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Developing and Evaluating Counseling Program for Caregivers to Cope with their Children Suffering from Autism at Makah Al Mukramah

Manal Hassan Abo El –Magd^1,2, Nahed Saied El -Nagger^1,3, Luma Ghazi Al Zamil^1,4 and Samera Yaqoub Kashkar ⁵

¹ Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah Al- Mukarramah, KSA

²Associate Professor in Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, El Minia University, Egypt

³Associate Professor in Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

⁴lecuturer of speech Language Pathologist, Community Nursing Department Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al- Qura University

⁵Assistant Professor in Faculty of Education, Kindergarten Department Umm Al- Qura University, Makkah Al- Mukarramah

manalh225@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Parents, as the main care providers for the children whose are suffering from autistic disorder need to meet the needs of their children, as well as the need to be healthy and able to assist their children development. The aims of this study were to assess caregivers' coping strategies with their children suffering from autism, develop a counseling program according to caregivers' needs and evaluate the effect of counseling program on caregivers' coping strategies. Subjects and methods: A quasi experimental design was used. A Purposive sample composed of 97caregivers of children suffering from autism (mild to moderate autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were recruited from El Amal-Al Manshood and Tafaoul Centers at Makkah Al Mukkramah in KSA. Tools of data collection: data were collected through using the following tools; A self-administered questionnaire for the caregivers, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES), Family Impact of Childhood Disability (FICD) Scale and Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES). Results: The present study revealed that, there were a statistically significant differences between mean scores of acquiring social support and passive appraisal domains of, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales, pre and post counseling program (T. test =2.85 and 2.75, at P value at 0.01 for both domains respectively). Meanwhile there was no statistically significant difference regarding the rest of other domains such as reframing, seeking spiritual support, mobilizing family to acquire and accept help. Additionally, the family cohesion and adaptation categories were clearly positively modified after counseling program, the percentage of family disengaged was decrease from 94.7% to 44.7%. While very connection and connected pattern were increase to 10.5% & 15.8% pre and post respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that counseling program improved the caregivers' coping patterns of children suffering from ASD, in addition to their families cohesion and adaptation. Recommendations: The present study recommended that continuous counseling programs are needed to improve the caregivers' of child suffering from autism for their coping patterns. Also, policy makers should integrate supportive counseling programs in the routine programs provided in all healthcare centers for children with special needs. Finally, attention should be paid to raise the public awareness about available community resources for caring child with autism in KSA.

[Manal Hassan Abo El –Magd, Nahed Saied El -Nagger, Luma Ghazi Al Zamil, Samera Yaqoub Kashkar. Developing and Evaluating Counseling Program for Caregivers to Cope with their Children Suffering from Autism at Makah Al Mukramah. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):1-11]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.01.

Key words: Child with autistic disorder, Counseling Program Caregivers' adaptation Cohesion, Family coping

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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Bronchial Asthma Induced in Mice

Jamilah M Hashemi

Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA.

Abstract: Bronchial asthma is a growing major public health problem worldwide. Anti-inflammatory agents have been suggested to alleviate asthma. Grape seed extract (GSE) has been reported to have a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aims to determine whether GSE has a therapeutic effect on allergic airway inflammation in mice. Airway inflammation was induced via intraperitoneal (i.p) injected with 10 ug ovalbumin plus 2 mg aluminum hydroxide in 200 uL phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Male mice (n=50) were divided to five equal groups. The first group; negative control received i.p. injection of PBS, the second group; positive control; asthma-model (OVA), the third group; asthma mice treated orally with montelukast (30 mg/kg),the fourth group; asthma treated orally with GSE at a dose level of (150 mg/kg) and the fifth group; asthma mice treated with both GSE+ montelukast. Montelukast and GSE were given on day 27 and from day 28 to 30 1hr before each challenge. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-5 &13 (IL-5& IL-13) were estimated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and immunoglobulin E(IGE) was determined in plasma. Lung levels of pro-oxidants; malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. Lung samples from mice in different groups examined microscopically. There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in BALF levels of IL-5 and IL-13, plasma IGE, as well asa significant increase (p<0.001) in the lung levels of NO and MDA with a significant decrease (p<0.001) in SOD levels when compared with control group. Histopathological studies of lung confirmed these results, bronchiolar and perivascular infiltrates, as well as perivascular oedema were shown in the lung tissues of OVA mice. While mice administrated GSE either alone or with montelukast showed a significant improvement in all the tested parameters. The treatment afforded by co-administration of GSE and montelukas t was found to be better than that of montelukast alone. Results of the present study suggest that montelukast should be used along with GSE for better immune-regulatory effect, as well as, to reduce drugs adverse effects. Therefore, GSE seems to be a potential new drug to modulate inflammatory response in asthma.

