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Preface

The Novel Trends in Animal Nutrition and Production

Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem and Ahmed E. Kholif

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Effects of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme on in vitro Ruminal Fiber Digestion and Methane Production of Corn Stover and Corn stover Based Mixed Diets

Liyuan Zhao¹, Yongjia Peng¹, Jiakun Wang¹, Jianxin Liu^{1 *}

MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

E-mail: liujx@zju.edu.cn; Tel: +86 571 88982097; Fax: +86 571 88982930

Abstract: Introduction: Many in vitro studies have showed that fibrolytic enzyme can improve fiber degradation of roughage, but the effect on methane mitigation is likely to be inconsistent. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of commercial exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production with corn stover as substrate. Design and Methods: Two in vitro experiments were conducted using reading pressure technique system. In Exp.1, synergetic effect of cellulase (CEL) (0, 10, 20 and 30 U/g DM) and xylanase (XYL) (0, 20, 40 and 60 U/g DM) were evaluated on corn stover by a 4 × 4 factorial design. In Exp.2, the effect of two chosen enzymes were evaluated on 3 corn stover based mixed diets by a 3 × 3 factorial design. Results: In Exp.1, a single 30U/g DM of CEL and combination of 10 U/g DM of CEL with 60 U/g DM of XYL were screened out based on higher digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. In Exp.2, enzyme supplement did not affect fiber digestion, but decreased methane production (P<0.01). Conclusion: Fibrolytic enzyme supplement potentially improved fiber digestion of corn stover in this in vitro experiment, and had positive effect on methane mitigation.

[Liyuan Zhao, Yongjia Peng, Jiakun Wang, Jianxin Liu. Effects of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme on in vitro Ruminal Fiber Digestion and Methane Production of Corn Stover and Corn stover Based Mixed Diets. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):1-9]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.01

Keywords: fibrolytic enzyme, corn stover, fiber degradation, methane production

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Economic Evaluation of Amylolytic Enzymes in Finishing Lambs Diet in Mexico

Germán D. Mendoza¹, Ulises Aguilera P.², María I. Aguilera P.³, Martha A. Pérez S.¹, Pedro A. Hernández G.⁴ and Enrique Espinosa A.⁴

¹Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, México D.F. 04960 México.

² Escuela Bancaria y Comercial, Tlaneplantla, México

³Universidad Mexicana, México

⁴Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México.

pedro_abel@yahoo.com

Abstract: There are no economic evaluations on the use of exogenous amylolytic enzymes in intensive finishing lambs systems in high grain rations. In this document, the profit margins per head were determined for treatments which included enzymes from three experiments. The results indicate that the inclusion of exogenous amylolytic enzymes may result in a very limited range of profit (two experiments) and were not profitable in one experiment. The price of grains will determine whether it is profitable to add enzymes combined with the reduction of grain level in the ration. The profit margin when lamb is processed as barbecued (typical dish) is greater than the sale per kg of live weight. The study adds basic economic information on the use of exogenous amylolytic enzymes in finishing lamb.

[Germán D. Mendoza, Ulises Aguilera P, María I. Aguilera P, Martha A. Pérez S, Pedro A. Hernández G, Enrique Espinosa A. Economic Evaluation of Amylolytic Enzymes in Finishing Lambs Diet in Mexico. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):10-15]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.02

Keywords: Margins; feed costs; enzymes; barbecue; lambs

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Effect of Diet Supplemented with Cellulase Enzymes on Lactating Goats Performance, and Milk and Cheese Properties

Abd El-Kader M. Kholif^1*, Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz¹, Mahmoud H. El-Senaity¹, Mona A. Abd El-Gawad¹, Ahmed F. Sayed¹

¹Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth st. Dokki, Giza, Egypt

*Corresponding author: am_kholif@hotmail.com

Abstract: The effects of feeding lactating goats on diet supplemented with two cellulase enzyme preparation on serum parameters, milk production and composition, cheese yield, cheese fatty acid profile and cheese properties were studied. Six Baladi lactating goats, of 3 years 24 ± 0.8 kg body weight, after 42 days of parturition were assigned randomly into three groups of 3×3 Latin Square design with 30 days interval periods. Goats were fed on total mixed ration without enzyme (control) or supplemented with 3.08 U/kg DM Asperozym^Ò (ASP) or supplemented with 1.54 U/kg DM Tomoko^Ò (TOM). Increased (P < 0.05) milk yield was obtained with goats fed on ASP or TOM than control. However, no effects (P > 0.05) were noted on blood serum parameters, milk composition and properties of resultant soft cheese. Improved cheese content from unsaturated fatty acids with decreased long chain fatty acids was obtained with ASP. From obtained result, it could be concluded that supplementing lactating goats' diet with cellulase enzyme improved milk yield, and cheese fatty acids profile, without adverse effects on health of lactating goats, milk composition and resultant soft cheese properties.

