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Update on Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). Types, origin, molecular pathogenesis, and biomarkers. (Review Article)

Salina Yahya Saddick

Faculty of Science, Department of Reproductive Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah 21551 P O Box 42671.

sysaddick@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy due to the lack of highly sensitive and specific screening tools for detection of early-stage disease. The OSE provides the progenitor cells for 90% of human ovarian cancers. Recent morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic studies have led to the development of a new paradigm for the pathogenesis and origin of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) based on a dualistic model of carcinogenesis that divides EOC into two broad categories designated Types I and II which are characterized by specific mutations, including KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2, CTNNB1, PTEN PIK3CA, ARID1A, and PPPR1A, which target specific cell signaling pathways. Type 1 tumors rarely harbor TP53.  type I tumors are relatively genetically stable and typically display a variety of somatic sequence mutations that include KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, PIK3CA CTNNB1 (the gene encoding beta catenin), ARID1A and PPP2R1A but very rarely TP53. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that the tumorigenic potential of CSCs is confined to a very small subset of tumor cells and is defined by their ability to self-renew and differentiate leading to the formation of a tumor mass. Potential protein biomarker miRNA, are promising biomarkers as they are remarkably stable to allow isolation and analysis from tissues and from blood in which they can be found as free circulating nucleic acids and in mononuclear cells.  Recently, genomic anaylsis have identified biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer namely, FGF18 which plays an active role in controlling migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer cells through NF-κB activation, which increased the production of oncogenic cytokines and chemokines. This review summarizes update information on epithelial ovarian cancers and point out to the most recent ongoing research.

 [Salina Yahya Saddick. Update on Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). Types, origin, molecular pathogenesis, and biomarkers. (Review Article). Life Sci J 2014;11(4):1-16]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.01

Keyword: Epithelial Ovarian Cancers, Somatic Sequence Mutations, Cancer Stem Cell (CSC), Potential protein biomarker, genomic analysis and FGF18 biomarker.

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Maternal Practices in Administering Oral Medications for Their Young Children with Common Illnesses

Zohour I. Rashwan, Omnia G. Waziry andYomn Y. Sabry

Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt.^1d.

dr_omnia_waziry@yahoo.com

Abstract: Administration of pediatric medications encompasses a complex maternal task. Mothers are usually the primary caregiver for children throughout childhood. They are intimately involved in the delivery of medications and completing the treatment course to their children at home. In addition, they face many challenges as they seek to administer medications to their children in a safe and effective manner. A convenient sample of 200 mothers from Out-patients department of Children University Hospital at El–shatby and El Raml Children's Hospital in Alexandria who full-filled the following criteria: having children under five years who complained of one or more of the common illnesses including: cough, diarrhea, throat problems and fever as well as receiving oral medications. Moreover, mothers were responsible for administering oral medications to their children were included in the study. Data was collected through "Maternal Oral Medication Administration Structured Interview Schedule". Results of the present study revealed that the majority of mothers had poor practices regarding oral medication administration to their young children. Medication administration errors (MAEs) are evident problems among mothers. The most profound errors were in compliance with the prescribed time regimen and measuring the accurate dose. Additionally, self- medication is also one of the common maternal errors. Medication administration errors (MAEs) were also noticed in the administration of antipyretics followed by cough drugs and antibiotics. However, the higher good maternal scores were obtained in ORS administration.

[Zohour I. Rashwan, Omnia G. Waziry and Yomn Y. Sabry. Maternal Practices in Administering Oral Medications for Their Young Children with Common Illnesses. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):17-36]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.02

Key wards: Maternal Practices - Oral Medications Administration - Common Illnesses in young Childr

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Genotypic and Growth Regulator Combination Effects on in vitro Nodal Segments of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link)

Magdi Ali Ahmed Mousa ^{1, 2*}, Ahmed Abdullah Said bakhashwain ¹

¹Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

² Department of horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt

m_a_ahmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: The genotypic and BAP and kin in combination with NAA, IAA and 2,4- D effects on in vitro nodal segments of jojoba were investigated. The 1.0 - 2.0 cm nodal segments were prepared from the newly established lateral branches on the 5 years old jojoba plants. Shoot initiation and elongation was obtained using the MS Basel medium supplemented with 0.5g/l^-1 activated charcoal. The genotype "Hada Al-Sham" produced the highest no. of regenerated shoots, no. of nodes/shoot, length of primary shoots and no. of shoots/explants. Jojoba genotypes 'Medina’ and ‘Hael B’ recorded the least values of shoot formation and regeneration at all tested growth regulator combination. The culture medium supplemented with high BAP and IAA concentration enhanced shoot formation of the nodal segments of the four tested jojoba genotypes. The maximum length of regenerated shoots, no. of nods/shoot and no. of shoots /explants were obtained on the culture medium MS + 10 μM BAP + 5 μM IAA. Callus formation observed when the nodal segments were cultured on MS + 10 μM BAP + 10 μM NAA and MS + 10 μM BAP + 10 μM IAA. Nodal segments of the tested genotypes were not stimulated on culture medium supplemented with BAP in combinations with 2, 4-D and kin alone and its combination with NAA, IAA and 2,4-D.

 [Magdi Ali Ahmed Mousa and Ahmed Abduallah Said bakhashwain. Genotypic and Growth Regulator Combination Effects on in vitro Nodal Segments of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link). Life Sci J 2014;11(4):37-42]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.03

Key wards: Micropropagation, Simmondsia chinensis, BAP, Auxin, Kin, shoot formation.

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Hepatoprotective Effect of Artichoke Extract against Pre-cancerous Lesion of Experimentally Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats

Amer R. Aiad¹, Nehal A. Afifi¹, Nemat Z. Yassin², Rehab F. Abdel-Rahman², Azza H. M. Hassan³ and Hany M. Fayed²

¹Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

²Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, Egypt

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

azzahassan99@gmail.com

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver. It is now the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The incidence of HCC is highest in Asia and Africa, where the endemic high prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C strongly predisposes to the development of chronic liver disease and subsequent development of HCC. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of cynara scolymus leaves extract against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 3ml/kg b.wt -induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar albino rats. Main methods: rats were pretreated with Cynara scolymus extract, silymarin or both for six weeks prior to the injection of NDEA. Then rats administered with a single intraperitoneal injection of NDEA followed by subcutaneous injections of CCl4 once a week for 6 weeks and the pretreatment was continued for another six weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis and liver tissues were histopathologically examined. Results of the current study showed significant increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) as well as significant decrease in albumin was observed in NDEA-intoxicated group, compared to normal control group. Pretreatment with Cynara scolymus extract, silymarin and their combination limited the increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and produced significant increase in albumin, compared to NDEA- intoxicated group. The current results indicated that Cynara scolymus extract possess hepatoprotective effect.

[Amer R. Aiad, Nehal A. Afifi, Nemat Z. Yassin, Rehab F. Abdel-Rahman, Azza H. M. Hassan and Hany M. Fayed. Hepatoprotective Effect of Artichoke Extract against Pre-cancerous Lesion of Experimentally Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):43-50]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.04

Key words: Hepatocarcinogenesis; NDEA; Artichoke; Silymarin; liver enzymes, oxidative stress, rats.

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Does Delirium Predict Mortality Among Hospitalized Non Demented Elderly? A 3 Months Follow Up Study

Hend F. Mahmoud¹, Yasser El Faramawy¹, Rania M. El Akkad¹ and Mohamed H. El Banouby¹

Geriatrics & Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

raniaakkad@yahoo.com

Abstract: In order to study the association between mortality and delirium, a prospective, observational study on 114elderly 60 years or older medical inpatients, admitted to El-Demerdash hospital Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (Geriatric and Gerontology department), divided into 2 cohorts: 52 patients had prevalent delirium, and 62 controls had no delirium as assessed by the confusion assessment method (CAM) and went through; a) comprehensive geriatric assessment including assessment of cognitive function by the mini mental state examination (MMSE) b) Assessment for pre-hospital cognitive function to the delirious group. c) 3 months follow up by telephone contact to detect mortality. The results was as the following: mortality was significantly (P= <0.001) higher in the delirious group 68.8% versus 13.6% in the non delirious group also the median survival duration was significantly shorter in cases than control, with the highest mortality during the first month of follow up (58.3% of cases). Hypoactive delirium was the most prevalent type (69.4% of cases), and it was found to be an independent risk factor in cases mortality. Delirium increases mortality in elderly non demented patients, even after control for confounding variables, mortality is highest during the 1^st month of follow up. Hypoactive delirium is an independent risk factor for cases mortality.

[Hend F. Mahmoud, Yasser El Faramawy, Rania M. El Akkad and Mohamed H. El Banouby. Does Delirium Predict Mortality Among Hospitalized Non Demented Elderly? A 3 Months Follow Up Study. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):51-57]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.05

Key words; cognitively intact elderly, prevalent delirium, death.

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Production and Sensory, Textural, Physicochemical Properties of Flavored Spreadable Yogurt

Ahmet Ayar,    Esra Gürlin

Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Food Dep., Serdivan, Sakarya, 54084, Turkey

aayar@sakarya.edu.tr

Abstract: In this study, yogurt was initially flavored with some fruits and herbs groups. The consistency of yogurt was increased by filtration and some stabilizers in order to give spreadable structure. The yogurt samples were analyzed on days 1, 10 and 20 during storage at 4 °C. Dry matter, pH, water holding capacity, a_w and viscosity content of yogurt samples changed from 28.01% to 33.70%, 4.69 to 4.91, 88.44% to 96.10%, 0.856 to 0.960, 27.18P to 218.83P, respectively. Texture profile analysis demonstrated that the hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and fracturability of yogurts significantly showed differences. Color characteristics (L*, a*, b*) are varied according to the kinds of fruits and herbs used in yogurt. As a result of the organoleptic evaluations, cherry added yogurt sample had the highest overall acceptability. A mean score between five and six indicated that the sample product was “like” accepted. Yogurt samples get spreadable properties. According to these results, yogurt can become more attractive for children. It is also thought this application will increase yogurt consumption and be an important improvement in people’s nutrition with a different consumption.

[Ayar A, Gürlin E. Production and Sensory, Textural, Physicochemical Properties of Flavored Spreadable Yogurt. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):58-65]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.06

Keywords: Spread yogurt; fruit; herbs; storage.

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Aquatic Bioremediation of Metals

Mona S. Zaki¹, Nadia El Battrawy² and Hammam A. M.³, S. I. Shalaby³.

¹ Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Division, National research Center

²Animal Reproduction Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt

³Department of Animal Reproduction and A.I., Veterinary Division National Research Center, Egypt.

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, in particular in less developed countries, though emissions have declined in most developed countries over the last 100 years. Excessive levels of heavy metals can be damaging to the organism. Some of them are dangerous to health or environment (e.g. mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium), some may cause corrosion (e.g. zinc, lead), some are harmful in other ways (e.g. arsenic may pollute catalysts). Treating the polluted environment with these bioremediators is the most efficient and least costly method. As far as health effects of metals on aquatic flora and fauna is concerned, there are two categories of metals; one, which are nutritionally important but exceeding concentrations tend to be toxic and other category of metals have no role in the physiology of body and are toxic even at low levels. Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Co, Se, Mo and Cr are the metals belonging to the first category of metals having biological roles,while Ag, Al, Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Sr, and U belong to the second category. There are other toxic metals too but these are the major elements which have aroused lot of public sentiments and have been extensively studied by the researchers. Maintaining the optimal levels of the elements mentioned by pumping and treating is not only expensive but also less effective. Therefore, bioremediation is a viable option but the toxicity of contaminants to microorganisms and plants to be used for such purpose have to be considered. Another factor to be considered while using biological agents for cleanup is the bioavailability of the metals. Water pH affects the speciation and bioavailability to a considerable level, for example, at pH 7, 6811M of cobalt is predicted to exist in the free ionic form while only 4.1 iiM of nickel remains in this form. Hence, using a buffering system to maintain pH or using lime to increase pH or alum to reduce pH is advisable.

[Mona S. Zaki, Nadia El Battrawy and Hammam A. M., S. I. Shalaby. Aquatic Bioremediation of Metals. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):66-72]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.07

Keyword: Heavy metals – corrosion – toxic- pH.