[Jamilah M Hashemi. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Bronchial Asthma Induced in Mice. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):12-21]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.02.

Key words: Asthma, Grape Seed Extract, Anti-inflammatory, Mice

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Impact of an Educational Program for Adolescent and Adult Epileptic Patients and Their Families on Their Knowledge and Practices

A mal M. Ahmed ¹Hekmat E. Abd EL Kareem ² and Fathia Zaky Mohamed²

¹Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Aswan University, Egypt.

²Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.

Abstract: Epilepsy remains one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting both adults and children a like. Epilepsy is a manifestation of brain neuronal hyper excitability. It is a symptom complex C. N. S disorder of a variety underlying etiologic causes. Seizures occurring across the spectrum of age, gender, race and economic background. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of an educational program for adolescent and adult epileptic patients and their families on their Knowledge and practices. A quasi- experimental design was used for this study. It was carried out in epileptic Out Patient Clinic of Assiut University Hospital. Sample of this study included (150) adolescent and adult epileptic patients and their family members or relatives (aged 18-40 year) and they were divided into two groups: study group included (50) adolescent and adult epileptic patients and their family members or relatives (50) and control group included (50) adolescent and adult epileptic patients. The exclusion criteria were those who had other chronic diseases. Data was collected during the period from the beginning of October 2009 to the end of March 2010 through using the following tools: 1) – A structured interview questionnaire sheet. 2)-Educational program booklet which was developed by the researchers. Results of this study revealed that all patients had poor knowledge scores, while about (59.0%) of them had poor practices scores with highly statistical differences between the pre-test and the post-tests 1 and 2 related to total knowledge and practices scores (p=0.000). Concluded that, by implementation of the program there was remarkable improvement of adolescent and adult epileptic patients and their families knowledge and practices, it was clear in post tests results. The study recommended, that education for epileptic patients and their families about epilepsy and care pre, during and post seizures should be in simple Arabic and small sessions or classes using films and audio visual materials.

[A mal M. Ahmed, Hekmat E. Abd EL Kareem and Fathia Zaky Mohamed. Impact of an Educational Program for Adolescent and Adult Epileptic Patients and Their Families on Their Knowledge and Practices. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):22-30]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.03.

Key words: Adolescent - Seizures

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The Antibacterial Efficacy of Antibiotic-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

Samar M. Alhabardi

Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Kingdom

sunstar33@windowslive.com

Abstract: In recent years, several studies have been developed to control drug delivery and reduce the toxicity of drugs as well as to create novel biomedical applications. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted the attention of many researchers, who have studied these materials for use in many applications. MCM-41 particles have a unique pore size, a higher surface area, and are a good matrix for guest–host applications. The aim of this work is to study the efficacy of antibiotic-loaded MSNs. The MSNs particles were synthesized using a liquid crystal templating method, with n-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the surfactant template and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica source. These mesoporous materials were characterized using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-performance liquid chromatography, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, anddynamic light scattering. Amoxicillin and erythromycin were used as the model drugs. The antibacterial effect and mechanism of the MSNs was investigated for Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) using time-kill assay testing. The results of the present study clearly showed a significance reduction in S. aureus after treatment with antibiotic-loaded MSNs. However, there was no significant reduction observed against E. coli after treatment with amoxicillin-loaded MSNs. This difference may be a result of the mode of action of bacteria. In addition, TEM analyzed the bacteria treated with antibiotic-loaded MSNs. This study could contribute to a new antibacterial treatment and could lead to a reduction in the toxicity of drug in the future. Drug delivery systems have valuable applications in various fields; however, further investigation is required in many areas, including neurosciences, cancer, and biomedical engineering.