[A.M. Kholif, M. Abd El-Aziz, M.H. El-Senaity, M.A. Abd El-Gawad, A.F. Sayed. Effect of Diet Supplemented with Cellulase Enzymes on Lactating Goats Performance, and Milk and Cheese Properties. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):16-22]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.03

Keywords: blood, cellulolytic enzymes, milk yield and composition, soft cheese properties

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Use of Exogenous Enzyme in Animal Feed

Ana I. Mireles-Arriaga¹, Enrique Espinosa-Ayala², Pedro A. Hernández-García², Ofelia Márquez-Molina²*

^1. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50090, México

^2. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango K.M. 2.5. Amecameca, Estado de México C.P. 56900, México

ofeliammolina@yahoo.com

Abstract: The constant population increase and the continued need for feed of animal have originated rise in demand for livestock products and continuous research on the use of additives for growth. In last years, the addition of exogenous enzymes has become a good solution for improving animal performance, and it is most widely studied and reported disciplines in animal science showing rapid growth worldwide in the industry. Nowadays, consumer and producers increase knowledge concern to the use of secure growth promoters and antibiotics in livestock production attend these reasons; many researchers have been investigated the use of exogenous enzymes in ruminant and non-ruminant animal production. The aim of this paper is to review about exogenous enzymes add and their use on different animal livestock species in most recent years.

[Ana I. Mireles-Arriaga, Enrique Espinosa-Ayala, Pedro A. Hernández-García, Ofelia Márquez-Molina. Use of Exogenous Enzyme in Animal Feed. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):23-32]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.04

Keywords: Animal feed, enzyme, nutrition

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Response to Phytase Addition on Production Variables, and Excretion of Phosphorus in Faeces of Finishing Lambs

Germán Buendía Rodríguez^1*, María Denisse Montoya Flores¹, Ahmed F. Sayed², Nora Idolina Ortega Álvarez³

¹Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-FyMA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Querétaro, México

²Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth st. Dokki, Giza, Egypt

³Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, México, D.F. México

*Corresponding author: buendia.german@inifap.gob.mx

Abstract: Phosphorus exists in grains mostly as phytate (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis dihydrogen phosphate) which required sufficient digestive phytase enzyme to break the molecule and release P. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of phytase on some production variables of lambs fed with finishing diet with high sorghum content (70%). Thirty two Dorper × Pelibuey lambs (27.45 ± 2.46 kg BW) were completely randomly distributed in four treatments with 8 repetitions, housed in individual cages and fed ad libitum for 60 d were used. The treatments were 0, 150, 300 and 450 g phytase enzyme/ton of sorghum grain-based diet. The daily gain was increased (P<0.05) by the addition of phytase in feed. Feed intake and feed conversion were not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. However, greater faecal phosphorus was noted with lambs fed on diet without phytase addition. The inclusion of phytase increased weight gain and reduced the faecal excretion of P. The dose of 150 g phytase/ton had the best daily gain; however, the dose 300 g phytase/ton had the lowest P excretion in manure.

[G. Buendía Rodríguez, M. D. Montoya Flores, A. F. Sayed, N. I. Ortega Álvarez. Response to Phytase Addition on Production Variables, and Excretion of Phosphorus in Faeces of Finishing Lambs. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):33-36]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.05

Keywords: Performance trial, phosphorus, phytase, lambs, sorghum.

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Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes with Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 by Solid Fermentation and its Effect on the Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse

Sánchez-Santillán Paulino^1*, Meneses Mayo Marcos², Torres-Salado Nicolás¹

¹Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 2, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 41940, México.

² Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (Nutrición), Universidad Anáhuac México-Norte, 52786, México.

sanchezsantillanp@gmail.com

Abstract: Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is infrequently used in feeding ruminants because of its poor nutritional quality. The use of diverse physical, chemical and biotechnological methods for pre-treatment aim to improve its nutritional value. Fermenting SCB with Pleurotus ostreatus improves nutrient availability by effect of extracellular fibrolytic enzymes. The objective of this study was to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes with Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 by solid fermentation and its effect on the chemical composition of SCB. The experiment consisted of solid fermentation (SF) of SCB, with no previous physical treatment, and inoculated with P. ostreatus strain IE8 with incubation at 25 ºC for 0, 3, 5 and 7 d. At the end of each fermentation period, enzyme activity of cellulose, xylanase and laccase, as well as extracellular protein, was quantified. The SCB chemical composition was determined by analyzing neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total protein (TP), organic matter (OM) and ash. Data analysis consisted of a completely randomized design and comparison of means with the Tukey test (α=0.05). Enzyme production occurred in different incubation times; the highest production of xylanase was on day 7 (11.8 UI SSi^-1), while that of laccase (36.6 UI SSi^-1) and cellulase (0.6 UI SSi^-1) was on day 5. SCB chemical composition exhibited increments of ADF and NDF when exposed to SF with P. ostreatus-IE8. There were no differences in TP, with decreased OM during fermentation and, consequently, the ash fraction increased. Correlations between chemical components and enzyme production indicated that cellulases and laccases correlated negatively with ADF (p≤0.05) because the components of this fraction are cellulose and lignin. The effects on NDF and ADF are attributed to the conditions in which the SF processes were carried out; fermentation conditions determine the results reported in the literature. The crude enzyme extract of P. ostreatus–IE8 can decrease the lignin and cellulose content of the cell wall of fibrous forages such as sugarcane bagasse used to feed ruminants.

[Sánchez-Santillán Paulino, Meneses Mayo Marcos, Torres-Salado Nicolás. Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes with Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 by Solid Fermentation and Its Effect on the Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):37-41]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.06

Keywords: Extracellular fibrolytic enzymes, Pleurotus ostreatus, solid fermentation, sugarcane bagasse.