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Optimal Inflation Rate Estimation for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Threshold Model Approach.

Safar H. Alkahtani^a*, Ahmed M. Elhendy^b

^abAgriculture Economic Dept., College of Food Sciences and Agriculture.

King Saud University, PO. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

E-mail: safark@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract: The study examines possibility of threshold effect of inflation on economic growth over the period time of 1980-2010, at the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Study estimated the relation between real growth domestic products (GDP) and Inflation, in addition to explanatory variables which include real gross fixed capital investment, and population growth rate. Estimated threshold model indicate that there is a non-linear relationship between economic growth and inflation rates in Saudi Arabian economy. The study results showed that the optimal inflation rate or threshold level of inflation for GDP growth is 4 percent. Below threshold level, inflation has statistically significant positive effect on GDP, but this positive relationship becomes negative one when inflation exceeds 4 percent. Applying study results may be useful for monetary and policymakers in targeting a range of inflation rate to prevent its negative impacts on economic growth.

[Safar H. Alkahtani, Ahmed M. Elhendy. Optimal Inflation Rate Estimation for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Threshold Model Approach. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):73-78]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.08

Key Words: Inflation, Economic Growth, Threshold Level, Gross Fixed, Capital Formation.

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The Effect of Performance Management System on Teachers’ Efficiency: A Case Study of Private Schools in District Peshawar

Dr. Shahid Jan¹, Muhammad israr ², Dr. Zahoor Ul Haq ³, Dr. Muhammad Tariq¹, Dr. Muhammad Jehangir¹

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan

² Lecturer, Government Commerce College Peshawar

³ Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan

shahidjan@awkum.edu.pk

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the Impact of Performance Management System on teachers’ Efficiency in private high schools in district Peshawar. The model of the study was descriptive and quantitative in nature and 10% private high schools at district Peshawar were selected randomly out of 490 total registered private high schools. To analyze the data Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Regression test were run on the data. From the analyzing of the information, it was found that Performance Management System has a positive and significant impact on teachers’ efficiency. While conducting this study the responses of the respondents were average due to lake of knowledge of filling questionnaires and also due to the internal policy of the schools. The implication of the research is private high schools of district Peshawar.

[Shahid Jan, Muhammad israr, Zahoor Ul Haq, Muhammad Tariq, Muhammad Jehangir. The Effect of Performance Management System on Teachers’ Efficiency: A Case Study of Private Schools in District Peshawar. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):79-85]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.09

Key words: Performance Management System and Teachers’ Efficiency.

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Assessment of Rural Women Empowerment Level and its Relation with Demographic and Structural Factors in Kermanshah, Iran, 2012

Sohyla Reshadat ¹, Nader Rajabi Gilan^1*, Seyed Ramin Ghasemi¹,  Fatemeh Jamshidinazar^1,2

^1.Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

^2.Teacher in Ministry of education, Kermanshah office of education, Kermanshah, Iran.

*corresponding author: rajabi_nader@yahoo.com

Abstract: Recent studies have indicated that reaching to a sustainable development without active contribution of women in all areas is not possible. The present study aims to evaluate the empowerment dimensions of rural women based on empowerment theory in Kermanshah. In this cross-sectional study 400 rural women, aged 20 to 50 years old, during June to September 2012, in Kermanshah, Iran were selected.  All subjects were asked to fill the demographic questionnaire and women’s empowerment questionnaire.  A total of 396 questionnaires were returned from all subjects and used for further analyses. The data were analyzed by SPSS-18 using the statistical tests including: regression analysis, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and t-test. Mean age of respondents was 32.92 ± 8.97 years. The average score of women’s overall empowerment was 67.96±11.13. Among empowerment subscales the mean score of their "economic empowerment", "socio-political empowerment", "psychological empowerment" and "family and inter-individual empowerment" were 0.75±1.30, 21.30±5.16, 32.23±6.47 and 13.60±3.58 respectively. The relationship between rural development level with overall, socio-political and economic empowerment were significant (p<0.05). The regression analysis showed that "education level" and "employment status" variables explain 28.4% of overall empowerment variance changes. The research findings, and similar literatures, showed that the empowerment of women is a multilayer process, requiring focusing on social, economic, psychological and familial aspects of rural women empowerment. Focusing on educational level of women as well as providing the official and unofficial (home jobs) employment, is crucial to help with rural women’s empowerment.

[Reshadat S, Rajabi Gilan N, Ghasemi SR, Jamshidinazar F. Assessment of Rural Women Empowerment Level and its Relation with Demographic and Structural Factors in Kermanshah, Iran, 2012. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):86-93]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.10

Keywords: Empowerment, Rural Women, Rural development.

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Synthesis of some new N-glycosyl and 4-aryl-2-((1-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d] imidazol-2-yl)methyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one

Ibrahim E. El-Shamy^1(*), Hadeer M. Bakeer¹, Khalid M. Al-Shamrani ², A. M. Abdel-Mohsen ^{3, 4(*)}, and Mohammed M. Al-Shehri²

¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.

² Research Institute of petrochemical, king Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

³Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, Brno 66100, Czech, Republic.

⁴Textile Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Giza 12522, Egypt.

iei00@fayoum.edu, egabdel-mohsen@ceitec.vutbr.cz, abdo_mohsennrc@yahoo.com

Abstract: A series of 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-4-arylphthalazin-1(2H)-one (3) and 2-((1-substituted-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-4-arylphthalazin-1(2H)-one (4) were synthesized starting from 4-arylphthalazin-1(2H)-one (1). Moreover, the N-glycosyl of 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-4-arylphthalazin-1(2H)-one (5a,b) were synthesized by interaction of phthalazinone derivative (3) with acetobromo-α-D-glucose. Deacetylation of acetylated N-nucleosides 5a,b using ammonia solution in methanol afforded the corresponding deacetylatedN-glycosyl 6a,b respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, MS, IR spectroscopy and by elemental analysis.

[Ibrahim E. El-Shamy, Hadeer M. Bakeer, A. M. Abdel-Mohsen, Mohammed M. Al-Shehri and Khalid M. Al-Shamran. Synthesis of some new N-glycosyl and 4-aryl-2-((1-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[d] imidazol-2-yl)methyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):94-99]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.11

Keywords: N-glycosyl; phthalazinone; antimicrobial activity, Benzamidazole.

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The Influence of Working Capital Management on the Profit Performance of Large Non-Financial Corporations Listed at Karachi Stock Exchange

Dr. Mustafa Afeef

Department of Business Administration, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan

Cell: +92-333-9534693

mustafaafeef@gmail.com

Abstract: Working Capital Management has an underlying impression on a firm’s output performance. However, for larger firms, working capital does not usually constitute a sizeable fraction of their total assets.  It is, therefore, perceived that an efficient management of working capital might not be an issue of marked concern for larger corporations. With this conjecture, this study moves on to determine the potential effect of working capital management on the profit performance of large-sized companies listed in Karachi Stock Exchange. To investigate, effect of working capital management was determined on profitability of a sample of 103 Pakistani large corporations listed in Karachi Stock Exchange for a period of six years from 2003 to 2008 which led to a total of 618 firm-year observations. Findings from the analyses suggested that indicators of working capital management had a very remarkable impact on profitability of firms under study.

[Dr. Mustafa Afeef. The Influence of Working Capital Management on the Profit Performance of Large Non-Financial Corporations Listed at Karachi Stock Exchange. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):100-104]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.12

Keywords: Working Capital Management, Cash Conversion Cycle, Inventory Conversion Period, Receivable Collection Period, Payable Deferral Period, Return on Assets.

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Linking Teacher Empowerment with Organizational Commitment, Professional Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Muhammad Shakil Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Malik, Muhammad Sajjad, Shabir Hyder, Saddam Hussain and Jamshaid Ahmed

Assistant Professor

Management Sciences Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 43600, Attock Campus, Pakistan

Email:  onlyshakil@gmail.com

Abstract: The current study seeks to further elaborate the connection between teacher empowerment and their exhibition of organization citizenship behavior, professional commitment, and their commitment to the organization. It studies the dimensions of teacher empowerment which when present predict the three outcomes. A questionnaire distributed among a sample of 230 intermediate and secondary school teachers in Pakistan was used to collect data. Pearson correlation and regression analysis have shown a strong correlation between teachers’ perception of their empowerment and their commitment to their organization, teaching, and their display of organization citizenship behavior. Among the six dimensions of empowerment it was found that self-efficacy and status best predicted professional and organizational commitment and that these along with decision making best predicted organization citizenship behaviors. The significance of our research is described in terms of policy-makers, administrators, and teachers.

[Muhammad Shakil Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Malik, Muhammad Sajjad, Shabir Hyder, Saddam Hussain and Jamshaid Ahmed. Linking Teacher Empowerment with Organizational Commitment, Professional Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):105-108]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.13

Keywords: Teacher empowerment, organizational commitment, professional commitment, organizational citizenship behavior.

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Growth and Transport properties of the quaternary chalcogenidesTI₂GaInTe₄ compounds

Jazi Abdullah Mohammed Abdulwahed

Physics Department, Umm AL-Qura University College in Qunfudah-Female -KSA

jazi1430@windowslive.com

Abstract: The preparation and electrical properties of the quaternary chalcogenide TI₂GaInTe₄ crystals is reported for the first time in this work. Measurements of electrical conductivity and Hall coefficient were performed over the temperature range (213-568 K). The crystals obtained by a modified Bridgman technique for crystal growth had p-type conductivity with a hole concentration of 5.369 x 10¹² cm^-3 at room temperature. Conductivity and Hall mobility at 300 K were evaluated as 0.08033 Ω^-1 cm^-1 and 93500 cm²/V.sec respectively. The energy gap width was calculated and found to be 0.88 eV. The scattering mechanisms of the carrier are checked over the whole investigated range. Furthermore the diffusion coefficient, relaxation time and diffusion length of holes are estimated.

[Jazi Abdullah Mohammed Abdulwahed. Growth and Transport properties of the quaternary chalcogenides TI₂GaInTe₄ compounds. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):109-113]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.14

Keywords: Crystal growth, TI₂GaInTe₄, DC electrical conductivity, Hall coefficient.

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Evaluation of Spatial Image Processing Approaches for Calculating Water Surface Area: Case of the Dead Sea

Mua’ad Abu-Faraj¹, Nazeeh Ghatasheh², Hossam Faris³ and Osama Harfoushi³

¹Department of Computer Information Systems, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, The University of Jordan, Aqaba, Jordan

²Department of Business Information Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems, The University of Jordan, Aqaba, Jordan

³Department of Business Information Technology, King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

Email: m.abufaraj@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: The Dead Sea plays an important role for regional development in tourism, agriculture, and industry in the middle east. Different studies stated that the water level of the Dead Sea is dropping at an average of 3-5 feet per year. Such studies are mainly environmental, some lack comparisons of their results with actual readings taken from the Dead Sea, based on heuristic predictions, lack rich technical details, consider specific cases and others rely on heterogeneous input data sets. Accordingly there is a need to provide accurate and reliable estimates for future water level and edges span of the Dead Sea as well as proving the accuracy and reliability of the selected approaches. This study presents a comparison between different approaches attempted to find the declining rate and surface area of the Dead Sea. It also presents empirical remarks on edge detection and a color based data extraction approaches in order to overcome the estimation accuracy issues. All the approaches were tested on the same data set for credibility. However remote sensing image processing can be used to derive important measurements, it requires careful selection of the approaches and data sets.

[Mua’ad Abu-Faraj, Nazeeh Ghatasheh, Hossam Faris and Osama Harfoushi. Evaluation of Spatial Image Processing Approaches for Calculating Water Surface Area: Case of the Dead Sea. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):114-121]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.15

Key Words: Dead Sea; Edge-Based Analysis; Color-Based Analysis; Image Processing.