[Samar M. Alhabardi. The Antibacterial Efficacy of Antibiotic-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):31-39]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.04.

Key words: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles, nanoparticles, MCM-41, drug delivery systems, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Amoxicillin, erythromycin

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Serum Triiodothyronine (T3) hormone evaluation in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and its value as an inflammatory marker

Hafez Ahmed Abd-Elhafeez¹; El-Sayed El-Meghawary El-Sayed¹; Abd El-wahab Mohammed Lotfy¹; Tarek Moustafa Emran²; Osama Mohamad Ahmad¹; Ahmed Salama Al Adl¹; Mahmoud saad Berengy

Internal Medicine Department (¹); Clinical Pathology Department (²); Al-Azhar University Faculty of Medicine New Damietta, Egypt.

salama139@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid hormone axis as well as the peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. Aim of the study: The aim of this work is to study the serum triiodothyronine (T3) hormone level in patients with CKD and its value as an inflammatory marker in relation to CRP and IL-6. Patients and methods: This study was done at Al- Azhar university Hospital New Damietta, in the period from May 2013 to February 2014.This study was done on sixty male patients who were selected from outpatient clinic of Internal Medicine Department and Hemodialysis Unit. These patients were divided according to presence or absence of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) into two groups Group A thirty patients with CKD on RRT (Regular Hemodialysis) and Group B thirty patients with CKD without RRT (conservative treatment). All patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination and laboratory investigations with specific interest for CRP, IL-6 and thyroid function tests. Results: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the most common causes of CKD and prevalence of hypertension was 83.3% in group A, 60% group B, the inflammatory markers IL-6 and CRP was higher in group A. In addition, serum fT3 had low values in these group than patients in-group B There was positive correlation between creatinine clearance and (albumin, FT3 and FT4), and there was negative correlation between creatinine clearance and (IL-6, CRP, TSH and urea). Serum levels of lipids are higher in-group A There was positive correlation between IL-6 and (CRP, S. uric acid. S.creatinine, urea and TSH) There was negative correlation between IL-6 and (albumin, creatinine clearance, FT3 and FT4), There was highly significant predictive value between IL-6 and (CRP, TSH, FT3 and FT4). There was positive correlation between CRP and (IL-6, uric acid, S. creatinine, urea and TSH). Conclusion: The low T3 levels in CKD patients have been correlated with higher levels of markers of inflammation [highly sensitive C-reactive protein, and IL-6]; freeT3 could be used as an inflammatory marker and may be used as prognostic factor for cardiovascular morbidity in CKD Patients.

[Hafez Ahmed Abd-Elhafeez; El-Sayed El-Meghawary El-Sayed; Abd El-wahab Mohammed Lotfy; Tarek Moustafa Emran; Osama Mohamad Ahmad; Ahmed Salama Al Adl; Mahmoud saad Berengy. Serum Triiodothyronine (T3) hormone evaluation in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and its value as an inflammatory marker. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):40-45]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.05.

Keywords: Triiodothyronine, end stage renal disease, inflammation.