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Nutritional Composition, in vitro Degradability and Gas Production of Opuntia ficus indica and Four Other Wild Cacti Species

A.V. Cordova-Torres^{a, c}, J.C. Mendoza-Mendoza^a, G. Bernal-Santos^a, T. García-Gasca^a, J.R. Kawas^b, R.G. Costa^c, C. Mondragon Jacobo^a, H.M. Andrade-Montemayor^a*

^a Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Cuerpo Académico en Morfofisiología y Nutrición Animal y Cuerpo Académico de Nutrición y Salud, Maestría en Salud y Producción Animal Sustentable y Maestría en Recursos Bioticos, Lic. En Horticultura Ambiental. Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro, México CP. 76230

^b Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Posgrado Conjunto Agronomía-Veterinaria, Avenida Francisco Villa S/N, Colonia Ex-hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo, Nuevo León, México CP 66050

^c Universidade Federal de Paraiba-Brasil (CFT/UFPB) - Bananeiras-PB, 58220-000, Brasil

andrademontemayor@yahoo.com.mx

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of spineless cacti specie (Opuntia ficus indica var. copena [OFI]) and four native Opuntía species with spines (O. megacantha [OMA]; O. streptacantha [OSA]; O. hyptiacantha [OHA], and O. robusta [ORA]). As alternative feed supplements for ruminants, considering their chemical composition, in vitro degradation behavior and gas production. Dry matter (DM) concentration of cacti species varied from 78 to 138 (g/kg of DM). Organic matter (OM), ash and crude protein (CP) concentrations differed (P < 0.001) between species. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was highest (P=0.008) for ORA (542 g/kg of DM) and lowest for OFI (459g/kg of DM), whereas acid detergent fiber (ADF) was highest (P < 0.001) for OFI (287 g/kg of DM) and the lowest for OMA (184 g/kg of DM). Ash concentrations varied between species, OFI containing the highest (P < 0.001) (251 g/kg of DM), of which a high proportion was calcium (52.6 g/kg of DM). Selenium levels were very low in all species, in some cases not being detected. The highest (P < 0.05) potential DM degradation was recorded for OFI with 768 g/kg of DM, having a soluble fraction of 452 g/kg of DM, a potentially degradable fraction of 317 g/kg of DM and a fractional rate of degradation of 0.01/h. Of the cacti species with spines, the lowest (P < 0.001) DM degradation values were registered for OSA (399 g/kg). In vitro CP potential degradation differed (P < 0.001) between species; the highest value being for OFI (989 g/kg) and the lowest for OHA (578 g/kg). The highest (P < 0.05) NDF potential degradation was found for OMA (989 g/kg) and the lowest for OSA (376 g/kg). Only OFI and OMA were evaluated to determine total gas, CO₂ and CH₄ production. Total gas production was higher (P < 0.001) for OMA (53.5 mL /g DM) than for OFI (43.8 mL/g DM). Although total VFA (Volatil fatty acids) (µmol/g DM) production (P =0.87) and concentrations of butyric acid and acetic acid did not differ (P=0.347 and P= 0.448, respectively) between both species, the concentration of propionic acid was higher in OFI (P= 0.055). Total gas (mL gas/kg DM) and methane production (% of gas production) were higher (P=0.008 and P=0.05, repectively) for OMA. In conclusion, water and ash concentratons were high in all varieties, and the high DM solubility and degradability may have been related to both ash and protein solubility. The specie OMA had the best qualitative characteristics among the tested cacti species with spines to be considered as an alternative feed supplement for goats. Mechanical processes to eliminate the spines of the wild cacti species can simplify feed management and prevent damage to the animal mouth and digestive tract.

[A.V. Cordova-Torres, J.C. Mendoza-Mendoza, G. Bernal-Santos, T. García-Gasca, J.R. Kawas, R.G. Costa, C. Mondragon Jacobo, H.M. Andrade-Montemayor. Nutritional Composition, in vitro Degradability and Gas Production of Opuntia ficus indica and Four Other Wild Cacti Species. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):42-54]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.07

Key words: Cactus, opuntia, chemical composition, in vitro degradation kinetics.

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Chemical Composition and Ruminal Disappearance of Maize Stover Treated with Pleurotus Djamor

Oziel Dante Montañez-Valdez¹, Juan Humberto Avellaneda-Cevallos², Cándido Enrique Guerra-Medina³, José Andrés Reyes-Gutiérrez¹, Mayra Mercedes Peña-Galeas⁴, Lola Margarita Casanova-Ferrín⁵, Rocío del Carmen Herrera-Herrera⁶

^1. Centro Universitario del Sur de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Departamento de Desarrollo Regional, 49000, Jalisco, México

^2. Universidad Estatal de Milagro. Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación, Milagro, Guayas, Ecuador.

^3. Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur de la Universidad de Guadalajara. División de Desarrollo Regional, Autlán de Navarro. 48900, Jalisco, México

^4. Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Extensión Universitaria de Quevedo, Quevedo, Los Ríos, Ecuador.

^5. Carrera de Pecuaria. Escuela Superior Agropecuaria de Manabí Manuel Félix López. Calceta-Manabí-Ecuador.