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Evaluation of growth and yield attributing characteristics of indigenous Boro rice varieties

S. K. Roy¹, M. Y. Ali², M. S. Jahan², U. K. Saha³, M. S. Ahmad-Hamdani^4*,

M. M. Hasan⁴ and Md. Amirul Alam⁴

¹Assistant Professor in Agriculture, North Khulna Degree College, Khulna, Bangladesh, ² Professor, Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh, ³Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh, ⁴Dept. of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE 43400, Malaysia

s_ahmad@upm.edu.my, roysk10@gmail.com

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, yield and yield attributing characteristics of 12 indigenous Boro rice varieties collected from South-Western regions of Bangladesh namely; Nayon moni, Tere bale, Bere ratna, Ashan boro, Kajol lata, Koijore, Kali boro, Bapoy, Latai balam, Choite boro, GS one and Sylhety boro. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Parameters on, growth parameter viz. plant height and number of tillers hill^-1(at different days after transplanting); yield contributing characters such as effective tillers hill^-1, panicle length, number of grains panicle^-1, filled grains panicle^-1, thousand grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were recorded. The plant height and number of tillers hill^-1 at different days after transplanting varied significantly among the varieties up to harvest. At harvest, the tallest plant (123.80 cm) was recorded in Bapoy and the shortest (81.13 cm) was found in GS one. The maximum number of tillers hill^-1 (46.00) was observed in Sylhety boro and the minimum (19.80) in Bere ratna. All of the parameters of yield and yield contributing characters differed significantly at 1% level except grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The maximum number of effective tillers hill^-1 (43.87) was recorded in the variety Sylhety boro while Bere ratna produced the lowest effective tillers hill^-1 (17.73). The highest (110.57) and the lowest (42.13) number of filled grains panicle^-1 was observed in the variety Koijore and Sylhety boro, respectively. Thousand grain weight was the highest (26.35g) in Kali boro and the lowest (17.83g) in GS one. Grain did not differ significantly among the varieties but numerically the highest grain yield (5.01 t ha^-1) was found in the variety Koijore and the lowest in GS one (3.17 t ha^-1).

[Roy SK, Ali MY, Jahan MS, Saha UK, Ahmad-Hamdani MS, Hasan MM, Alam MA. Evaluation of growth and yield attributing characteristics of indigenous Boro rice varieties. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):122-126]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 16. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.16

Keywords: Indigenous Boro rice variety; growth parameters; yield attributes.

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Thermal and Dielectric properties of PVC/PMMAloaded conductive PPY composites

G. M. Nasr ⁽¹⁾ H. M.Osman⁽¹⁾, M.M. Omar ⁽¹⁾ and A.M. AbdElbary⁽²⁾

⁽¹⁾ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.

⁽²⁾ Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Cairo Academy, E gypt.

Dr_ah_abdelbary2005@yahoo.com

Abstract: Thermal properties of the PVC/PMMA loaded conductive polypyrrole composites were analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A decrease in the glass transition temperatures T_g with the conductive PPy concentration content reveals the increase of segmental motion. Dielectric properties of these composites were studied in the frequency range between 100 Hz and 5 MHz at room temperature for various weight percentage of conductive PPy. The x-ray diffractograms of all the samples ensures the amorphous nature of the composites.

[G. M. Nasr, H. M. Osman, M.M. Omar and A.M. Abd Elbary. Thermal and Dielectric properties of PVC/PMMA loaded conductive PPY composites. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):127-134]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 17. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.17

Key words: Composites, dielectric properties, thermal properties, conducting polymer.

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Expression of Protein 4.1R as the distinguishing feature of hyperplastic thymus tissue with myasthenia gravis

Gao Feng¹⁾, Zhao Ying¹⁾, Cui Xinzheng²⁾ , Li Qianru³⁾, Fang Hua¹⁾, Du Ying³⁾, Zhang Qingyong²⁾

¹⁾ Lab of neuroimmunology, Department of Immunology Research, Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmacologic Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. 2) Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. 3) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.

E-mail: qyzhang@zzu.edu.cn

Abstract: Objective: This study was designed to investigate the expressions of protein 4.1R in three different pathological category of thymus in patients with myasthenia gravis and discuss the relevance between the expression of protein 4.1R and the pathogenesis of MG. Methods: The expressions of protein 4.1R were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical method in 33 thymus tissues of myasthenia gravis (20 cases of hyperplastic thymus, 7 cases of thymoma, 6 cases of atrophic thymus) and 10 thymus tissues of control. Results: It’s showed by immunohistochemical staining that protein 4.1R was expressed in thymus tissues and more widely distributed in hyperplastic thymus with the feature of most in the cytoplasm and few in the nucleus of thymocytes. The expression of protein 4.1R in hyperplastic thymus of MG patients was significantly increased compared to the control (1.55×10⁶±4.60×10⁵ versus 9.79 ×10⁵±1.79×10⁵, P<0.05). RT-PCR showed that 4.1R mRNA was significantly increased in MG thymus tissues contrast to the control (0.76±0.33 versus 0.43±0.39, P< 0.05), while no significant difference between the thymoma group and thymic atrophy group (0.84±0.46 versus 0.67±0.10, P> 0.05). Conclusion: Protein 4.1R can be constitutively expressed in thymus tissue, significantly in hyperplastic thymus. It’s suggested that protein 4.1R may act as the distinguishing feature of hyperplastic thymus tissue with MG.

[Gao Feng, Zhao Ying, Cui Xinzheng, Li Qianru, Fang Hua, Du Ying, Zhang Qingyong. Expression of Protein 4.1R as the distinguishing feature of hyperplastic thymus tissue with myasthenia gravis. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):135-139]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 18. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.18

Keywords: myasthenia gravis; protein4.1R; RT-PCR; immunohistochemistry; hyperplastic thymus.

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The Extinction of Terrestrial Orchids in Europe: Does Disappearance of Cephalanthera Rich., 1817 (Orchidaceae, Neottieae) Species Show Pattern Consistent with the Elevation Gradient?

Anna Jakubska-Busse, Remigiusz Pielech, Ewa Szczęśniak

Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland

anna.jakubska-busse@uni.wroc.pl

Abstract: Three species of genus Cephalanthera, i.e. C. damasonium (Mill.) Druce, 1906, C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch 1888, and C. rubra (L.) Rich. 1817 grow naturally in Poland. In different regions of Poland the species are characterized as critically endangered which face the danger of extinction. The aim of this study was to find if the decline of Cephalanthera spp. populations shows any pattern consistent with the elevation gradient. We used occurrence data covering the period from 1830s to present, to detect any shifts of altitudinal range among three periods: before 1945, 1946-1990 and after 1990. The shifts were analyzed with application of Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and post-hoc multiple comparisons. The analysis revealed that only significant altitudinal shifts were detected for C. rubra and C. longifolia between the first and the second period. We conclude that the decline of Cephalanthera species cannot be attributed to global change (climate warming or nitrogen deposition) as the shift took place in the first half of the 20th century. We believe that the species decline should rather be explained by changes in land use, including alteration of deciduous forests into coniferous monocultures, as well as by intensification of agriculture.

[Jakubska-Busse A, Pielech R, Szczęśniak E. The Extinction of Terrestrial Orchids in Europe: Does Disappearance of Cephalanthera Rich., 1817 (Orchidaceae, Neottieae) Species Show Pattern Consistent with the Elevation Gradient? Life Sci J 2014;11(4):140-144]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 19. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.19

Keywords: Cephalanthera damasonium; C. longifolia; C. rubra; orchids extinction; altitudinal shifts; protected species; Lower Silesia; Poland.

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The Effect of Season and Acclimation on the Heat and Cold Tolerance of the Red Sea Crab, Portunus pelagicus.

Suhaila Qari and Rabab Aljarari

Department of Biological Sciences, University of King Abdulaziz, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.

sqari@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Without further acclimation the CTMax of summer caught crabs was 42.7°C significantly higher than 41.5°C for winter crabs. Acclimation from 20 to 30°C increased CTMax significantly from 40.09 to 42.32°C. Acclimation from 30° to 20°C progressively and significantly lowered CTMin from 15.3 to 11.57°C. Acclimation response ratios for 20-25, and 25-30°C for CTMax were 0.136 and 0.31 respectively, whereas for CTMin the values were 0.49 and 0.256. This suggests a greater capacity for low temperature acclimation in this species.

[Suhaila Qari and Rabab Aljarari. The Effect of Season and Acclimation on the Heat and Cold Tolerance of the Red Sea Crab, Portunus pelagicus. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):145-148]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 20. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.20

Keyword: CTMax; CTMin, acclimation, season, Portunus pelagicus.

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Classification and assessment of a labor market in regions of Kazakhstan

Madina Beisenova, Gulnara Moldogaziyeva, Marzhan Kalmenova, Balzhan Tleubaeva, Serali Tleubaev

Auezov M. South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan,

Email: beibita@mail.ru

Abstract: The transformational processes proceeding in economy as a whole, have essential impact on formation of a labor market of human resources which is one of the most difficult elements of market economy. Here not only intertwine the interests of the worker and the employer but also all social and economic phenomena occurring in society are reflected practically. The modern social and economic situation is characterized by an aggravation of consequences of one of the deepest world crises, had serious impact on a state and prospects of employment of the population. Rather low level of production, low labor productivity, inflation, labor migration and unemployment, falling of a standard of living, strengthening of social differentiation of the population at which there is an underexploitation of human resources represent serious threat for social and economic safety in all regions.

[Madina Beisenova, Gulnara Moldogaziyeva, Marzhan Kalmenova, Balzhan Tleubaeva, Serali Tleubaev. Classification and assessment of a labor market in regions of Kazakhstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):149-153]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 21. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.21

Keywords: labour market, employment, population, ranging, disbalance.

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Formation of the future teachers’ professional competence to realisation of innovative educational technologies in conditions of polylingual education.

Torybayeva Zhamilya Zahanovna¹, Sobkin Vladimir Samuilovich², Zhorabekova Ainur Nazimbekovna¹, Alipbek Ardak Zaurbekovna¹, Nuridinova Guldana Ademovna³

¹ Department of General Psychology, Khoja Ahmet Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan

² Institute of Education Sociology of RAO, Moscow, 119121, Russia

³ Department of General Pedagogy, M.Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, 160002, Kazakhstan

science@iktu.kz

Abstract: Improvement of professional education is an actual problem not only for Kazakhstan, but also for the world community. The solution is connected with modernization of the education content, optimization of ways and technologies of educational process organization and rethinking of educational objectives and results. First, the transformations concern systems of professional pedagogical education which should provide a society with well-educated, highly qualified, competent specialists, capable of realizing the requirements of the 21st century in practical activities, ready for communication and cooperation, having communicational, information and moral culture, capable of independent and responsible decision in polylingual environment.

[Torybayeva Zhamilya Zahanovna, Sobkin Vladimir Samuilovich, Zhorabekova Ainur Nazimbekovna, Alipbek Ardak Zaurbekovna, Nuridinova Guldana Ademovna. Formation of the future teachers’ professional competence to realisation of innovative educational technologies in conditions of polylingual education. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):154-157]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 22. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.22

Keywords: professional competence, realization of innovative technologies, polylingual education.

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A review on the species Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1758)

Haifa El-Hentati^1,2, Mohamed Ben Hamouda¹, Ali Chriki²

¹ Regional center of agricultural research and development on north-east, Po Box 122, 2090 Mornag, Institution of Agricultural research and higher education (IRESA), Tunisia

² Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, 7021 Jarzouna, Unversity of Carthage, Tunisia

haifa_eh@yahoo.fr

Abstract: In this work, the taxonomy of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) will be presented in the first part, detailing the characteristics that classify this animal in a given group, then main cytological data on the species will be presented in the second part and the last part will be devoted to the presentation of the sheep diversity breeds in the world, specifically in Tunisia.

[El-Hentati H, Ben Hamouda M, Chriki A. A review of the species Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1758). Life Sci J 2014;11(4):158-162]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 23. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.23

Keywords: Ovis aries, taxonomy, cytological data, diversity.

