (0.2 g/L of distilled water) and the peripheral blood on mid-ventral line was collected. After that fish were euthanized by anesthetizing overdose. Operculum and peritoneal cavity were dissected and liver were collected. Liver was placed in -20 ºC freezers for further enzymatic analysis. Administration of lead nitrate altered the level antioxidant enzymes viz; Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), reduced glutathione assay (GSH), lipid per oxidation (TBARS), super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Supplement of TLME ameliorated the effects of lead nitrate improved antioxidant enzymes and lipid per oxidation contents (TBARS. The results revealed that TLME effectively protect liver against the lead nitrate induced oxidative damage in rats, through antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects.

[Irfan Ullah, Munawar Saleem Ahmad, Rahmat Ali Khan. Lead nitrate induced oxidative dysfunctions in Cyperinus carpio: Role of Typha latifolia. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):32-36]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.06.

Key words: Lead nitrate; Liver; Antioxidant; Lipid peroxidation; Common carp

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Synergistic potentials of benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin and streptomycin antibiotics against selected bacterial species

Olufunmiso O Olajuyigbe, Morenike O. Adeoye-Isijola, Otunola Adedayo*

Biosciences & Biotechnology Department, Babcock University, PMB 4005, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

*Correspondence: Tel.: +2347055440170; Email: oadedayo@gmail.com

Abstract: The development of multiple antibiotic resistances in microbial communities is gaining momentum as many chemotherapeutic agents are obsolete and ineffective to curtail the menace of pathogenic microbes. Consequently, efforts are now geared towards the development of new potent antibiotics while we explore the potentials of drug combinations to improve antibiotic effectiveness. This study investigated the effect of combining benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and amoxicillin against bacterial isolates by agar dilution and agar diffusion methods. The results showed that streptomycin was the most effective against the bacterial isolates having MICs ranging between 2 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml while amoxicillin inhibited the bacterial isolates at MICs ranging between 20 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml and benzylpenicillin inhibited the isolates at concentrations ranging between 20 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml. Amoxicillin combined with benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin combined with streptomycin were not synergistic against any isolate. Amoxicillin combined with benzylpenicillin resulted in additive interaction against K. pneumoniae ATCC 1538, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. coli ATCC 23922 but antagonistic against E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Amoxicillin combined with streptomycin resulted in additive interaction against E. coli ATCC 23922, K. pneumoniae ATCC 1538 and E. coli ATCC 25922 but antagonistic against S. aureus ATCC 29213 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Benzylpenicillin combined with streptomycin resulted in synergistic interaction against S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 23922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, additive interaction against S. aureus ATCC 29213 and antagonistic interaction against E. coli ATCC 25922. This study showed that synergistic drug pairs can effectively eradicate bacteria while antagonistic drug pairs would reverse the trend especially when targeting bacterial strains with a combination of drugs of unknown interactions.

[Olufunmiso O Olajuyigbe, Morenike O. Adeoye-Isijola. Otunola Adedayo. Synergistic potentials of benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin and streptomycin antibiotics against selected bacterial species. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):37-44]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.07.

Keywords: Drug combinations, additive interaction, synergistic interaction, antagonistic interaction and resistant bacteria

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Evaluation of the standard DNA barcodes in Adenophora (Campanulaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences

Shuang Tian¹, Shan Chen ¹, Hongtao Li², Zhirong Zhang² and Ding Wu¹*

¹ Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi 333000, China;

² Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China;

* Author for Correspondence email: parnassia@sohu.com

Abstract: Adenophora (Campanulaceae) is a perennial herbs and diverse genus, which occurs mainly in eastern Asia, particularly in China. Due to the complex morphological variation and overlapping geographic distribution, the delimitation and systematic arrangement of the species within this genus are still on debate. In this study, we assessed the species discriminating power of four standard DNA barcodes (rbcL, matK and trnH-psbA from chloroplast genome and ITS from nuclear genome) on the basis of 30 accessions of nine Adenophora species obtained mainly from China. The results showed that all four barcodes can be easily amplified and sequenced with the currently established primers, but we did not find any distinct barcoding gaps in the distributions of any marker, and none of the single or combined markers achieved high species discrimination (11.1% – 44.4%), indicating the effectiveness of the standard DNA barcodes for species identification in Adenophora was very limited. Meanwhile, a phylogenetic analysis was performed for about 70% of the representatives of Adenophora based on ITS sequences. None of the two sections of Adenophora were monophyletic, and the topologies obtained do not suggest a new division for the genus.