^6. Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional de Loja. Loja-Ecuador.

montanez77@hotmail.com

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Pleurotus djamor on the chemical composition and ruminal disappearance of maize stover. Maize stover either treated or untreated with Pleurotus djamor was obtained from a commercial facility. Ten samples of maize stover used previously as substrate to culture edible fungus were collected randomly. The negative control group consisted of pasteurized maize stover untreated with Pleurotus djamor. All samples were analyzed to determine dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (C), hemicellulose (HC) and lignin (L). No differences (P ≥ 0.05) between treatments were observed for DM, OM, CP, C, and L; however, treated maize stover (P ≤ 0.05) showed a lower percentage of NDF as well as a lower HC value. Changes in the ruminal disappearance kinetics of the DM and NDF fractions; the potentially digestible fraction was higher in untreated maize stover (P ≥ 0.05). The growth of Pleurotus djamor on maize stover changes its chemical composition by decreasing the hemicellulose content and modifying cell wall components; however, these did not improve the nutritional quality of the agricultural by-products. This suggests that Pleurotus djamor-treated maize stover is not ideal forage for ruminants. [Oziel Dante Montañez-Valdez, Juan Humberto Avellaneda-Cevallos, Cándido Enrique Guerra-Medina, José Andrés Reyes-Gutiérrez, Mayra Mercedes Peña-Galeas, Lola Margarita Casanova-Ferrín, Rocío del Carmen Herrera-Herrera. Chemical Composition and Ruminal Disappearance of Maize Stover Treated with Pleurotus Djamor. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):55-60]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.08

Keywords: white rot fungi, ruminal disappearance, kinetic, byproducts.

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Effect of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L) on Growth Performance, Lipid Oxidation and Meat Quality Traits of Rabbits

Ana I. Mireles-Arriaga¹, Pedro A. Hernández-García², Enrique Espinosa-Ayala², Leticia X. López-Martínez³, Ofelia Márquez-Molina²*

¹ Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50090, México

² Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango K.M. 2.5. Amecameca, Estado de México C.P. 56900, México

³ Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Química. El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50090, México

ofeliammolina@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, forty weaned rabbits breed New Zealand × California, were randomly assigned into four groups to be fed on diets supplemented with 0, 2, 4 and 6% of noni. Five production variables and eleven variables carcass characteristics were determined. Regarding the quality of the meat were carried out an analysis of lipid oxidation and texture profile and shear force. After of 35 days of experimentation, no significant differences on the growth rate, or the characteristics of the carcass (P≥0.05) were observed. The water drip loss down values showed 35.39, 35.34, 34.10 and 30.72% (P=0.03) for 0, 2, 4 and 6% respectively. In the color space CIE Lab, noni-fed rabbits showed a lower value parameter b* (yellowness) with a mean value of 3.37 (P=0.03). Textural profile analysis showed no significant effect except for resilience (P=0.007). Lipid oxidation showed a significant decrease in the values of malonaldehyde, 18, 58 and 69% for 2, 4 and 6% respectively, after twelve days of refrigerated storage. The results obtained indicate that antioxidant potential as dietary noni could be helpful to improve meat quality characteristics such as color, water drip loss and lipid stability.

[Ana I. Mireles-Arriaga, Pedro A. Hernández-García, Enrique Espinosa-Ayala, Leticia X. López-Martínez, Ofelia Márquez-Molina. Effect of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L) on Growth Performance, Lipid Oxidation and Meat Quality Traits of Rabbits. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):61-67]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.09

Keywords: Antioxidants; Morinda citrifolia; rabbit meat

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Elaboration and Characterization of Biological Devil Fish Silage (Plecostomus Spp) with Lactobacillus spp. and Molasses as An Additive, in The Lower Basin of The Balsas River in The State of Guerrero, Mexico

Moisés Cipriano-Salazar ¹, Nancy Patricia Abrego-Salgado ¹, Blas Cruz-Lagunas ¹, Saúl Rojas-Hernández ¹, Jaime Olivares-Pérez ¹, Bernardo Ávila-Morales ¹, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem², Luis Miguel Camacho-Díaz ¹*

¹Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Cd. Altamirano-Iguala km 3.5 Col. Las Querenditas, Cd. Altamirano, Gro. CP 40660 Tel-Fax 7676723494

²Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México

caamacho@hotmail.com

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological quality of the biological devil fish silage (Plecostomus spp) and determine which of the molasses proportions (30, 50 and 70%) and devil fish (65, 45 and 25%), in two modalities (whole and headless) and two physical forms (ground and chopped) inoculated with 5% of Lactobacillus spp. (commercial yogurt), is suitable to be used in animal feeding. For this purpose, twelve treatments with three replicates were evaluated during 40 days. A completely randomized design was used with a factorial arrangement 2×2×3 (two fish modalities, two physical forms, and thee levels of molasses inclusions) and the comparison of the averages was realized using the Tukey test. The variables evaluated were: pH, nutritional characteristics (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and ash), organoleptic (odor, color, consistence) and microbiological test. The pH showed stability within 72 h, but only until the fifth day, this variable was normalized. After forty days of measuring, the treatments with more acceptable pH values (<0.05) were: ground headless devil fish with 50% molasses (4.14), the whole ground fish with 30% molasses (4.16), the whole ground fish with 50% molasses (4.20), the headless ground fish with 30% molasses (4.30), the headless chopped fish with 50% molasses (4.44) and the headless chopped fish with 30% molasses (4.57). The nutritional characteristics presented by the microsilos with 30% molasses are placed in the group with the best averages (P<0.05), followed by the microsilos with 50% molasses and finally those with 70% molasses. Regarding the crude protein, the microsilos with 30% molasses, headless chopped fish, whole chopped fish, headless ground fish and with whole ground fish presented more elevated values (37.78, 35.09, 32.88 and 31.91% respectively) (P<0.05). In relation to the crude fat the highest averages (P<0.05), were presented by the treatments with whole chopped fish with 30% molasses, (8.5%), with whole chopped fish with 50% molasses (7.47%) and with headless chopped fish with 30% molasses (5.73%). For ash, the treatments with whole chopped fish with 30% molasses (31.07), with whole ground fish with 30% molasses (26.75%) and headless ground fish with 30% molasses (26.09%) were the treatments with the best results (P<0.05). As to the organoleptic characteristics the twelve treatments manifested pleasant odors (alcoholic-acid, alcoholic molasses) pasty- liquid consistence and light brown to dark brown color. The microbiologic analysis showed that differently from the treatment with whole chopped fish with 30% molasses that presented values superior to those allowed by the Official Mexican Norm NOM-027-SSA1-1993; the rest of the treatments were found in the acceptable range, which indicates that this product is completely innocuous and functional for animal feeding.