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Cloning and Expression of Citrate Synthase Gene of Sinapis alba Under Drought Stress

Cai-peng Yue, Ning-ning Zhang, Li-ping An, Qing-dong Wang, Jin-yong Huang *

School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

E-mail: jinyhuang@zzu.edu.cn

Abstract: Sinapis alba has many desirable agronomic traits, especially its tolerance to drought. Citrate synthase is a key rate-limiting enzyme of varieties of metabolic pathways in cells and a marked enzyme of metabolic changes which can be found in most organisms. We studied expression of citrate synthase gene of Sinapis alba when plants were under drought stress. The gene segment of citrate synthase was cloned from Sinapsis alba, which consists of 561bp, and 26% A, 22% C, 28% G, 24% T. It encoded 187 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of about 2.057 KD. Additionally, the amino acid sequence deduced from the citrate synthase gene in Sinapsis alba shared 90.0%, 86.2%, 87.4%, 86.9%, 80.5%, 82.0%, 75.0%, 87.0%, and 89.5% homology with that of citrate synthase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica campestris L., Solanum tuberosum, Oryza sativa , Citrus reticulate Blanco, Amygdalus persica L., Daucus carota, Nicotiana tabacum L., and Malus xiaojinensis, respectively. The results also showed that the gene expression of the citrate synthase in Sinapsis alba increased significantly when it was subjected to the treatment of transient and light drought stress, then it restored after 144 hours，which suggested the plant might be gradually adapt to this stress. However, when Sinapsis alba was treated under severe drought condition, the gene expression increased and could not restore, which suggested that Sinapsis alba was probably to be injured too seriously to restore itself.

[Cai-peng Yue, Ning-ning Zhang, Li-ping An, Qing-dong Wang, Jin-yong Huang. Cloning and Expression of Citrate Synthase Gene of Sinapis alba Under Drought Stress. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):163-167]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 24. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.24

Keywords: Sinapis alba , Drought stress, Citrate synthase , Fluorescence quantitative PCR.

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 Future Applications of Topology by Computer Programming

A. S. Salama^a,[1], O. G. El-Barbary^b

^a Mathematic Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

^b Statistical & Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

asalama@su.edu.sa, omniaelbarbary@yahoo.com

Abstract: Topological concepts are complex and difficult to compute by hand specifically for large universes. We know very well that the number of topologies can be made on a set of three elements are 29 different topologies. Imagine you want to calculate a particular topological operation on every one of these topologies and on universe has more than three objects. In this paper, we designed a JAVA computer software calculated many topological concepts and to any universe regardless of the number of its elements. This software is designed specifically for this emerged the importance of deep learning in many of the concepts and theories that have emerged recently in many applications of real life especially in computer science.

[A. S. Salama, O. G. El-Barbary. Future Applications of Topology by Computer Programming. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):168-172]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 25. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.25

Keywords: Topological Spaces; Rough Sets; Rough Approximations; Data Mining; Java Programming.

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Methods of improvement of students’ speech culture

Abilkhairova Zhanar Aitbaikyzy¹, Zhorabekova Ainur Nazimbekovna², Saduakhas Gulbanu³, Akzholova Aktoty ³, Duisenbayev Аbai Kabakbayevich⁴

¹ Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University, Kyzylorda, 120001, Kazakhstan,

² M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent, 160002, Kazakhstan

³Kazakh National University Abai, Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan

⁴National training center "Orleu" Institute of improvement of professional skill of pedagogical workers of the Aktobe region, Aktobe,  030000, Kazakhstan

zhan_aa@imail.ru

Abstract. Speech (word) culture is one of the branches of linguistics, dealing with the study of word-use correctness in accordance with language norm. Teaching this course is an actual problem connected with increase of students’ intellectual and cultural level and bringing up of linguistic personality. For developing students’ speech culture it is necessary to create the following conditions: leading principles of developing oral speech, productive methods and ways, communicative approach to teaching process, rational organization of lesson, students’ orientation towards independency in doing tasks, didactical materials, meeting certain requirements, system of exercises and technical equipment. All mentioned above must be directed to the development of students’ speech culture.

[Abilkhairova Zhanar Aitbaikyzy, Zhorabekova Ainur Nazimbekovna, Saduakhas Gulbanu, Akzholova Aktoty, Duisenbayev Аbai Kabakbayevich. Methods of improvement of students’ speech culture. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):173-176]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 26. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.26

Keywords: speech culture, improvement, the Kazakh language, linguistics, students-linguists.

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Voluntary and Extracurricular Activities to Reduce Attention Deficit Hyperactivity among Students with Learning Difficulties

Elham Mustafa Alqisayrin

Special Education Department, Faculty of Education, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA

alham_q@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aimed to find out the impact of a volunteer-extracurricular activity-based program on the reduction of attention deficit and hyperactivity among students with learning difficulties. The study’s null hypotheses were formulated, and the training program prepared by the researcher was applied to a sample of (16) students with learning difficulties, divided equally into two experimental and control groups. The study instrument was judged based on the sincerity of the arbitrators and adoption of specific procedures in the implementation of the program. The researcher used a two-group experimental design (experimental and control) with pre and post measurements. After examining the study’s null hypotheses using the Mann-Whitney test for differences between experimental and control groups, and Wilcoxon test for differences between the mean rank scores of the experimental group, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the mean rank scores of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. Based on such results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations, including generalization of the training program to the resource rooms, encouragement of children with hyperactivity and attention deficit to involve in voluntary and extracurricular activities.

[Elham Mustafa Alqisayrin. Voluntary and Extracurricular Activities to Reduce Attention Deficit Hyperactivity among Students with Learning Difficulties. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):177-187]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 27. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.27

Keywords: Voluntary, Extracurricular Activities, Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, Learning Difficulties.

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Xenobiotics as Stressful Factors in Aquatic System (in fish)

Mona S. Zaki¹, Hammam A. M. ² and Nagwa S. Ata³

¹Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

²Reproductive Pharmacology Lab., Animal Reproduction and A.I. Department, Veterinary Division National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

³Microbiology and Immunology Department, Veterinary Division National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: A round 1500 substance have been listed as pollutants in freshwater ecosystems, xenobiotics represent the most important one which affect on most organs particularly the reproduction system. The toxicity of any xenobiotic is related to the bioaccumulated chemical residue in the organism. The evaluation of the xenobiotic-derived hazard has traditionally been related to the chemical concentration in the ambient media. The different pollutants put forth different problem to different freshwater ecosystem. Mostly, expressed in the amount of oxygen that is available for fish and other species. This sometimes results in habitat destruction and extinction of local populations.

[Mona S. Zaki and Hammam, A. M. and Nagwa S. Ata. Xenobiotics as stressful factors in aquatic system (in fish). Life Sci J 2014;11(4):188-197]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 28. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.28

Keywords: Xenobiotics, Pollutants, Fish, Stress factors. Aquatic system.

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Influence of in vitro addition of metal ions salts on rumen fermentation parameters and selected ruminal enzymes activity in sheep and goats

Mousa, S.A

Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. Giza, 12211, Egypt.

sdiamond_201011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rumen fluid was collected from 10 sheep and 10 goats to study effect of in vitro addition of MgCl_2, CuCl₂ and ZnCl₂ in concentration (5mmol/L) on total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs), ammonia concentration and total protozoa count and activity of ruminal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) with or without salts after shaken and incubation for 30 min at 37c◦. The results showed that MgCl₂ significantly increase (p≤0.001) of ammonia and significantly decrease (p≤0.01) of total protozoa count in sheep with significantly decrease(p≤0.01) of TVFAs, (p≤0.001) of total protozoa count and significantly increase (p≤0.01) of ammonia in goats. It stimulated significantly (p≤0.001) both GGT and GDH activity in sheep and goats. CuCl₂ significantly increase (p≤0.001) of ammonia, significantly decrease (p≤0.001) of total protozoa count in sheep with significantly decrease (p≤0.01) of ammonia and total protozoa count in goats also it significantly inhibited (p≤0.001) GDH activity in both sheep and goats. ZnCl₂ significantly decrease (p≤0.001) of TVFAs and total protozoa count in sheep with significantly increase (p≤0.001) of ammonia and significantly decrease (p≤0.001) of total protozoa count in goats. Also it significantly stimulated (p≤0.001). ALT, AST and GDH activity with significantly inhibited (p≤0.001) GGT activity in both sheep and goats. In conclusion in vitro addition of heavy metal salts have a serious effect on both rumen fermentation properties and rumen enzymes activity which sequencelly will be reflect on animal health and productivity.

[Mousa, S.A. Influence of in vitro addition of metal ions salts on rumen fermentation parameters and selected ruminal enzymes activity in sheep and goats. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):198-203]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 29. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.29

Key words: Metal salts, Rumen fermentation, Ruminal enzyme, Sheep, Goats.

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A meta analysis of the relation between TNF-α G308A gene polymorphism and heart disease

Li Yang, Chunjiang Fu, Xukai Wang, Chunyu Zeng

Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, PR China

Email: yangli_tmmu@163.com

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the correlation of TNF-α G308A polymorphism and heart disease (HD) using meta-analysis. Methods: Databases including PubMed, EMbase, CNKI and WanFang Data were searched (2003 to 2013). Results: A total of 5 studies were included, involving 539 heart disease (HD) cases and 624 controls. The results of meta-analysis according to recessive genetic model of TNF-α G308A showed that there were significant differences in RHD risk between the AA genotype carriers and the GA+GG genotype carries (OR=5.06, 95%CI 2.15 to 11.89, P=0.0002). Conclusion: Current evidence shows that TNF-α G308A polymorphism is related to RHD, and the AA geno-type carriers tend to face an increasing RHD risk.

[Li Yang, Chunjiang Fu, Xukai Wang, Chunyu Zeng. A meta analysis of the relation between TNF-α G308A gene polymorphism and heart disease. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):204-206]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 30. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.30

Key words: Heart disease; Tumor necrosis factor α; polymorphism; meta-analysis

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Outcome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Hospitalized Patients: A 2-year retrospective analysis

Sami M Bahlas¹, Ibtisam Mousa Ali Jali², Hosam Mohamed Kamal Atik³ and  Walaa Khaled Aldhahri¹

¹King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi arabia, Facsimile:00966(2)6408315

²Department of Rheumatology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Board of Internal Medicine. Saudi Board of Rheumatology.

³Medical department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

drbahlas@gmail.com

Abstract: The objectives of the current study were to assess the pattern of hospital admissions among. Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE patients, to identify prognostic factors for survival, and causes of mortality among these patients. The current study involved a retrospective record review for all admitted SLE patients over 2 years (from April 2010 to April 2012), King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah. The results indicated that, a total of 95 admission episodes of 60 patients, belonging to different racial origins, were included 6 of the total patients sample [representing 6.3%] male and 89 [93.7%] female admissions; where the samples origins are as follows: Arabs 51 [53.7%], Blacks 28 [29.5%] and others 15 [4.3%]). Mean systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score was 11.56 (range 0-38). The mean duration of admission was 13.65 days (range 1‑64), 48 admissions (50.5%) were due to active SLE and 47 (49.5%) due to other causes. Eleven patients (11.6%) were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 8 (8.4%) deaths were recorded. the results concluded that the renal disease continues to remain one of the most common serious organ involvements in SLE. Infection is a common cause of death among SLE patients. Thrombocytopenia and low hematocrit are independent risk factors for SLE related death. SLE related mortality is higher among the non‑White and Black populations.

Sami M Bahlas, Ibtisam Mousa Ali Jali, Hosam Mohamed Kamal Atik and Walaa Khaled Aldhahri. Outcome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Hospitalized Patients: A 2-year retrospective analysis. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):207-211]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 31. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.31

Keywords: Outcome, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Hospitalized Patients

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Self Care Practices of Chemotherapy Patients

Abeer M. El-Shatby Moursy and Amna Yehyia Saad Ead

Lecturer of Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

abeer_elshatby@yahoo.com, sscc1968@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cancer is one of the health problems today, which is perceived by public as frightening, anxiety, painful and untreatable disease that implies death. More than one half of patients diagnosed with cancer receive chemotherapy treatment which cause many side effects. Thus, the patients must assume major responsibility of their own care, and motivated to continue the regimen even when produces side effects. The study aimed to determine the side effects experienced by chemotherapy patients and describe self-care practices carried out by the patients to relieve the experienced side effects. This study design was cross sectional descriptive design conducted at Oncology Therapy Unit, Alexandria Main University Hospital. A convenient sample of 50 adult patients of both sexes were studied, 25 patients with colon cancer and 25 with breast cancer. Their age ranged from 23-63 years old. Two tools were used in the study to collect data. First tool was an interview schedule which included sociodemographic and health profile data. Second tool was Self- Care Practices Checklist included list of side effects of chemotherapy, patient's self-care practices and its outcomes carried out by the patients to relieve side effects of chemotherapy. The results of the study revealed that the main incidences of chemotherapy side effects were related to gastrointestinal system, neurological system and psychological status of patients. In conclusions, self-care practices performed by studied patients were insufficient to provide complete relief of the side effects due to inadequate information about the side effects of chemotherapy and how to manage it. It can be recommended that increase the number of qualified nurses at the chemotherapy in and outpatient clinics to provide the patient and family members with information regarding chemotherapy, its purpose, side effects and how to manage these side effects.