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Evaluation of the Potential Drug Interaction of Melatonin and Warfarin: A Case Series

Noha I. Ashy¹, Krishna V. Shroff²

^1.Noha Ashy, PharmD, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^2.Krishna Shroff, PharmD, Pharmacy Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114

noha_ashy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Melatonin has the potential to interact with warfarin for many reasons. According to the Micromedex drug interaction database, melatonin has been associated with bleeding complications and reduced prothrombin time (PT) in four case reports of patients who received both melatonin and warfarin. However, there is no primary literature that supports this finding. The objective of this case series is to evaluate potential drug interactions between melatonin and warfarin. Ten adult patients, who admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (Boston, MA) between April 2011 and April 2012 and were treated with melatonin and warfarin concurrently, were evaluated. MGH is a 950-bed teaching hospital. Those 10 patients had changes in INR and PT. They are selected because they were not on any other medications that have major interactions with warfarin, did not receive other anticoagulants, chemotherapy, as needed or 1 dose of melatonin during their hospital stay. The Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS) was used to evaluate the potential drug interaction, and the following outcomes were recorded for each patient: bleeding events, INR, PT, albumin, and LFTs. The 10 patients were 54 years old or older and the duration of concurrent administration of both medications ranged from 2 to 10 days. Melatonin dose was s in all 10 patients while warfarin dose had changed (increased/ decreased) in some patients. Both INR and PT increased in most patients during concurrent administration of melatonin with warfarin and no bleeding events have been noted. By calculating DIPS score for each patient, we found that 6 patients experienced possible drug interaction, 2 had probable drug interaction, and 2 had doubtful drug interaction. LFTs and albumin were normal in most patients. In conclusion, concurrent use of melatonin and warfarin may result in INR and PT changes and affects coagulation activity. Monitoring INR and PT regularly is suggested when both medications are administered concurrently.

[Ashy N, Shroff K. Evaluation of the Potential Drug Interaction of Melatonin and Warfarin: A Case Series. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):46-51]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.06.

Key words: melatonin, warfarin, interaction, bleeding, INR, PT

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Effect of seed vernalization temperature, duration and planting date on growth and yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa plants.

Fadia El Sherif and Salah Khattab

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt.

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University P.O. Box. 380, Al-Ahsaa 31982, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Felsherif@kfu.edu.sa

Abstract: An experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. The present study was aimed at determining the effects of seed vernalization temperature (room temperature, 6 and 12⁰C), duration (one, two and three weeks) and three planting date (April, May, and June) on the growth behavior, yield and composition of calyx extract of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) variety "Sabahia 17". The results showed that early (April 13^th) or late (June 13^th) planting date causes a decrease in the growth and yield. Pre-sowing cold treatment of seeds increased the plant yield. The highest calyx yield per plant was observed from the pre-sowing cold treatment of seeds at 12⁰C for one week. Vernalization of seeds at 12°C for one week and planting at 13^th May is the most suitable practice for growing rosella in Ismalia, Egypt as it resulted in higher number of leaves, more fruits/plant and improved total calyx yield as compared to other treatment parameters.

[Fadia El Sherif and Salah Khattab. Effect of seed vernalization temperature, duration and planting date on growth and yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa plants. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):52-60]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.07.

Key words. Rosella, vernalization, planting date, calyx yield, Anthocyanin

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Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Severe Hypokalemia, a rare association

Yahya El-Ficki¹, Renad E Al-Shoubaki^2, Ali Al-Ghamdi³, Aayesha AG Khatri, Raneem E Al-Shoubaki⁵

¹   Consultant Internal Medicine, King Abdul Aziz Hospital, KSA.

²   Resident Internal Medicine, Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, KSA.

³   Research Assistant and Coordinator, Internal Medicine Department, King Abdul Aziz Hospital, KSA.

⁴   Research Assistant and Coordinator, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, KSA.

⁵ Research Assistant and Coordinator, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, KSA.

profelficki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rhabdomyolysis denotes a clinical and laboratory syndrome that results from a rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle cells. Rhabdomyolysis results from acute necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers and consequent leakage of muscle constituents into the circulation. It ranges from an asymptomatic state to a severe condition associated with extreme elevations in creatine kinase, myoglobinuric acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or cardiac arrest. Reported etiologies of rhabdomyolysis include alcohol abuse, drugs, muscle trauma and muscle overexertion. Less common causes include muscle enzyme deficiencies, electrolyte abnormalities, infectious causes, toxins and endocrine disorders. Severe hypokalemia is a well known, yet rare cause of rhabdomyolysis. Here we report an unusual presentation of rhabdomyolysis secondary to severe hypokalemia in a healthy adult with no previous history of any medical illness. Excessive occupational heat exposure and strenuous exercise were the only attributable etiology detected and a residual damage affecting the renal function persisted despite the aggressive emergency treatment.