[Moisés Cipriano-Salazar, Nancy Patricia Abrego-Salgado, Blas Cruz-Lagunas, Saúl Rojas-Hernández, Jaime Olivares-Pérez, Bernardo Ávila-Morales, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem, Luis Miguel Camacho-Díaz. Elaboration and Characterization of Biological Devil Fish Silage (Plecostomus Spp) with Lactobacillus spp. and Molasses as An Additive, in The Lower Basin of The Balsas River in The State of Guerrero. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):68-74]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.10

Keywords: Plecostomus spp, biological silage, lactic bacteria.

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Effect of Safflower Seeds on Production Performance of Finishing Cattle

Germán Buendía Rodríguez¹, Abd El-Kader M. Kholif², Nora Idolina Ortega Álvarez³, María Denisse Montoya Flores¹, Ricardo Ruiz Sánchez⁴, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem⁵*

¹Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-FyMA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Querétaro, México.

²Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth st. Dokki, Giza, Egypt

³Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM, México

⁴Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UAM-X, México

⁵Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

Abstract: With the increasing price of soybean meal, grain sorghum and maize, it is necessary to use alternative grains for feeding finishing cattle. Safflower seeds can be set as an alternative for feeding cattle, but need to know how to be used as an ingredient. The objective was to evaluate the effect of safflower seeds on productive performance in finishing cattle. In a completely randomize design, 36 male bovine (Bos Taurus vs. Bos indicus) (356.24 ± 17.21 kg BW) distributed in three treatments with 12 replications, staying in cages and fed individual ad libitum for 90 d plus 15 d of adaptation. Safflower seeds were included at three levels of 0% (SF0), 15% (SF15) and 30% (SF30) of a high grains (65%) diet. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion (FC). No differences were obtained for ADG with increased (P<0.05) DMI of animals fed safflower seeds. SF0 and SF15 had the same FC with increased (P<0.05) DMD. SF15 had greater (P<0.05) ruminal pH at 20-d and 60-d. SF15 treatment increased (P<0.05) ratio of butyric acid; however, increased ruminal ammonia N concentrations (P<0.05) were observed with the treatment SF30 and SF15 compared to SF0. At15-d, SF0 had greater (P<0.05) ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (10¹⁰/mL) concentration compared to SF15 and SF30 treatments. It could be concluded that addition of safflower seeds at 15% of the diets of finishing cattle improved feed intake and dry matter digestibility with positive effects on ruminal fermentation.

[G. Buendía Rodríguez, A. M. Kholif, N. I. Ortega Álvarez, M. D. Montoya Flores, R. R. Sánchez . A. Z.M. Salem. Effect of Safflower Seeds on Production Performance of Finishing Cattle. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):75-80]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.11

Keywords: cattle, finishing, grains, safflower seeds.

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Productive Response and Apparent Digestibility of Sheep Fed on Nutritional Blocks with Fruits of Acacia farnesiana and Acacia cochliacantha

Rojas Hernandez S¹, Quiroz Cardoso F³, Camacho Diaz LM¹, Cipriano Salazar M¹, Avila Morales B¹, Cruz Lagunas B², Jimenez Guillen R⁴, Villa Mancera A⁵, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem⁶, Olivares Pérez J¹*

¹Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Cd. Altamirano-Iguala km 3.5 Col. Las Querenditas, Cd. Altamirano, Gro. CP 40660 Tel-Fax 7676723494. México.

²Unidad Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales- Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México

³Maestria en Sistemas de Producción Agropecuaria- Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México

⁴ INIFAP-Campus Iguala de la Independencia, Guerrero, México

⁵ Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México

⁵Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México

Corresponding author: olivaares@hotmail.com

Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the use of Acacia cochliacantha and Acacia farnesiana fruits in nutritional blocks (NB) for sheep and evaluate the productive response and apparent digestibility of diets. Eighteen sheep F1 (Pelibuey × Dorper) with live weight of 20.4 ± 1.8 kg were randomized into three groups of 6 animals each. Treatments were basal diet with nutritional blocks without fruit (T0 = control), with 30% of fruits of A. farnesiana (T2) or with 30% fruits of A. cochliacantha (T3) on a dry matter basis. Dry matter intakes of nutritional blocks (NB), corn stover (CS), concentrate and total consumption were measured. Moreover, the daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), apparent digestibility of nutrients as the organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA) were also measured. Intake of NB were higher (p > 0.001) in sheep of treatments T1 and T2; however, CS intake and total dry matter intake was higher (p <0.001) in animals of T2. Consumption of concentrate, OM, CP, NDF, the DWG and FC were similar (p > 0.05) between treated animals. The intake of ADF was higher (p <0.001) for animals of T2. The apparent nutrient digestibility of diets was similar (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the use of the fruits of acacias in NB as a feed supplement in the diet of sheep, increased consumption of total dry matter, without affecting the digestibility of the diet and weight gain of the animals in the tropics of Mexico.