[Abeer M. El-Shatby Moursy and Amna Yehyia Saad Ead. Self Care Practices of Chemotherapy Patients. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):212-222]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 32. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.32

Key Words:  Self- care practices, Cancer patients, Chemotherapy side effects.

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Barley growth and productivity as affected by soil amendments under fully and minimum irrigation conditions in Saudi Arabia

Mohammed H. Salem Almarshadi¹ and Saleh M. Ismail^1,2*

¹Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, B.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, malmarshadi@kau.edu.sa.

²Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt,

*e-mail: smii2001@gmail.com and smibrahim@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Experimental Research Station of King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Hada Alsham, Saudi Arabia, for two growing seasons to study the effect of different soil amendments on growth traits and yield of barley crop grown under dry land conditions. Two irrigation treatments using sprinkler irrigation method were studied, full irrigation level, (100% of required water) and minimum irrigation level (60% of full level). Under each irrigation level two soil amendments, humic acid (Ha) with a rate of 10 kg ha^-1 and Gel Polymer (Gp) with a rate of 16 kg ha^-1 beside the control (not amended) were investigated. Irrigation event was every two days in full irrigation level and every 4 days in minimum irrigation level. Results revealed that, full irrigation level was better than minimum one in most investigated characteristics. The barley growth and yield components increased with application of humic acid and gel polymers amendments compared to control.The best results obtained from humic acid treatment. Irrigation water use was improved under minimum irrigation level and with Ha treatment. Full irrigation level and amendment treatments increased N content in grains. On the basis of the present experiment 10 kg ha^-1 and full irrigating are recommended for barley growth and yield. When water is a limited factor for agriculture production, minimum irrigation level is recommended to use because it saves 40% of irrigation water with minimal yield reduction.

[Almarshadi MS and Ismail SM. Barley growth and productivity as affected by soil amendments under fully and minimum irrigation conditions in Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):223-230]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 33. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.33

Keywords: Humic substance, Water regimes, Gel-polymers, Barley

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Nursing Educators' Knowledge, Skills in Evidence-Based Practice and their Critical Thinking Skills: Self Report Study

Azza H.M. Hussein, and Rehab G. Hussein

Assistant Professor, Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Lecturer, Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt.

E-mail: aza.hussein@alex-nursing.edu.eg, rehab.hussein@alex-nursing.edu.eg

Abstract: Background: With increasing emphasis on EBNP, nursing educators need to have a strong body of knowledge and skills in EBP that help them to gain critical thinking skills related to inquiry and understand the importance of EBNP. Aim: To investigate the relationship between nursing educators’ knowledge and skills in EBP and their critical thinking skills. Method: Two questionnaires were filled by 144 of nursing educators at nine academic nursing departments at the Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University. Findings: Highly significant positive correlations were found between the overall mean score percentages of nursing educators’ report of their knowledge and skills in EBP from one side and their critical thinking skills from the other side. Conclusion: Understanding nursing educators' knowledge and skills in EBP is a critical step to successfully transforming the nursing schools’ culture to an EB framework for teaching nursing practice, integrating of EBP content into curricula, and ensuring students’ mastery and appreciation of EBP.

[Azza H.M. Hussein and Rehab G. Hussein. Nursing Educators' Knowledge, Skills in Evidence-Based Practice and their Critical Thinking Skills: Self Report Study. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):231-238]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 34. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.34

Keywords: evidence-based practice, knowledge, skills, critical thinking, nursing educators.

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Intelligent selection technique for database indexing to augment the speed performance of query processing on mobile device

^*Samir Khemaies Boucetta, Daut Daman, Shabbeer Shaik

Faculty of Computing and Information Technology Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

sBoucetta@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Mobile device has been used widely in every aspects of human life such as: business, personal and even in government organization. Meanwhile, Mobile device such as hand-phone required fast internet connection such as 3G or even 4G. However, this network evolution stills not enough to solve the data load between server and hand-phone. In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm on indexing database to speed up the performance of information retrieval on spatial database. The intelligent selection techniques named as mRTree which is a hybrid between Quadtree and R-Tree indexing technique. The mRtree is an intelligent technique which is able to choose whether system will execute R-Tree or Quadtree based on data behavior and network condition like an expert system. The decision rules is designed through specific parameter of spatial data such as: size of data, number of query, number of record and etc. Based on testing that we have performed, the mRTree is able to increase the speed of communication between server and hand-phone around 30% on 3G network and even 45% on 4G Network. This result is able to bring research perspective about the ability of indexing technique system on mobile device and used for many applications such as GIS, or other client-server application.

[Boucetta S K, Daman D, Shaik S. Intelligent selection technique for database indexing to augment the speed performance of query processing. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):239-245]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 35. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.35

Keywords: mRTree, QuadTree, R-Tree, GIS

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Impact of wastewater irrigation on the yield and quality of white radish under arid environment

Khaled S. Balkhair^1*, Saleh M. Ismail^2,3, Fathy S. El- Nakhlawy², Samir G. Al-Solaimani²

¹ Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80208 Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

² Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.  ³Soil &Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

* kbalkhair@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Field experiments were carried out over two consecutive seasons (2011 and 2012) at an agricultural site in the western region of Saudi Arabia, to study the effect of wastewater irrigation on the yield, toxic metals, and fecal coliform bacteria of white radish crop. Six different wastewater qualities were prepared by diluting various percentages of the treatment plant’s effluent with local groundwater (LGW). The crop water requirement for white radish was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation for dry land condition and supplied daily by two drip irrigation systems; surface and subsurface. Root yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fecal coliform, and content of toxic metals in the plant and soil were determined at the end of each growing season. Results indicated that the highest root yield/ha, and IWUE were obtained from the treatments of 60T (60% wastewater mixed with 40% LGW) and 100T (100% wastewater). Due to the relatively early cultivation in the second growing season, the total yield/ ha and IWUE were higher than that of the first season.On the other hand, fecal coliform bacteria count and toxic metals increased systematically in the plant and soil as the quantity of  wastewater in the irrigation water increased. Notably, the concentrations of toxic metals in the plant and soil were less than that of the cytotoxic standards declared by WHO-FAO (2007) and EU (2002). In conclusion, the best treatments that produced the highest yield and IWUE with minimal microbial contamination were 60T and 100T suggesting a safer use, better performance and considerable LGW conservation.

[Khaled S. Balkhair, Saleh M. Ismail, Fathy S. El-Nakhlawy, Samir G. Al-Solaimani. Impact of wastewater irrigation on the yield and quality of white radish under arid environment. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):246-254]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 36. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.36

Keywords: Drip irrigation, fecal coliform, toxic metals, wastewater, white radish, yield components

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Investigation the Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Tolerance of Maize Plant to Heavy Metals Stress

Abdelmoneim T.S.^1,2*; Tarek A.A. Moussa^1,3; Almaghrabi O.A.¹ and  Ismail Abdelbagi⁴

¹Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 15758, Jeddah 21454, Saudi Arabia,

²Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Botany, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt,

³Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza12613, Egypt,

⁴Crops and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines

^*Corresponding author: tmabrouk@kau.edu.sa / t.shawky@agr.suez.edu.eg

Abstract: An experiment was conducted in greenhouse to determine the influence of two species for mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis in the presence of two heavy metals (HM), Cupper (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd) in three concentrations on maize plants to improve tolerance of plants to HM stress. Mycorrhizal root colonization (MRC), spore densities, plant growth parameters and plant HM uptake were taken as indexes to determined plant tolerance to HM. The MRC% was stimulated in Cu in both mycorrhizal fungi and spore density of G. mosseae was increased in presence of Cd. The greater values for almost plant growth parameters were found in treatment with A. laevis then G. mosseae comparing with untreated plants. The HM stress was caused increased in root/shoot ratio and plant proline content, but the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi was caused decreased in that values. On contrast the plant soluble protein was decreased by increasing in HM concentrations, while that effect was removed in mycorrhizal fungi plants. The plant roots ability to absorbent HM were increased when inoculation with A. laevis greater than those in G. mosseae. The plant (Zea mays L.) was uptake Cu in various concentrations in solution more than Cd in the presence or absent of AMF. The inoculation plant by A. laevis was increased the accumulate HM in plant shoot tissues greater than those in G. mosseae.

[Abdelmoneim T.S.; Tarek A.A. Moussa; Almaghrabi O. A. and Ismail Abdelbagi. Investigation the Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Tolerance of Maize Plant to Heavy Metals Stress. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):255-263]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 37. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.37

Key Words: Bioremediation, Heavy metals, AMF fungi, Proline, Maize plant

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Improving Light Textured Soil Properties by Water Regimes and Soil Amendments under Dry Land Conditions

Mohammed H. Salem Almarshadi¹ and Saleh M. Ismail^1,2*

¹Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, B.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

²Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt,

* malmarshadi@kau.edu.sa, smii2001@gmail.com and smibrahim@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: A field experiment was carried-out at Agriculture Experimental Station of King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Hada Alsham, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the changes in some physical and fertility properties of soil treated with humic acid and/or gel polymers in relation to those of untreated soil under two water regimes. Full irrigation level, (100% of required water) and minimum irrigation level (60% of full level). Under each irrigation level two soil amendments, humic acid with a rate of 10 kg ha^-1 and gel Polymer with a rate of 16 kg ha^-1 beside the control (not amended) were investigated. The experimental site was cultivated by barley for two growing Seasons using sprinkler system for irrigation. Results indicated that using soil amendments enhanced soil physical and fertility properties. They decreased soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity while increased water holding capacity, soil organic matter and soil nutrients under both irrigation level. The enhancement under minimum irrigation level was better that that of fully irrigation level. Ha treatment was better than Gp treatment. Therefore, using humic acid with a rate of 10 kg ha^-1 with minimum irrigation is good option to enhance the important physical and fertility properties of light textured soils under dry land conditions.

[Almarshadi MS and Ismail SM. Improving Light Textured Soil Properties by Water Regimes and Soil Amendments under Dry Land Conditions. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):264-270]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 38. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.38

Keywords: Water regimes, soil amendments, sprinkler irrigation, physical properties

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Assessment of surface runoff in arid, data scarce regions; an approach applied in Wadi Al Hamd, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia

M. El Maghraby ¹, M. Masoud^{2, 3} and B. Niyazi³

¹ Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University – Egypt

² Hydrology Department-Desert Research Centre-Cairo –Egypt

³ Water Research Centre – King Abdulaziz University – Jeddah – Saudi Arabia

magdy_elmaghraby@yahoo.com,  zakimilad@hotmail.com,  niyazi_burhan@hotmail.com

Abstract: Protection of Al Madinah Al Munawarah from the environmental hazardous as flash flood is very serious task. Assessment of surface runoff is very important for the catchment management. Usually, the application of hydrologic models in arid regions are faced by scarcity in the required data that may not allow for the application of rainfall-runoff models. This is also true for the western coast of Saudi Arabia which receives good amounts of flash floods that occur as a consequence of excessive rainfall which occasionally causing major loss of property and life. Wadi Al Hamd basin which is consider the major basin in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, is located in the western region of Saudi Arabia and characterized by extremely arid conditions. The aim of this study is to provide a general framework for assessing runoff and abstraction estimations that can be applied in arid regions despite the scarcity of data through the integration between Geographic Information System (GIS), morphometric parameters and very scarce data measurements. In this study, ASTER data were used for preparing digital elevation model (DEM) 30 m resolution, and GIS was used in evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The major parameters such as watershed boundary, flow accumulation, flow direction, flow length, stream ordering were prepared using ArcHydro Tool. Surface Tool in ArcGIS-10 software was used to create different thematic maps such as DEM, contour, slope aspect and hill shade maps. Depending on the morphometric parameters that consider controlling factors of surface runoff, a hazard map of the study basin was created. Depending on Storm water Management and Design Aid (SMADA6) and scarce available measurements of rainfall and runoff a synthetic hydrographs and rainfall runoff modeling of the study sub-basins were generated. The direct runoff ranged from 9% to 24% of the total rainfall.