[Shuang Tian, Shan Chen, Hongtao Li, Zhirong Zhang and Ding Wu. Evaluation of the standard DNA barcodes in Adenophora (Campanulaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):45-55]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.08.

Key words: DNA barcoding; Adenophora; Molecular phylogeny; ITS; Species identification

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Estimation of Multi-Crystalline Photovoltaic Cell using Solar Spectrum of Five Different Bands

Soobia Saeed, Dr. Syed Mehmood Raza Naqvi and Haris Ali Khan

Department of Computer Science & IT, Institute of Business and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

soobia_saeed123@hotmail.com, dr.naqvi@gmail.com and harisali86@gmail.com

Abstract: PVC (Photovoltaic Cell) is a semiconductor device; generally it is PN type semiconductor device. PVC plays a vital role in the generation connected with electricity. There are three types of PVC, mainly organic, inorganic and hybrid. Mostly customers complain that their PVC is not creating electricity with greater speed and efficiency. Another problem is related with the PVC is its weight time as well as less presence under sunlight in the hours of daylight. The aim of this study is always to address the aforementioned problems related to PVC. Our team proposes two main solutions with this Respect to the effects of artificial light on a replacement of the sunlight is the use of solar spectrum on solar cells for strong light with wavelength providing and second one is Plano-convex lens to concentrate on the yellow light bulb in a dark room to improve the rate of photon emission. It passes then describes the installation of solar energy technique simulation in addition to execution and as well as gave some predictions around the future electricity generated improves.

[Soobia Saeed, Syed Mehmood Raza Naqvi and Haris Ali Khan. Estimation of Multi-Crystalline Photovoltaic Cell using Solar Spectrum of Five Different Bands. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):56-61]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.09.

Keywords: Photovoltaic Cell, Solar Cell, Photon

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Phytotoxic Potentials Of Aqueous Extract Of Chromolaena Odorata Against Mycotoxigenic Agents Of Yam Tubers After Harvest.

Ijato, J.Y

Department Of Plant Science, Faculty Of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria

E-mail: considerureternity@gmail.com. GSM: 08067335124

Abstract: The present investigation revealed Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus glaucus as causes of post­-harvest rot disease of yam tubers on the bases of pathogenicity test. Hot extracts of 10g, 30g and 50g /100ml of Chromolaena odorata inhibited Aspergillus flavus to 92.19%, 92.19% and 97.77% respectively, while 20g and 40g/100ml inhibited Aspergillus glaucus to 95.56% and 92.22% respectively. 10g, 40g and 50g/100ml of cold extract of C. odorata inhibited Aspergillus niger to 98.08%, 96.69% and 96.92% while 20g/100ml concentration inhibited B. theobromae to 96.86% and the least inhibited being Aspergillus flavus (93.31%). 30g and 40g/100ml concentration of C. odorata inhibited Aspergillus flavus to 89.97% and 98.89% respectively, while Aspergillus niger (96.16%) was least inhibited. Cold aqueous extract of C. odorata at 50g/100ml inhibited B theobromae by 95.24%. Both hot and cold extracts of C. odorata were found to be very potent against yam tuber rot pathogens. These serve as preferred alternatives to chemicals which usually have negative effects on the environment.

[Ijato, J.Y. Phytotoxic Potentials Of Aqueous Extract Of Chromolaena Odorata Against Mycotoxigenic Agents Of Yam Tubers After Harvest. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):62-65]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.10.

Keyword: cold and hot aqueous extracts, rot pathogens, yam tubers, pathogenicity.

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Complement Components (C3, C4), C-Reactive Protein As Inflammatory Markers In Chidhood Asthma

Najat Bashir Alghazal¹; Enass Kilani Ghwarsha²; Farj Ali Ahamed Elshaari³ and Rabea Alghazal⁴

¹Consultant pediatrician in Children's hospital, Benghazi, Libya. MBBS, DCH, CABA

²Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Benghazi.

³Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University.Head of Medical technology department Perth, Australia

⁴Head of immunology and Virology lab in the Children's hospital, Benghazi, Libya

Najatg@yahoo.com, rabeaalghazal@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: To assess the involvement of C3-C4 and CRP in the pathophysiology of childhood bronchial asthma. Method: Selection of the patients (n=40) was made according to the recommended international criteria for diagnosis of asthma. Serum levels of C3, C4 and CRP were measured by radio immunodiffusion technique in 40 Libyan, non obese, children between (4-12 years), sex: 26 males, 14 females, with mild to moderately severe asthma, all patients were in active disease and on preventive therapy. Age matched comparisons were made with 28 healthy non obese children between (4-12years), sex: 13 males and 15 females. Results: Mean C3 level and C4 level were not significantly changed in non obese asthmatic children as compared to controls (p>0.05). The level of C-reactive protein was higher in asthmatic children than normal children (P>0.05) in all age groups. The serum level of C3, C4 are non significantly changed in non obese asthmatic children with positive correlation between C3, C4 levels. The level of C3-C4 was not significantly changed, possibly due to all asthmatic non obese patients being in inactive disease possibly to lack of induction of pro inflammatory cytokins and interlukin 1 (IL-1). CRP may be a potential indirect marker of asthma severity and control, as so can be used to assess the grade of inflammation in asthmatic patient (11) as inflammation is one of the major characteristics of respiratory allergy diseases.

[Najat Bashir Alghazal; Enass Kilani Ghwarsha; Farj Ali Ahamed Elshaari and Rabea Alghazal. Complement Components (C3, C4), C-Reactive Protein As Inflammatory Markers In Chidhood Asthma. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):66-69]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.11.

Key words: Asthma, Children, Complement.

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Toxic effects of microcystins on the respiratory system

Chuanrui Liu, Shenshen Zhang, Yang Li, Huizhen Zhang*

College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China

Huizhen18@126.com

Abstract: Microcystins (MCs) are produced by cyanobacteria in natural environments, which have more than 90 different congeners. One of the most toxic and thoroughly studied microcystins is microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which can increase the risk of hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, cytotoxicity and respiratory diseases by accumulating in the body. This review focuses on respiratory toxicity of microcystins. Pulmonary injury after acute or sub-chronic exposure to different doses of microcystins are summarized. However, further studies are needed to clarify the signaling pathways of respiratory toxicity of microcystins.

[Liu CR, Zhang SS, Li Y, Zhang HZ. Toxic effects of microcystins on the respiratory system. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):70-73]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.12.

Keywords: microcystin, respiratory system, toxic effects

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Evaluation of natural sources for repress cytotoxic Trichothecenes and Zearalenone production with using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abdel Ghany TM^1,2, Ganash MA³, Marwah M. Bakri⁴, Aisha M.H. Al-Rajhi⁵, Mohamed A, Al Abboud²

¹ Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

² Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, King Saudi Arabia

³ Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, King Saudi Arabia

⁴Academic campus for girls, Jazan University, Jazan, King Saudi Arabia

⁵ Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora Bent Abdularahman University, King Saudi Arabia

tabdelghany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Even though the prevention of fungal growth is still the good practice to prevent contamination by mycotoxins, but there are a number of approaches that can be taken to minimize mycotoxins contamination in the food. The advantage of using-plant produced compounds and bioagent as a source of safer and more effective control substances than synthetically produced antimicrobial agents can be demonstrated both practically and in terms of consumer acceptance. Cinnamon and cyperus oils had antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium culmorum. Inhibition % of deoxynivalenol (DON) and Trichothecene (T-2) production was 21.89 and 42.83% respectively at 1.5 µL/ml of cinnamon oil. The extracts of the Aloe vera inhibit the production of Zearalenone and T-2 mycotoxins ranged from 9.13 to 17.15 and from 33.10 to 36.69% respectively. Strong effective of Adenium obesum extract on the inhibition production of ZER, DON and T-2 mycotoxins was reported, inhibition% was 39.15, 43.92 and 45.00 % at 20, 5 and 20 mg/ml respectively. Decrease of ZEA, DON and T-2 mycotoxins levels in comparison with the control (1083.43, 77.03 and 497.67 µg/kg respectively) was observed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae interaction (659.90, 42.92 and 294.26µg/kg respectively). T. harzianum inhibited the production of ZEA, DON and T-2 mycotoxins with an average inhibition of 25.06, 33.01 and 50.55% respectively. Our results improved that, the tested T. harzianum and S.cerevisiae had no toxic effects, seems to be a highly promising agent in preventing food contamination with F.culmorum and greatly inhibit mycotoxin production in vitro.

[Abdel Ghany TM, Ganash MA, Marwah M. Bakri, Aisha M.H. Al-Rajhi, Mohamed A, Al Abboud. Evaluation of natural sources for repress cytotoxic Trichothecenes and Zearalenone production with using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):74-86]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.13.