[Yahya El-Ficki, Renad E Al-Shoubaki, Ali Al-Ghamdi, Aayesha AG Khatri, Raneem E Al-Shoubaki. Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Severe Hypokalemia, a rare association. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):61-64]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.08.

Key Words: Rhabdomyolysis, hypokalemia, myoglobinuria.

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Comparison between avidity test and real- time PCR in diagnosis of recent toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

Magda A. El-Settawy, Ghada M. Fathy and Mai E. Dahrog

Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

magdasat9@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diagnosis of recently acquired toxoplasmosis must be improved to avoid its risks during pregnancy. The present study was done to evaluate the using of quantitative real-time PCR assay (qRT-PCR) in diagnosis of recent toxoplasmosis, and compare it with avidity IgG ELISA test. This study was carried out on 120 pregnant women taken from women attending Outpatient Clinics of the Obstetrics & Gynecology Department at Zagazig University Hospital, ranging in age from 20- 38 years. These women were divided into two groups, a case group of 100 complicated pregnancy and control group of 20 healthy pregnant women. IgM ELISA and Toxoplasma IgG avidity ELISA were performed and qRT-PCR technique was used to confirm the infection with T.gondii Fifty-one cases of the 100 complicated pregnancy women tested positive for IgM antibodies compared with 0% (none) in the normal control pregnancy group. While for avidity IgG antibodies, 29.1% of complicated pregnancy women tested positive compared with 1.6% positive IgG antibodies in the control group. Regarding qRT-PCR technique, (38cases) 31.6% of complicated pregnancy women and only one case from control group were positive for toxoplasmosis. The qRT-PCR -assay provides a rapid, sensitive, automated and quantitative way of detecting Toxoplasma DNA. It can detect the infection very early and can be used also in follow up of the treatment. But, it is very expensive and needs technical skills. So routine application of PCR– based methods, especially in developing countries, is difficult. Serological tests especially IgG avidity test are good screening test, cost effective and can be used to exclude recent infection in pregnancy.

[Magda A. El-Settawy, Ghada M. Fathyand Mai E. Dahrog. Comparison between avidity test and real- time PCR in diagnosis of recent toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):65-71]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.09.

Key words: IgG avidity ELISA; Real-time PCR; Toxoplasma gondii.

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Co-culture of a Cellulose-Producing Acetic Acid Bacterium and a Beer Yeast

Young Hwan Ko, Hyun-Jung Lee, Hwa-Jeong Oh

Department of Food Bioengineering, Jeju National University, Jejudaehakro 102, Jejushi, Jejudo 63243, Korea

yhkbl@jejunu.ac.kr

Abstract: The bacterium Gluconacetobacter hansenii NOK21 was identified as a cellulose pellicle-forming bacterium from rancid wine. The bacterium did not show growth when glucose concentration or ethanol concentration was equal to or greater than 20% or 8%, respectively. Production of the cellulose pellicle was greatest with a concentration of cellulose polymer of 5 g/l in glucose medium. The NOK21 oxidized ethanol to acetic acid like other acetic acid bacteria and did not appear to convert glucose to acetic acid. The maximum titratable acidity of 4.13% was obtained from 5% ethanol-containing medium. Under static co-culture conditions of the acetic acid bacterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the beer yeast grew under the pellicle at the bottom of the culture vessel through anaerobic metabolism whereas the bacteria grew to form a pellicle on the surface of the culture medium through aerobic metabolism. The bacterial strain NOK21 grew and synthesized cellulose polymer and produced acetic acid using glucose as a substrate in the presence of the beer yeast. Our findings about the behavior in co-culture of the alcoholic fermentation yeast and the acetic acid bacterium provide information helpful for the manufacture and improvement of fermented food products that are sour and alcoholic.