[M. El Maghraby;  M. Masoud and B. Niyazi. Assessment of surface runoff in arid, data scarce regions; an approach applied in Wadi Al Hamd, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):271-289]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 39. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.39

Keywords: Watershed, Hydrology, Runoff, Geomorphology, Flash flood hazard, Morphometric parameters

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Topological Structure of Generalized Rough Multisets

El-Sayed A. Abo-Tabl

Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Muthnab, KSA

abotabl@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rough set theory is a powerful mathematical tool for dealing with inexact, uncertain or vague information. The core concept of rough set theory are information systems and approximation operators of approximation spaces. In this paper, we study the relationships between mset relations and mset topology. Moreover, this paper concerns generalized mset approximation spaces via topological methods and studies topological properties of rough msets. Classical separation axioms for M-topological spaces are extended to generalized mset approximation spaces. Relationships among separation axioms for generalized mset approximation spaces and relationships between M-topological spaces and their induced generalized mset approximation spaces are investigated.

[El-Sayed A. Abo-Tabl. Topological Structure of Generalized Rough Multisets. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):290-299]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 40. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.40

Keywords: Generalized rough msets, M-relation, M-topology, GMA-space, Separation axiom.

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Modeling of Electron-Beam Welding to Determine the Weld Joints Parameters of Dissimilar Materials

Gleb Lvovich Permyakov, Tatiana Vasiljevna Olshanskaya, Vladimir Yakovlevich Belenkiy, Dmitriy Nikolaevich Trushnikov, Lev Nikolaevich Krotov

Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Av., 29, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation.

gleb.permyakov@yandex.ru

Abstract: We developed a mathematical model for the approximate selection of modes of electron-beam welding (EBW) of dissimilar materials on the basis of the energy transfer equation with mixed boundary conditions and the two sets of thermophysical characteristics, which depend on the coordinates. The solution of the boundary value problem is received by the method of Green’s functions using the program MathCAD 15.

[Gleb L. Permyakov, Tatiana V. Olshanskaya, Vladimir Y. Belenkiy, Dmitriy N. Trushnikov, Lev N. Krotov. Modeling of Electron-Beam Welding to Determine the Weld Joints Parameters of Dissimilar Materials. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):300-307]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 41. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.41

Keywords: mathematical model; electron-beam welding; dissimilar materials; method of Green’s functions; thermal processes

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Meta Analysis of Cervical Treatment Stage 1B and 2A between Chemotherapy First, or Surgery First, or Surgery Followed by Radiotherapy.

Haroon Sheikh^1,2, Cui Manhua² and Yang Rulin²

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Nan Guang District, Changchun City, China.

²Ministry of Higher Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

cuimanhua@126.com

Abstract: Background: Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in female population of developing countries. However, the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer (IB and IIA) includes radical hysterectomy following by either chemotherapy or radiation therapy remains controversial. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects and survival outcome of cervical cancer stage 1B and 2A treatment with 1) chemotherapy first 2) or surgery first, or 3) Surgery followed by radiotherapy. Methods: A systematic review of literature and published studies between 1974-2012 in cervical treatment stage 1B and 2A was performed, and a meta-analysis and the summary information from eligible studies was used to estimate and calculate Odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: After reviewing the published articles, we chose 10 studies, which were eligible for meta-analysis and fit the criteria. The average sample size was 190 patients. Meta analysis proved that for cervical cancer stage 1B and 2A the best option of treatment is radical hysterectomy with lymph nodes removal followed by radiotherapy. The Meta analysis found that of the 10 studies, 5 studies have statistically significant treatment effect. The significant odd ratios (OR) at the 5% level (P<0.05) of having a favourable outcome among the studies using radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy were 0.097 (95% CI, 0.055 – 0.1771) 1.71 (95% CI, 1.254 – 0.2.347), and 0.097 (95% CI, 0.055 – 0.1771). The narrow width of CI for these studies indicated the more precise estimates for their results. On the other hand, the significant odds ratio (OR) at the 5% level (P<0.05) of having a favourable outcome among the studies using chemotherapy plus radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy were 3.973 (95% CI, 1.934 – 8.16), and 3.973 (95% CI, 1.934 – 8.16) However, the width of CI for these studies may indicate the less precise estimates for their results. Conclusions: The best option of treatment cervical cancer stage 1B and 2A was radical hysterectomy with lymph nodes removal followed by radiotherapy. Based on our result, we recommend that postoperative radiation be considered in the management of patients with stage 1B-2A cervical carcinomas found to have regional lymph node metastases; however, alternate forms of therapy deserve consideration when the tumor extends to both the parametrium and pelvic lymph nodes.

[Haroon Sheikh Cui Manhua and Yang Rulin. Meta Analysis of Cervical Treatment Stage 1B and 2A between Chemotherapy First, or Surgery First, or Surgery Followed by Radiotherapy. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):308-316]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 42. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.42

Keywords: Meta Analysis,Cervical Treatment Stage, Chemotherapy, Surgery, Radiotherapy

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Expression of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) in Endometrial Carcinoma.

Jaudah Al-Maghrabi¹ (MD, FRCPC), Nisrin Anfinan^2,3 (MD, FRCSC), Khalid Sait ^2,3 (MD, FRCSC), Hesham Sait^2,3 (MD), Mahmou Al-Ahwal⁴ (MD, FRCPC), Hussain Basalamah^2,3 (MD, FRCSC).

Department of Pathology¹, Gynecology Oncology Unit², Scientific Chair of Prof. Abdullah Hussain Basalamah for Gynecological Cancer³, Department of Medicine⁴, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

jalmaghrabi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: TTF-1 is a helpful marker for primary lung adenocarcinoma and is considered as a reliable marker to distinguish between primary and secondary lung carcinoma. However, some studies showed that TTF-1 also can be expressed in extrapulmonary adenocarcinomas. The data on TTF-1 expression in endometrial cancer is limited and conflicting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the immunoexpression of TTF-1 in primary endometrial adenocarcinoma. Material and methods: Tissue microarrays were prepared from archival of endometrial carcinoma obtained from the Department of Pathology at King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Tissue sections were immunostained using monoclonal antibodies to TTF-1. The immunohistochemical stains were scored semiquantitativly from 0 to 5+. Results: The categories of endometrial adenocarcinoma include 78 grade I endometrioid, 17 grade II endometrioid, 12 grade III endometrioid, 7 serous, 2 clear cell. TTF-1 immunoexpression was detected only in 2 carcinoma (1 serous and one endometrioid type) and in both cases the staining score was 1+.

Conclusion: TTF-1 is a reliable marker for lung carcinomas; however, in patient with focal TTF-1 immunoexpression, endometrial carcinomas should be considered when evaluating patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown origin and in patients with a history of endometrial adenocarcinoma.

[Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Nisrin Anfinan, Khalid Sait, Hesham Sait, Mahmou Al-Ahwal, Hussain Basalamah. Expression of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) in Endometrial Carcinoma. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):317-320]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 43. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.43

Key Words: Immunoexpression, thyroid transcription factor-1, TTF-1, endometrial carcinoma, metastasis.

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Opinion Mining and Sentimental Analysis Approaches: A Survey

Mahmoud Othman¹, Hesham Hassan², Ramadan Moawad¹ and Abeer El-Korany²

¹Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, Future University, Cairo, Egypt

²Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

msamy@fue.edu.eg

Abstract: The automatic extraction of information from unstructured sources has opened up new ways for querying, organizing, and analyzing data by building a clean semantics of structured databases from a huge number of unstructured data and the society became more data oriented with easy online access to both structured and unstructured data. New applications of structured extraction came around such as the paper topic opinion mining, which is a type of natural language processing for tracking the mood of the public about a particular topic. Opinion mining, which is also called sentiment analysis, involves building a system to collect and examine opinions about the product or topic made in blog posts, comments, reviews or tweets. Automated opinion mining often uses machine learning, which is a component of artificial intelligence (AI).

[Mahmoud Othman, Hesham Hassan, Ramadan Moawad and Abeer El-Korany. Opinion Mining and Sentimental Analysis Approaches: A Survey. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):321-326]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 44. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.44

Key Words: Opinion Mining, Sentiment Analysis, Subjectivity analysis.

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A study on the optic glands of Sepioteuthis lessoniana from the Red Sea

Waheed M. Emam and Tarek G. Ali

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University

tarekali80@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present work the optical glands of the reef squid Lessoniana lessoniana were are found in young and adult individuals. They are paired small elongated organs that lie at the aboral end of the olfactory lobe, on a level with the optic tract. Histological, the cells of the optical gland are large, with about 60 um in diameter and have spherical nuclei (20 um in diameter). Their cytoplasm is coarsely granulated. Neurosecretory granules were seen in cells of optical glands and stained with paraldehyde fuchsin. No distinct neuropil was observed in these glands and these glands are rich in blood supply. The optic glands were found to be connected with optic nerve fibres to the dorso-lateral lobes of the brain. The function of the optical glands of Sepioteuthis lessoniana was also discussed in this study.

[Waheed M. Emam and Tarek G.Ali. A study on the optic glands of Sepioteuthis lessoniana from the Red Sea. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):327-331]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 45. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.45

Key Words: Optic gland, reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Cephalopods, histology, neurosecretion.

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Association of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection with Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

O Al -Jifirri, Zahira M.F. El-Sayed and Fadwa M. Al-Sharif

Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. drzahira2009@yahoo.com

Abstract: Back ground: Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viral infection or co-infection leads to risk of development of chronic infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immigration and globalization have added to the challenges of public health concerns regarding chronic HBV and HCV infections worldwide. Different human leukocycle antigen (HLA) types related to chronicity has been reported from different countries. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the frequencies of HLA Class I and chronic HCV and HBV infections. Also these will revealed the most susceptible and protective alleles. Subjects and methods: Thirty patients with chronic HCV infection as well as 30 patients with HBV, also 40 apparently healthy individuals as controls were included in this study.HCV and HBV infections were diagnosed by detecting the anti-HCV antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Hbs antigen. HLA-A and HLA-B typing by complement-dependent micro-lympho-cytotoxicity assay was performed for both groups among chronic hepatitis patients. Results: HLA-A2 (OR 5.6, CI=2.03-15.87, P=0001), A9andA19, B12, B13, B35 and B40 alleles were most prevalent among patients versus control group they were considered as susceptible alleles. On the other hand HLA-29, A32, and B8 were highly significant among controls, they were considered as protective alleles. Among patients with hepatitis (B), A2 (OR=11.0, CI =3.17-40.3, P=0001), A9, A24, B5, B13 and Bw35 alleles were highly significant among patients versus controls. On the other hand HLA-A29, A32, and B8 alleles were significantly higher among controls, they considered as protective alleles. On the other hand, A2 (OR= 3.06, CI =1.0-10.1, P=0.01), A3, A9, A19, B12, B13, B14 and B40 alleles were significantly prevalent among hepatitis C patients. While HLA- A32, B5 alleles were higher among controls. In comparison between different detected alleles among patients with hepatitis B and C, the results revealed that, HLA- A2 allele was more significant among hepatitis (B) patients. On the other hand A3, A9, B12, B13, and B40 alleles were most significant an among hepatitis C patient. Conclusion: Genetic predisposition may play a role in chronic hepatitis.HLA-2 was most significant among hepatitis B, while HLA-A9, B12, B13, and B40 were prevalent among hepatitis C patients. These alleles were considered as risk factors. Meanwhile A32 was considered as protective alleles. Racial diversity, variations in the study design, methodology and complex immune-regulatory mechanisms make it difficult to find consistent association of HLA alleles with a given HBV or HCV disease even in the same ethnic group of the global population.

[O Al -Jifirri, Zahira M.F. El-Sayed and Fadwa M. Al-Sharif. Association of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection with Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA). Life Sci J 2014;11(4):332-341]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 46. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.46

Key words: Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis B, Human leukocyte antigens.