[Rojas Hernandez S, Quiroz Cardoso F, Camacho Diaz LM, Cipriano Salazar M, Avila Morales B, Cruz Lagunas B, Jimenez Guillen R, Villa Mancera A, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem, Olivares Pérez J. Productive Response and Apparent Digestibility of Sheep Fed on Nutritional Blocks with Fruits of Acacia farnesiana and Acacia cochliacantha. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):81-86]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.12

Keywords: fruits; tree; apparent digestibility; sheep

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Effects of Drinking Water Desalination on Several Traits of Dairy Cows in a Mexican Semiarid Environment

García-Muñiz José Guadalupe¹, Carlos Delfino Herrera-Monsalvo², Alejandro Lara-Bueno^1*, Rufino López-Ordaz¹, José Jaimes-Jaimes³, Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde¹

¹Posgrado en Producción Animal, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Estado de México 56230, México

²Biotecap SA de CV, Tepatitlán, Jalisco 47600, México

³Agronegocios Chapingo SC of CV, Chapingo, Estado de México 56230, México.

alarab_11@hotmail.com

Abstract: High salt concentration in drinking water on dairy cattle farms in the semiarid region of northern Mexico is a concern because it can negatively affect health and productive performance of dairy cows. The study was conducted to assess the effect of drinking water quality on feed intake, daily milk yield and composition, milk fat depression and somatic cell count of dairy cows in a Mexican semiarid environment. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 29) were individually fed on a total mixed ration during the first 15 weeks of lactation. Fifteen cows were randomly assigned to the control group, which received a daily supply of non-desalinated drinking water (concentration of total dissolved salts >1,809 mg L^-1) from the farm’s water well, and cows in the treatment group (n = 14) had access to reverse osmosis desalinated drinking water, with a low concentration of total dissolved salts (<554 mg L^-1). Milk yield and composition were not affected by drinking water treatment. However, milk production efficiency was 17% higher (p<0.05) for cows on the reverse osmosis desalinated drinking water treatment, due to a 9% reduction in daily dry matter intake. Furthermore, the risk of milk fat depression was 3.3 times higher (p<0.05) and somatic cell count was 111% higher (p<0.05) for cows in the control group. Lactating cows that had access to reverse osmosis desalinated drinking water produced milk more efficiently and had some health and productive performance advantages; however, an economic evaluation is needed before implementing desalination by reverse osmosis on a large scale.

[García-Muñiz, JG, Herrera-Monsalvo CD, Lara-Bueno A, López-Ordaz R, Jaimes-Jaimes J, Ramírez-Valverde R. Effects of Drinking Water Desalination on Several Traits of Dairy Cows in a Mexican Semiarid Environment. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):87-93]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.13

Keywords: Holstein cows, water quality, reverse osmosis technique, total dissolved salts.

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Effects of Crushed Linseed or Linseed Oil Supplementation on Performance of Dairy Goats and Fatty Acid Profile in Milk

Sobhy M. Kholif¹, Tarek A. Morsy¹, Osama H. Matloup¹, Hossam M. Ebeid¹, Abd El-Kader M. Kholif^1*

¹Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth st. Dokki, Giza, Egypt

*Corresponding author: am_kholif@hotmail.com

Abstract: In a complete random block design, fifteen lactating Damascus goats (43.5±2 kg body weight) after the first week of lactation, were divided into 3 groups (five goats each) to evaluate effect of linseed or linseed oil as diet supplement on rumen parameters, milk production, milk composition and milk fatty acid profile in lactating goats. Animals were fed on a total mixed ration of 50% concentrates and 50% berseem clover (control), control ration+50g/head/day crushed linseed (LS) and control ration+20 ml/head/day linseed oil (LO) for 90 days. Dry matter intake was not affected by LO or LS. Ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and butyrate proportions were increased (P<0.05); however, ammonia-N concentration were decreased (P>0.05) with experimental additives. Milk yield, milk protein and milk fat percent were higher (P<0.05) for animals fed LO followed by LS and then control. While, milk urea nitrogen was decreased (P<0.05) with additives. Both od LS and LO decreased (P<0.05) the total saturated fatty acids and increased (P>0.05) the proportion of C18:3N3 in milk fat. Total unsaturated fatty acids were increased (P<0.05) with LO; however, insignificantly increased with LS versus control. The proportions of conjugated linoleic acid increased (P<0.05) with addition of LO or LS in the diet. It may be concluded that adding the linseed or linseed oil to lactating goat rations improved the productivity of lactating goats and enhance milk components with no deleterious effects on general health.