[Ko YH, Lee HJ, Oh HJ. Co-culture of a Cellulose-Producing Acetic Acid Bacterium and a Beer Yeast. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):72-77]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.10.

Keywords: Co-culture; Gluconacetobacter hansenii; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; fermented beverages; celluose pellicle

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Using Heat Shock Protein 70, Glypican 3 and Glutamine Synthetase for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Patients with Atypical Small Hepatic Focal Lesions

Safinaz H El-Shorbagy¹, Radwa Orieby¹, Mohamed El-Gazzar², Mahmoud El-Sakhawy ³, Mohamed A. S. Kohla⁴, Reda R. H. Yousef ⁵

Department of Pathology¹, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

Department of oncolgy ², Department of Radiology³, Department of Hepatology⁴, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Department of Radiodiagnosis ⁵, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

drsafy_shorbagy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis include a group of heterogeneous lesions ranging from benign macro regenerative nodules (MRN) to low and high grade dysplastic nodules (LGDN and HGDN) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The differential diagnosis among these lesions constitutes a major task, needing further sensitive immunocytochemical markers. Objective: This study was undertaken to select the most sensitive and specific markers for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with atypical small hepatic focal lesions using Heat Shock Protein 70, Glypican 3, and Glutamine Synthetase. Patients and Methods: Thirty cirrhotic cases from the outpatient HCC clinic of National liver institute, Menoufiya University, from January 2013 to June 2015 with atypical small hepatic focal lesion (less than 3 cm in diameter), detected by imaging (U/S and tri-phasic CT) with alpha fetoprotein less than 200ng. Liver biopsy was done and H&E stained sections were prepared for histopathological diagnosis. Immunohistochemical expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), glypican-3 (GPC3) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were used to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of HCC. The sensitivity and specificity of the individual markers and combination of markers for the detection of HCC were measured. Results: Ten out of 30 examined cirrhotic patients with atypical hepatic focal lesions were provisionally diagnosed to have HCC by histopathology and were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The sensitivity and specificity of the individual markers for the detection of HCC were both 90% for HSP70; 70% and 65% for GPC3; 100% and 80% for GS. All negative expression was seen in 66% MRN and LGDN and 60% HGDN, whereas all positive expression was detected in 60% of HCC. The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of 3 markers were 60% & 100% respectively, meanwhile the sensitivity and specificity raised up to 100% when at least 2 of the markers used were positive irrespective of which. The most sensitive combination was HSP70 and GS which gave better results than that of other combination. Conclusion: We demonstrated that immunohistochemical expression of HSP70, GPC3, and GS were very useful in distinguishing benign from malignant hepatocellular nodules arising in cirrhosis, if at least two of these markers were positive.

[Safinaz H El-Shorbagy, Radwa Orieby, Mohamed El-Gazzar, Mahmoud El-Sakhawy, Mohamed A. S. Kohla, Reda R. H. Yousef. Using Heat Shock Protein 70, Glypican 3 and Glutamine Synthetase for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Patients with Atypical Small Hepatic Focal Lesions. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):78-86]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.11.

Keywords: HCC; MRN; LGDN; HGDN; HSP-70; GPC3; GS

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Genetic variability for salinity water tolerance in tomato based on yield traits and related to molecular marker.