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Relationship Between Socio-Economic Factors and Participation in Decision Making in Microfinance Scheme Among Rural Farmers in Kano, Nigeria

Mohammed Bashir Saidu¹, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah^2*, Ma’arof Redzuan³, Nobaya Ahmad⁴

^{1, 2, 3, 4}Department of Social and Development Science, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia

¹Institute of Chartered Economists of Nigeria (ICEN)

Abstract: This study examined the relationships between socio-economic factors and participation in decision making among rural farmers in Kano, Nigeria. Data was collected from 364 respondents using structured questionnaire from six local government areas of Kano state. The descriptive analysis revealed that there is high level of participation in decision making among rural farmers community in Kano based on the overall mean score of 4.19 and standard deviation of 0.81. Spearman Rho correlation analysis also shown significant negative relationship between level of education and participation in decision making ( = -.372, p = .000) which means, majority of people in the study areas are not educated since some of them who acquired educational qualifications look for better job opportunities instead of participating in agricultural activities. Therefore, the authors recommended that, government should either increase the amount of microloan uniformly or give special consideration to educated people in order to curtail rural-urban migration for ‘white collar’ jobs. Similarly, the analysis shown that, there is significant positive low relationship between type of farm product and participation in decision making ( = .184,   p = .001), which means, people involvement in rural development program has low impact on their agricultural production. Thus, the authors recommends that, government should give more financial support to rural farmers in order to increase their capital base to enhance agricultural production in the study areas which may eventually lead to improvement in well-being of the farming communities.

[Mohammed Bashir Saidu, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah, Ma’arof Redzuan, Nobaya Ahmad. Relationship Between Socio-Economic Factors and Participation in Decision Making in Microfinance Scheme Among Rural Farmers in Kano, Nigeria. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):342-347]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 47. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.47

Key word: Participation in decision making, community development, rural development program, socio-economic factors.

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Telomerase Activity in Diabetic Patients with Angiopathy

¹Ayman El Badawy,¹ Mohamed Shawky,¹Amr M. ElHammady,¹Mohamed El-Assal,¹Ashraf Talaat ,¹Ahmed M. Hussein, ^1,2Khalid Belal

¹Internal Medicine and ²Clinical Pathology Departments, Banha University, Egypt

mohamedelassal2011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with damage to target organs and premature aging and telomeres serve as a mitotic clock and biological marker of senescence. Aim of study: was to A) evaluate telomerase activity in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with microangiopathy and macroangiopathy, B) to study the possible factors that affect the activity of this enzyme in these patients. Subjects and Methods: Study was carried out on 40 patients from those attending diabetes clinics of Banha University Hospital, they were divided into three groups: Group I: 10 type 1 diabetic patients with angiopathy (4males & 6 females). Group II: 10 type 2 diabetic patients with angiopathy (3males & 7females). Group III: 20 apparently healthy age & sex matched volunteers serving as a control group. The following laboratory investigations were performed to all patients: Plasma glucose (fasting and post prandial), Glycated hemoglobin, Lipogram (Total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc and Triglycerides), Serum creatinine, Urinary microalbumin and Study of telomerase activity in whole blood. Results: Our results showed: that (HBA1C, microalbumin, creatinine, LDL, TG, TCH, PPBS and FBS)are significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to control group where (telomeraseand HDL) are significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to control group. Also, Telomerase activity was significantly low in diabetic patients with HbA1C (≥7%), LDL-c (>100mg/dl), HDL-c (<45mg/dl), TG (>150mg/dl), TCH (>200mg/dl), microalbuminuria (>30mg/ml) respectively compared to diabetic patients with HbA1C (<7%), LDL-c (<100mg/dl), HDL-c (>45mg/dl), TG (<150mg/dl), TCH (<200mg/dl), and normoalbuminuria (<30mg/ml). There was significant relation between telomerase activity and macroangiopathic complications, There was non significant correlation between telomerase activity and each of creatinine level and age in the case group. Statistical analysis showed that 80% of diabetic patients (16 patients) were telomerase negative (lower than cut off value ≤49.20), whereas 20% of diabetic patients (4 patients) were telomerase positive (higher than cut off value > 49.20). Conclusion: it was concludedthat telomerase enzyme activity decreased in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with angiopathy, There was a relation between telomerase activity and both micro & macroangiopathic complications.

[Ayman El Badawy, Mohamed Shawky, AmrM. ElHammady, Mohamed El-Assal, Ashraf Talaat, Ahmed M. Hussein and Khalid Belal. Telomerase Activity in Diabetic Patients with Angiopathy. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):348-357]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 48. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.48

Key words: telomerase, diabetic patients, angiopathy (micro- or macroangiopathy).

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Polymorphism of autosomal Alu- insertions

Ahatova F.S.^1,2, Gimadeeva T. ¹, Khusnutdinova E.K.^2,3

¹Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya st. 18, Kazan, Russia

²Bashkir State University, Zaki Validi st 32, Ufa, Russia

³Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center, RAS, Ufa, Russia

Abstract: The polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes gives us the characteristics of male and female populations in the gene pool. Alu- repeats got their name due to the fact that most of them contain tetranucleotide AGCT (170 bp repeat from the beginning), which can be cleaved with the restriction enzyme Alu I. Alu- repeats influence the composition, organization, and expression of the genome. Alu- repeats are widely used as a genetic markers for genome mapping in clinical diagnosis and characterization of genomic rearrangements. Thus, in this article, we summarize the data on the origin and evolution of Alu-repeats, and the mechanisms of their retroposition which are used as genetic markers in genetics of populations.

[Ahatova F.S., Gimadeeva T., Khusnutdinova E.K. Polymorphism of autosomal Alu-insertions. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):358-363] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 49. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.49

Keywords: Polymorphism, mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosomes, Alu-repeats.

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Feature Extracted Classifiers Based on EEG Signals: A Survey

Faris A. Abuhashish, Mohd S. Sunar, Hoshang Kolivand, Farhan Mohamed and Dzulkifli B. Mohamad

MaGIC-X (Media and Games Innovation Centre of Excellence), UTM-IRDA Digital Media Centre Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor MALAYSIA

 Malaysia,  shahrizal@utm.my

Abstract: This paper discusses and surveys feature extracted classification algorithms that used in the field of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems, based on ElectroEncephaloGram (EEG) signals. It presents the most common algorithms which have been employed in the context of BCI, then describes and categorizes them depending on highlighted properties. On the basis of the literature of this study, we evaluated as well as summarized the algorithms in terms of accuracy and performance, in order to facilitate the choosing process of the best classifier, regarding an appropriate feature extracted in the castoff in EEG-based BCI investigation. A significant contribution of this study, as well as highlighting the current widely used methods which are posted in the tables in Appendix; we have discussed and contributed a significant way in order to facilitate choosing the best classifier to be used within the field of BCI. Widely used techniques and algorithms are categorized in a final table which could explore many ideas for the researchers who are looking for a most suited method.

[Abuhashish F.A, Sunar M.S, Kolivand H, Basori A.H, Mohamad D.B. Feature Extracted Classifiers Based on EEG Signals: A Survey, Life Sci J 2013;10(4):364-375] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 50. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.50

Keywords: BCI; EEG; Feature Extraction; Classifier

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Natural clusters as the source of ore material formation in noble metals deposits: case study of gold fields in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan

V.N. Matvienko, Y.D. Kalashnikov, A.A. Goncharov

Instructed by Ecolive Technologies Ltd (www.ecolive-technologies.com)

Hanover Street 14, Hanover Square, London W1S 1YH, United Kingdom

Phone: +44 (20) 7317 0689, Fax: +44 (20) 7317 0610

Abstract. The authors consider the initial accumulation of the mined substance in lithgeochemical formations as metastable phases and protoclusters in sediments of sedimentagenous basins, enriched by the carbon-bearing substance and carbonates in the hydrosulphuric medium. The evolution model is provided for protocluster forms; their role as the main source of the mined substance in the course of the formation of gold ore fields is considered. As a result of evolutional processes of formation of ore-hosting rocks, exposed to the impact of PT-conditions of the epizone, mesozone and katazone, noble metals available as metalorganic protoclusters are transformed into native metals. Silicic acid gel and ore process stabilizing elements, including Te, Se, etc., with mandatory presence of plumbum, play an essential role in the formation of the ore-hosting matrix and in the conveyance of the mined substance by hydrothermal solutions. Formation of deposits of black-shale gold sulphide, gold-silver epithermal and gold sulphide-quarzitic types followed a consistent pattern, and they represent particular truncations of the same gold ore column (the subformation) on the present-day surface of denudation.

[Matvienko V.N., Kalashnikov Y.D., Goncharov A.A. Natural clusters as the source of ore material formation in noble metals deposits: case study of gold fields in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):376-384] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 51. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.51

Keywords: natural clusters, mined substance, deposit, gold, noble metals, model, evolution, ore process, lithogeochemical formation, sedimentagenous medium, silica gel, ore-hostingmatrix, mineralization, metastable phase, geo-industrial type, black-shale, epithermal, sulphide-quarzitic, framboids, Bakyrchik, Arkharly, Akbakai, stabilizing elements, carbon-bearing substance, silica, protocluster, metalorganic cluster, metal-metallic cluster, gold ore column, subformation, erosional truncation, stratiform.

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The Use of Gum Arabic from Acacia Tree (Acacia senegal), a Food Additive to Improve the Nutritional and Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough

Yousif A. Elhassaneen¹, Yahya A. Abd Elhady² and Nehal H. Mohamed¹

¹Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, ²Home Economics Division, Faculty of Specific Education (Ashmoun), Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

Yousif12@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of gum arabic (GA) from acacia tree on nutritional and rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results showed that the addition of GA by 4% to wheat flour has induced non significant decreasing  in its  content  from moisture, total protein, crude fat and carbohydrates, while crude fiber and ash content were significantly increased by the ratio of 572.13%, 20.31% in comparison with the control sample, respectively. Rheological properties revealed that the addition of GA to the dough decreased water absorption. However, development time and stability of the dough increased. Regarding the pH-farinograph, results shows that the values of the samples with the addition of GA were not affect significantly with the control sample. According to farinograph quality number (FQN), the improvement in quality of the doughs occurred only after the addition of 1.0 g.100g⁻¹ GA, when the FQN value increased significantly in comparison with the control sample. Regarding extensograph measurements the addition of GA to the dough increased strength (Extensibility) and resistance to extension. In conclusion, GA from acacia tree is able to increase the fiber content of wheat flour, modify the rheological properties of its dough and thus improve the quality of the final bakery products. Like of these products will be in a high degree of importance from the nutritional and therapeutic point of views.

[Yousif A. Elhassaneen, Yahya A. Abd Elhady and Nehal H. Mohamed. The Use of Gum Arabic from Acacia Tree (Acacia senegal), a Food Additive to Improve the Nutritional and Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):385-393] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 52. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.52

Keywords: gum arabic, nutritional properties, crude fiber, farinograph, extensograph

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Waveguide Thickness Effects on the Sensitivity of Lamellar Grating Waveguide Sensor with TE-Polarization Incidence

Jiann-Hwa Lue¹, Ting-Jou Ding^2*, Rong-Seng Chang^1*

¹ Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, R.O.C.

² Department of Electro-Optical and Energy Engineering, Mingdao University, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.

tjding@mdu.edu.tw, rschang2000@hotmail.com

Abstract: This paper has studied the effects of waveguide thickness on the sensitivity of the sub-wavelength Lamellar grating waveguide sensor with TE polarization incidence. The variation of guided modes and the sensitivity of fundamental mode are also investigated. The calculation results show that the thicker waveguide layer will induce more guided modes. Comparing the spectrum sensitivity of fundamental mode of different waveguide thickness, the peak shift of the thinner waveguide layer is larger than the thicker one’s. In other words, thinner waveguide layer is a better selection for the use of sensor.