[S.M. Kholif, T.A. Morsy, O.H. Matloup, H.M. Ebeid, A.M. Kholif. Effects of Crushed Linseed or Linseed Oil Supplementation on Performance of Dairy Goats and Fatty Acid Profile in Milk. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):94-99]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.14

Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, Goats, Linseed, Linseed oil, Milk production

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Characterization and Sheep Meat Quality of Finishing Breeds Specified for Markets Fin Cuts

Germán Buendía Rodríguez¹, Cinthya Acebes Hacebe ², Magdy M. El-Sayed³, Ricardo Ruiz Sánchez²

¹Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-FyMA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Querétaro, México.

² Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana plantel Xochimilco México

³Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth st. Dokki, Giza, Egypt

*Corresponding author: buendia.german@inifap.gob.mx

Abstract: The production of sheep worldwide is having greater growth due to the variability of products that can be obtained, such as meat, milk and wool. In the particular case of mutton, represents a natural source of micronutrients necessary for the various functions performed by the human body. In Mexico, in recent years, it has presented an increasing demand for sheep production that fails to be supplied by the national production. Therefore, this research aimed to contribute to the development of the productive chain of sheep meat production in the central region of Mexico. Antemortem and postmortem productive variables were evaluated in some finishing lamb breeds (Texel, Dorset and Ile de France). Based on the results it was observed that the finishing lambs Texel breed had a feed conversion ratio (4.55) and dry matter intake (1450 g/d) whose results represent greater efficiency when compared to the rest of finishing lambs cross breeds; however, the finishing cross breed Ile de France had the highest slaughter weight (56.78 kg). Regarding the water holding capacity, the finishing breed cross Ile de France presented a value of 20.51 which represents an important variable because it affects the visual attraction and sensory acceptance. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of finishing crosses breeds allows obtaining animals with a higher production, so it can be exploited for producing fine cuts since this market represents both a national and international opportunities.

[G. Buendía Rodríguez, C. A. Hacebe, M. M. El-Sayed, R. Ruiz Sánchez. Characterization and Sheep Meat Quality of Finishing Breeds Specified for Markets Fin Cuts. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):100-103]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.15

Keywords: Fine cuts, finishing cross breeds, productive variables, sheep meat, yield.

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Response of LH and Progesterone in Postpartum Cows Added with Different Levels of Protected Methionine

Alejandro Lara¹, Germán David Mendoza², Teresa Sánchez-Torres³, Pedro Abel Hernández⁴, José Antonio Martínez²*

¹ Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Edo. México, 56230, México.

² Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Coyoacán 04960, México.

³ Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo Edo. de México 35340, México.

⁴ Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Centro Universitario Amecameca. Amecameca, 56900, México.

* jamarg@correo.xoc.uam.mx

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to analyze to assess the progesterone (P₄) and LH concentrations in response to doses of protected methionine (0, 8, 16, and 24 g d^-1) in postpartum dairy cows. A total of 12 cows were used, assigned (n = 3) to each of the doses. From day 15 to day 96 postpartum (four normal estrous cycles), 10 ml of blood was extracted from the jugular vein of each cow to determine concentrations of P₄, whereas LH samples were obtained on days 14 and 21 of each of the four cycles with an interval of 6 hours 15 min per sample (10:00 to 16:00). The results for the first three cycles showed higher P₄ concentrations (P < 0.05) for the treatment with 16 and 8 and 24 g d^-1; whereas for the last cycle, there were no differences (P > 0.10) as a consequence, accumulated P4 showed differences higher (P < 0.05) concentration in cows fed 8 and 24 g d-1. The LH concentration or peaks were not affected (P > 0.10) by protected methionine. It was concluded that at doses of 8 and 24 g d-1 of protected methionine increases accumulated P4 during the first 75 days post-partum which appears to improve the function of the corpus luteum without effect on LH.

[Lara A, Mendoza GD, Sánchez-Torres T, Hernández PA, Martínez JA. Response of LH and Progesterone in Postpartum Cows Added with Different Levels of Protected Methionine. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):104-107]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 16

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.16

Keywords: LH, Methionine, Postpartum cows, Progesterone

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Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Growth, Blood Serum Copper and Zinc Levels, Scrotal Circumference and Semen Quality in Growing Male Boer × Nubian Bucks

Javier Hernández-Meléndez ¹, Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem ², Fernando Sánchez-Dávila ³, Rolando Rojo ⁴, Andrés Gilberto Limas ¹, Daniel López-Aguirre ^1,4, José Fernando Vázquez-Armijo ^4*

¹ Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico

² Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, México 50090, Mexico

³ Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Agronomía, Escobedo, Nuevo León 65500, Mexico

⁴ Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, México 51300, Mexico

jfvazqueza@uaemex.mx

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Cu and Zn supplementation on growth, blood serum Cu and Zn levels, scrotal circumference and semen quality in growing male Boer × Nubian bucks. Twenty eight male goats were fed twice daily at 07:00 and 19:00 h with a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 10.3 and 22.5 mg/kg DM of Cu and Zn, respectively. TMR was supplemented with four treatments being: control, Cu (21.7), Zn (5.6), and Cu-Zn (21.7 and 5.6, respectively) which was provided as a mineral premix. Live weight and Cu and Zn levels were analyzed under a completely randomized design with repeated measures. Scrotal circumference and semen quality were analyzed by analysis of variance using the general linear model. The comparison of differences between treatments was done using Tukey test. There were no differences in live weight, scrotal circumference, ejaculate volume and sperm concentration. Blood serum concentration of Cu increased (p < 0.0001) with Cu treatment. Blood serum concentration of Zn increased (p < 0.05) with Zn supplementation. The motility and viability of sperm in the ejaculate were affected by Cu and Zn supplementation treatments. Based on the above, in bucks fed with a TMR supplemented with Cu and Zn increase blood serum Cu and Zn levels and improved the percentage of sperm motility and viability from the ejaculate.