Keywords: natural sources, repress, Trichothecenes, Zearalenone, production

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Structural and Functional Conservation of Epstein Barr Virus microRNA Using Phylogenetic Study

Ruchi Yadav*

AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University, Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 226028, UP, INDIA

Abstract: MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non coding RNAs of~22nt in length that are primarily transcribed from primary RNA (pri-miRNA). The signatures of these miRNA are their secondary hairpin structure with bulge in stem region. miRNA molecules are involved in RNA interference mechanism and control gene expression by targeting mRNA. miRNA mostly targets at 3’untranslated region of gene and controls protein production by translational repression or mRNA degradation. The undesirable production of miRNA is substantial factor in many human diseases. Several miRNAs are reported that are associated with human diseases. EBV miRNA is associated with various diseases like Gastric Carcinoma, nasopharyngeal, Lymphoblastoid, lymphoma and other diseases. Identification of conserved EBV miRNA in Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus (RLCV) that infects monkey can be helpful in better understanding of human diseases and its pathological conditions for drug development process for Epstein Barr Virus. In this paper we have done phylogenetic analysis of miRNA among 12 different viruses study shows that there is functional relationship between Epstein Barr Virus and Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus, sharing 21 clades with a confidence bootstrap value from 80-100%. Structural alignment of EBV and RLV miRNA shows functional similarity of EBV miRNAs and a consensus miRNA is designed to study conservational motifs of these miRNA. This study signifies the potential role RLCV miRNA as model molecule to study EBV infection in human and molecular diagnosis of many human diseases associated with EBV miRNA.

[Ruchi Yadav. Structural and Functional Conservation of Epstein Barr Virus microRNA Using Phylogenetic Study. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):87-99]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.14.

Keywords: miRNA; Epstein Barr Virus; Phylogenetic analysis; Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus, miRNA structure

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Application and Study on Knees Joint of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Hai-ping Xiao¹, Jian-jun Yuan²*, Huaijie Zhu¹*

^1. Department of Ultrasound, the 2^nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, China

^2. Department of Ultrasound, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China

Emails：13838008784@163.com, jacksun689@gmail.com

Tel.: 011-86-138-3800-8784; 011-86-150-3711-5732

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to provide objective data for the early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Method: 64 cases of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 30 cases of normal control group, were examined by color Doppler ultra-diagnostic instrument, probe frequency 7.5 ~ 15.0MHz The value and application of ultrasound in patients with RA were observed and compared with the normal group. Results: 64 cases of RA patients with knee joint ultrasound images can show clearly the five kinds of pathological changes; 1 knee joint synovial membrane thickening, 2 bursa effusion, 3 sheath thickening, 4.CDFI grade increased 5. Five kinds of pathological changes of bone destruction with the healthy control group were statistically significant (P<0.05, respectively); According to the pathological changes of the knee joint ultrasound images and the corresponding clinical manifestations of the knee, can be more clearly the RA induced knee lesions were divided into mild (I degrees), moderate (II degrees) and severe (III degrees). And also according to the pathological changes of the knee joint ultrasound images, the severity of the pathological changes of RA patients was found to be independent of the age of the patients, and there was a significant correlation with the history of the patients, and the correlation coefficient was close to 1. Conclusion: 1）The routine assistant diagnosis in RA with X-ray would be replaced with ultrasound； 2）the correlation between the five pathological changes and pathological changes of the knee joint in patients with ultrasound RA and the length of history, and according to the clinical manifestations of RA patients with ultrasound images of the knee joint and the corresponding knee, the pathological changes of knee joint were divided into mild grade（I degree）, moderate grade (II degree) and severe grade (III degree), in order to clear and convenient for RA clinical diagnosis, treatment and research. 3) To define the change of the knee joint of RA patients with 1-16 and the characteristics of the positive correlation with the history of RA. At the same time, it also suggested that there is no obvious clinical effect on RA in the diagnosis and treatment, to strengthen the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of RA is still the goal and direction of the efforts of governments and medical science and technology personnel all over the world.

[Xiao HP, Yuan JJ, Zhu HJ. Application and Study on Knees Joint of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Life Sci J 2016;13(8):100-107]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15. doi:10.7537/marslsj130816.15.

Keywords: ultrasonic diagnosis; rheumatoid arthritis, RA; Autoimmune disease; Knee joint disease; musculoskeletal ultrasound

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