Rashwan A.M.A.¹ and Abo-Baker A.A.²

¹Horticulture Department (Vegetables), Faculty of Agriculture, Qena South Valley University, Egypt

²Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Qena South Valley University, Egypt

rashwan_univ@yahoo.com

Abstract: Five tomato genotypes were sown in two successive seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at three levels of water salinity (W1= control, W2 = 5.53EC, W3=8.6EC) and used three experimental every season. The main objective was to study the genetic variations for salinity tolerance in tomato genotypes based on yield traits and related to molecular markers. Highly significant differences were found between five tomato genotypes in both seasons across three level of salinity stress. Water salinity (W3) reduced the PH, Nb, NC, NFL, NFR, FS,WF and YP traits by 26.97 and 25.66%, 36.43 and 34.85 %, 35.52 and 35.35%, 29.42 and 29.44%, 47.o3 and 47.88%, 25.0 and 26.0 %, 37.29 and 38.78%, 47.83and 47.95% relative to W1 in tow season, respectively. The highest mean performance for yield and weight fruits was displayed by line SV2 under salinity stress, while for number of branches by line SV1.The results of RAPD markers indicated that the fragment at molecular weight 527 bp with primer H19 was appeared only in line SV2 had highest mean of weight fruit and yield. As to markers with 1755, SV1 and 316 for primer Q 5and 300 bp for primer Q7 which had the highest number of branches. Under upper Egypt conditions, these new breeding lines (SV1 and SV2) could be used to obtain high yielding tomato with salinity tolerance.

[Rashwan A.M.A. and Abo-Baker A.A. Genetic variability for salinity water tolerance in tomato based on yield traits and related to molecular marker. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):87-98]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.12.

Key words: Salinity tolerance, tomato, lines, RAPD markers

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Punicic and Jacaric acids induce Mitochondrial dysfunction in prostate cancer cell lines

Ahmed Gafar, Mohammed Bashandy, Sayed Bakry, Mahmoud A. Khalifa, and Walid Abu Shair

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Ahmed.gaffr@gmail.com

Abstract: Two fatty acids (punicic and jacaric acids) found in pomegranate and jacaranda seed oils have been used as anticancer agents. Punicic and jacaric acids are long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here we investigated the potential ability of punicic and jacaric acids to affect growth of both androgen dependant prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) and androgen independent prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). Apoptosis and disrupted cellular mitochondrial membrane potential were induced at 30 and 100μM punicic and jacaric acids in prostate cancer cell lines compared to untreated control cells. We also investigated whether lipid oxidation was required for the function of punicic and jacaric acids by adding 20 μM of the antioxidant tocotrienol to the assays. This resulted in reversal of the effects of punicic acid on apoptosis and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, we evaluated the role of PKC signaling in the anti-cancer effects of punicic and jacaric acids by performing cell viability (WST-1) assay in the presence of the PKC inhibitor bisindolymaleimide I. Cell death that induced by punicic and jacaric acids was partially blocked in both the LNCap and PC-3 cells. These results suggest that punicic and jacaric acids have prostate cancer inhibitor properties that are dependent on lipid peroxidation and the PKC pathway.

[Ahmed Gafar, Mohammed Bashandy, Sayed Bakry, Mahmoud A. Khalifa, and Walid Abu Shair. Punicic and Jacaric acids induce Mitochondrial dysfunction in prostate cancer cell lines. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):99-106]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.13.

Key Words: Punicic acid, Jacaric acid, prostate cancer, PKC, cell death, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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Evaluation of Sleeve Gastrectomy As Revisional Surgery for Failed Laroscopic Adjustable Gastric Band and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty for Treatment of Morbid Obesity

Mansour M. Abdelkhalek (MD)

Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

M_abdelkhalik@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: to evaluate sleeve gastrectomy (SG) as a revisional operation for failed LBG and VBG. Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as a condition of excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that health and well-being are adversely affected. Obesity is an extremely significant and increasing public health challenge in both economically developed and developing regions of the world. All bariatric surgical procedures have an associated failure rate and none has proved to be a single definitive cure for obesity and its associated comorbidities. Bariatric surgeons must be aware of the reasons for failure of each operation, how to evaluate patients who fail, and the options for managing them. These can be surgical, nonsurgical, or a combined approach, but each patient needs an individualized management plan. Failure of any bariatric surgical procedure can be defined as insufficient weight loss or weight regain with or without the recurrence of comorbidities. Weight loss after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) progresses over a 2- or even 3-year period and then stabilizes, and long-term (4- to 12-year follow-up) outcomes have been reported by individual series showing a great variation in weight loss results from 25 to 70 % of excess weight. This procedure carries a3 % 30-day morbidity and a delayed complication (gastric prolapse, erosion, port/tubing disconnection) rate of 12 %. The incidence of complications is inversely related to experience with the procedure in vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) Because of the non-divided nature of the gastric tube, the major reason for weight regain is the recanalization of the vertical staple line resulting in gastro-gastric fistula. The other indication for reoperation is related to the development of dysphagia and esophageal reflux symptoms secondary to gastric outlet obstruction. The obstruction is commonly caused by the different degree of erosion of the foreign body (silastic band or mesh) at the distal part of the gastric tube. Patients and Methods: This study takes place at AL AZHAR university hospitals in the period from November 2012 to November 2015, 40 patients were subjected to this study, out of them 26 female and 14 male, History and physical examination including details of previous procedure and operative record if available. If the patient has a LAGB implanted, important details include the type of band, type of port, and location. In VBG The presence of foreign bodies in the form of rings and meshes. Results: 40 patients, who underwent adjustable gastric band and vertical banded gastroplasty by different surgeons). and 26 female (65%)14 male(35%), with a mean age at revisional LSG of 38.5 ± 15.5 years (23 - 54),BMI = 42 kgm² ranges from (34- 50) kg/m². The preoperative data reveals out of them 23 patients had VBG (20 male and 3 female BMI = 42 kgm²),17 patient had LAGB (13 female and 4 male BMI=43 kgm²).BMI before previous bariatric surgery 55kg/m² (45-65) and before revision bariatric procedure 42kg/m² (34- 50) surgery, categorized as Obese ≥ 40= 19 patients, Morbid obesity (40-50)=13 patients, Supper obesity (50-60)=7patients, Triple obesity > 60=1 patients. The mean interval from the primary procedure to LSG was 7.5 ±3.5 years (Range 4- 11 years). Additional previous surgery Cholicystectomy =4, Incional hernia=3, dermolipectomy= 7, abdominal exploration= 1. Indications for revision surgery Insufficient weight loss =26 patients, Outlet stenosis =1 patient, Band slippage=1 patient, Weight regain =12 patients. Operative data of the revision procedure were done laparoscopically in 21 patients and open surgery 4 patients and conversion from lap to open15 patients. The procedure was completed in all patients in one sitting. Intra-operative bleeding happen in 5 cases all were stable line bleeding controlled by sutures, injures to the liver managed conservatively, splenectomy done for tow case due to severe spleenic injury. Operative time =150 minutes (120 – 180 minutes). Post operative morbidities in the form of Leaks= 2, Fistula= 1, Peritonitis=1, DVT= 1, Wound problem (Seroma, infection, small haematoma) = 6. And mortalities two patients (5%) one patient dies due to multiple organ failure and septic shock after exploration for peritonitis secondary to leaks, another one died due to heart attack. Weight loss after surgery BMI decreased on follow up at 3months, 6m, 9m, and 12 months = 37 Kg/m². And the percentage of excess weight loss increased 78%, and reduction of co-morbidity. Conclusion: Sleeve gastrectomy is effective as revisional surgery for failed laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and vertical banded gastroplasty, proper evaluation of the patients and lack of operative records in Egyptian patients and surgeon experience play roles in operation outcomes.

[Mansour M. Abdelkhalek. Evaluation of Sleeve Gastrectomy As Revisional Surgery for Failed Laroscopic Adjustable Gastric Band and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty for Treatment of Morbid Obesity. Life Sci J 2016;13(6):107-113]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14. doi:10.7537/marslsj130616.14.

Key Words: Revision surgery, Sleeve Gastrectomy, Adjustable Gastric band, Vertical Banded Gastroplasty

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