[Hernández-Meléndez J, Salem AZM, Sánchez-Dávila F, Rojo R, Limas AG, López-Aguirre D, Vázquez-Armijo JF. Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Growth, Blood Serum Copper and Zinc Levels, Scrotal Circumference and Semen Quality in Growing Male Boer × Nubian Bucks. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):108-112]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 17

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.17

Keywords: Goats; minerals; growth; semen

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Reproductive Performance of Pubertal Alpine Goats Supplemented with Bypass Fat and Minerals

Diego Jaramillo ¹, Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem ², Fernando Sánchez-Dávila ³, Rolando Rojo ¹, Javier Hernández-Meléndez ⁴, Rafael Cano ², José Fernando Vázquez-Armijo ^1*

^1. Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, México 51300, Mexico

^2. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, México 50090, Mexico

^3. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Agronomía, Escobedo, Nuevo León 65500, Mexico

^4. Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico

jfvazqueza@uaemex.mx

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bypass fat and mineral supplementation, on estrous percentage (PE), hours to estrus (HE), ovulation rate (TO), pregnancy rate (PG), lambing percentage (PP) and prolificacy (Pr). Twenty eight Alpine puberal goats were fed with a total mixed ration (TMR). Four groups were formed and randomly assigned to supplementation: Energetic: TMR + 37.5 g d^-1 bypass fat, Mineral: TMR + 37.5 g d^-1 of a mineral premix, Combined: TMR + 37.5 g d^-1 bypass fat + 37.5 g d^-1 of a mineral premix and Control: TMR. HE, TO and Pr variables were analyzed by PROC GLM. The PE, PG and PP variables were analyzed by PROC FREQ. PE, HE, TO and PP variables were not affected by supplementation with bypass fat and/or mineral elements. The PG was higher for treatments with energy and mineral supplementation, than combined treatment and control (P < 0.01). The Pr was higher (P < 0.0330) in treatments with supplementation than the control treatment. In conclusion, energetic and/or mineral supplementation in puberal female goats not affect the manifestation of estrus, TO and PP; however, PG and PR were increased.

[Jaramillo D, Salem AZM, Sánchez-Dávila F, Rojo R, Hernández-Meléndez J, Cano R, Vázquez-Armijo JF. Reproductive Performance of Pubertal Alpine Goats Supplemented with Bypass Fat and Minerals. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):113-116]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 18

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.18

Keywords: Goats; minerals; bypass fat; reproduction

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Myths and Misconceptions Regarding Global Pandemic HIV/AIDS

Tuntufye Selemani Mwamwenda

University of Mpumalanga Mbombela Campus, Nelspruit, South Africa

Correspondence: TS Mwamwenda, 50 Holzner Road, Pinetown 3610 South Africa

tsmwamwenda@yahoo.com

Abstract: The objective of Myths and Misconceptions Regarding Global Pandemic HIV/AIDS was to investigate such myths and misconceptions for the purposes of developing relevant strategies that counteract and dispel such misinformation as a way and means of controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS transmission. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequency and percentage were used as method of data analysis. The sample comprised 366 participants selected from three universities located in Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. Based on the findings of the present investigation, it was rather clear that myths and misconceptions are in competition with how much participants know about HIV/AIDS as a means of reduction of the spread of HIV/AIDS infection. Hence the rationale for advocating the alternate or dual mode or approach of understanding how to combat the scourge of the HIV/AIDS global pandemic.

[Tuntufye S Mwamwenda. Myths and Misconceptions Regarding Global Pandemic HIV/AIDS. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):117-124]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 19

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.19

Keywords: Africans and HIV/AIDS; adolescents invulnerability; AIDS misconceptions; HIV/AIDS myths.

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American and African Adolescents’ Claim to HIV/AIDS Invulnerability

Tuntufye Selemani Mwamwenda

University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela Campus, Nelspruit, South Africa, Prof TS Mwamwenda, 50 Holzner Road Pinetown 3610 South Africa

Email: tsmwamwenda@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to examine African and American adolescents’ claim to HIV/AIDS invulnerability frequently expressed stance that they are not susceptible to the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Participants were selected from diverse countries comprising USA, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. The method of data analysis consisted of frequency, percentage, chi-square and probability. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire dealing with HIV/AIDS transmission, infection and prevention. The results showed that the majority of participants held the perception and belief that indeed they were invulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection, even though some of them engaged in behavior that predisposed them to contracting HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, it was argued that HIV/AIDS public education ought to underscore this misconception to advance the cause against HIV/AIDS pandemic.

[Tuntufye S Mwamwenda. American and African Adolescents’ Claim to HIV/AIDS Invulnerability. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):125-128]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 20

doi:10.7537/marslsj1202s15.20

Keywords: Adolescents in denial; HIV/AIDS invulnerability; HIV/AIDS transmission; university students.

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