[Jiann-Hwa Lue, Shen Cherng, Rong Seng Chang. Waveguide Thickness Effects on the Sensitivity of Lamellar Grating Waveguide Sensor with TE-Polarization Incidence. Life Science Journal. Life Sci J. 2014; 11(4):394-397] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 53. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.53

Keywords: waveguide thickness, Lamellar grating, biosensor, sub-wavelength, full wave half maxima (FWHM)

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GSH intervented spermatogenesis by oxygen free radicals- mitochondrial signaling pathway

Wei-Dong Zhang¹, Teng Fu², Zhan Zhang^1*, Li-Ting Jia¹, Lin-Lin Zhang¹, Hui-Zhen Zhang¹

¹The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China

²The New School, 66 West 12^th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA

^*Corresponding author. zhangzhan27@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: Through establishing sperm oxygen radical damage model to study GSH interventing spermatogenesis by oxygen free radicals- mitochondrial pathway. Methods: Collecting normal semen by the packet, adding hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase system to construct semen oxidative damage model, adding different concentrations of GSH simultaneously, after 2h, 1h and 12h incubation, the content of MDA and activity of T-SOD and GSH-Px were determined by enzymatic assays. The CASA system determined sperm motility parameters: sperm motility (%), fast forward movement, VCL, VSL, VAP, and ALH. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax, CytC, and Caspase-3) were measured by Real-time PCR. Results: 1. Compared with group a (control group), MDA content increased but T-SOD and GSH-PX activity and sperm motion parameters decreased in group b (plus oxidase reaction system) and group c (plus oxidase reaction system and a low concentration of GSH), The difference was significant statistically (all P<0.05). Compared with the group b, MDA levels were lower but T-SOD and GSH-PX activity and sperm motion parameters increased in group c and group d (plus oxidase reaction system and a high concentration of GSH), and the difference was significant statistically (all P<0.05). 2. Compared with group a, sperm Bcl-2 expression was reduced but Bax, CytC and Caspase-3 expression were increased in group b, and group c, and the difference was significant statistically (P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively). Compared with group b, sperm relative expression of Bax, CytC and Caspase-3 in group d were lower, the difference was significant statistically (P<0.05). Conclusion: ROS and GSH were responsible for spermˊs damage and protection respectively, in particular, reflecting the changes in motion parameters. GSH affected on ROS directly and blocked mitochondrial signaling pathway, and showed certain dose-effect relationship.

[Wei-Dong Zhang, Teng Fu, Zhan Zhang, Li-Ting Jia, Lin-Lin Zhang, Hui-Zhen Zhang. GSH intervented spermatogenesis by oxygen free radicals- mitochondrial signaling pathway. Life Sci J 2014,11(4):398-403] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 54. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.54

Keywords: oxygen radicals; mitochondrial pathway; male infertility; glutathione

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Moral upbringing of junior schoolchildren in formation of educational activity

Musabekova G.T., Moldabek Kulahmet, Dzhazdykbaeva M. B., Halilaevа E.Zh., Shalabaeva Z.S., Otegen B.A.

H.A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, the main campus B.Sattarhanov Avenue, 29, 161200, Turkistan city, South-Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan.

E-mail: Gulnar.iktu@mail.ru

Abstract: In the modern development stage of our society activation of human factor emerges as one of the conditions for the further social progress. In this regard, the task of the comprehensive school is training a responsible citizen, which able to assess independently what is happening and to base their activities in accordance with the interests of the people around him. The solution of this problem is connected with the formation of strong moral qualities of the student. The problem of moral education of children is always in the center of social attention. This problem gains special relevance in the conditions of progressing change of all aspects of social life. The task of the modern school teachers is upbringing in them independency in making decisions, focusing on actions and deeds, developing the ability to self-education and self-regulation relations.

[Musabekova G.T., Moldabek Kulahmet, Dzhazdykbaeva M. B., Halilaevа E.Zh., Shalabaeva Z.S., Otegen B.A. Moral upbringing of junior schoolchildren in formation of educational activity. Life Sci J 2014,11(4):404-410] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 55. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.55

Keywords: morality, moral education, educational activity, junior student, educational activities formation process.

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Effect of Educational Guidelines Program on Internship Nursing Students Facing Sexual Harassment Behavior

Galila Shawky El-Ganzory¹, Manal Houssien Nasr² and Amal Talaat³

¹Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University

²Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University

³Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University

Amalsharkawy8000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Sexual harassment behavior is one of the most difficult problems facing internship nursing students in recent years; sexual harassment behavior evokes stronger emotional reactions among student nurses, such as frustration, anger, feeling hurt, fear, resentment, helplessness, anxiety and irritation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational guideline program on internship nursing students facing sexual harassment behaviors. A quasi- experimental design was utilized in this study. The study was conducted at Ain Shams university Hospital. purposive sample of 60 student nurses were recruited for this study. Three A structured questionnaire sheet for students which included A demographic characteristics of nurses as age, marital status, Gender, residence, working unit and working shifts. The sheet also included information related to Nurse's knowledge about exposure to sexual harassment, nature of sexual harassment, meaning of sexual harassment, risk factors of sexual harassment, different forms of sexual harassment, the effects of sexual harassment on victims, family and community and the measures used to prevent sexual harassment.; 2) Feeling word checklist; and 3) student nurses experience toward sexual harassment behaviors. The result of this study indicated that the implementation of the educational guideline program showed a highly significant improvement in nurses' level of knowledge about sexual harassment and nurses' reaction and experience toward sexual harassment. The study recommended that, effective policies and procedures to combat this situation are to be established as policies and procedures would empower both administrators and nurses, enabling them to take certain actions against sexual harassment.2-educational program, including nurses, human rights, gender perspective and assertiveness training are needed for both clinical and student nurses assertive attitude that could help nurses discourage patients from engaging in inappropriate sexual behavior.

[Galila Shawky El-Ganzory; Manal Houssien Nasr and Amal Talaat. Effect of Educational Guidelines Program on Internship Nursing Students Facing Sexual Harassment Behavior. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):411-420] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 56. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.56

Key Words: Sexual harassment, Educational guideline program, Nurses' emotional reaction, knowledge Experience.

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Simple Two-Channel Sound Detectors Applying to Pulse Measurement

Jiann-Hwa Lue¹, Rong Seng Chang¹, Tai-Chuan Ko², Yu-Sheng Su^3*, Shen Cherng ^4*, Wen-Ming Cheng⁵

¹ Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, R.O.C.

² Department of Optometry, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C.

³ Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Central University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

⁴ Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chengshiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

⁵ Metal Industries Research & Development Centre, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

ncuaddison@gmail.com, cherngs@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an interesting issue in the last two decades. In TCM, pulse diagnosis is a remarkable tool that differs from western medicine. Nowadays, various pulse measurement instruments have been developed to use in clinical medicine. This study reveals that simple and low cost two-channel sound detectors can easily be applied to the pulse diagnosis successfully. This device can promote the development of TCM and reduce the cost.

[Jiann-Hwa Lue, Rong Seng Chang, Tai-Chuan Ko, Yu-Sheng Su, Shen Cherng , Wen-Ming Cheng. Simple Two-Channel Sound Detectors Applying to Pulse Measurement. Life Sci J. 2014;11(4):421-423] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 57. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.57

Keywords: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Low cost, Condenser microphone, Sound detector, Pulse

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EGCG, a major polyphenol in green tea, protects human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells from viable blue light-induced disorders

Hung-Yu Li^1#, Ching-Ju Lee^2#, Yang-Cheng Wen³, Shiu-Jau Chen⁴, Kuo-Feng Huang^{1, 5}, Hsiang-Jui Liu⁶,

Chun-Lan Liu⁷, Hsiang-Yin Lin⁸, Kuang-Wen Tseng^8*

¹Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan

²Internal Medicine, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei, Taiwan

 ³School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁴Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

  ⁵School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

⁶Department of Optometry, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management New Taipei, Taiwan

⁷Department of Anatomy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

⁸Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan

^#Contributed equally.

*Corresponding Author: Kuang-Wen Tseng, E-mail: tseng@mmc.edu.tw

Purpose: Visible blue light-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death can be caused by a variety of cellular mechanisms that involve oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to determine whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could prevent visible blue light-induced oxidative stress in human ARPE-19 cells. It may be useful in the prevention of early age related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Cultured human ARPE-19 cells were subjected to visible blue light in the presence and absence of EGCG. The viability of cells was determined by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and morphological evaluation. The disorder of ARPE-19 cells was screen with the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Apoptosis related protein, active caspase-3, was measured with western blot analysis. Results: Treatment with EGCG significantly decreased caspase-3 expression and increased SOD activity in human ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, the percentage of visible blue light induced-cellular death was significantly inhibited in the presence of ECGC cultured cell group compared with absence of EGCG group (* p< 0.05). Conclusions: The studies demonstrated that EGCG protects from the visible blue light induced-cellular disorder. EGCG mediated cytoprotection was likely mediated through the increase of antioxidant enzyme activity and the inhibition of active csapase-3 expression. The results of this study open new roads for the use of EGCG in the prevention of primary of early AMD where visible blue light plays a major role in disease pathogenesis.

[Hung-Yu Li, Ching-Ju Lee, Yang-Cheng Wen, Shiu-Jau Chen, Kuo-Feng Huang, Hsiang-Jui Liu, Chun-Lan Liu, Hsiang-Yin Lin, Kuang-Wen Tseng. EGCG, a major polyphenol in green tea, protects human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells from viable blue light-induced disorders [Life Sci J. 2014;11(4):424-429] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 58. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.58

Keywords: epigallocatechin-3-gallate, retinal pigment epithelium, blue light

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Orientation Dependence of  Photoluminescence Based on the 4-n-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl Liquid Crystal

Ying-Chuan Wang

Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management, No. 452, Huanqiu Rd., Luzhu Dist., Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, yingchuan@szmc.edu.tw

Abstract: This study investigates the photoluminescence spectra of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) 4-n-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). The photoluminescence intensities of rubbed or unrubbed sample cells gradually decreases when the LC director reorients from 0° to 90° with respect to the polarized laser beam.

[Ying-Chuan Wang. Orientation Dependence of  Photoluminescence Based on the 4-n-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl Liquid Crystal. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):430-432]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 59. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.59

Keywords: photoluminescence, 4-n-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), orientation dependence

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Phenomen of asymmetry in the dialogue of civilizations and cultures

Irina Vladimirovna Kucheruk

OANO Institute of World Economy and Finance (IMEF), Astrakhan State University, Adm. Nahimova str. 46, k. 1, app. 75, Astrakhan, 414018, Russia

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to analyze asymmetry as the qualitative characteristic of the dialogue of cultures and civilizations. The author examines the asymmetry of dialogic interaction as a multidimensional phenomenon being studied now by representatives of different areas of scientific knowledge, but having no definition in the humanitarian field boundaries and specifications. This articles thesis states that the asymmetry is a qualitative characteristic of intersubjective dialogue, including dialogue among civilizations and cultures, based on non-equilibrium positions of its subjects, their status and resources.

[Kucheruk I.V. Phenomen of asymmetry in the dialogue of civilizations and cultures. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):438-440] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 61. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.61

Keywords: asymmetry of the dialogue, dialogue of civilizations and cultures, the imbalance of the positions, reduction of the dialogue, complementarity in the dialogue.

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Paradigm of future primary school teachers’ vocational training

Venera Gilmhanovna Zakirova and Natalia Dmitrievna Koletvinova

Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Street 18, Kazan, 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia

Abstract. The issue of future primary school teachers’ vocational training efficiency improvement is considered in the article. The paradigm of professional split-level competences development, its features, ways, technologies of application are analyzed. The issue is studied in connection with students’ practice-oriented training. The system of students’ vocational training in pedagogical higher education institutions is undergoing profound changes in the last few years. On the one hand, it is connected with the insufficient interaction of theoretical and practical guidelines existing in high school training. On the other hand, students are not provided with the evidence proving the importance and significance of obtained knowledge for their future professional activity. The analysis of modern scientific literature and teaching practice allows to draw a conclusion that graduates of pedagogical higher education institution experience split-level difficulties in initial mastering of professional competences. In these conditions it is appropriate to state that changes and improvements of a professional competence-based paradigm in higher school training should take place. Special attention is paid to future teachers’ creative development and understanding that different types of professional activity should be motivated.

[Zakirova V.G., Koletvinova N.D. Paradigm of future primary school teachers’ vocational training. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):441-447] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 62. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.62

Keywords: Competence-based paradigm, pedagogical technologies, practice-oriented components, complex of competences, self-organization, self-development, professionally-oriented motivation, content-procedural function

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Draft resolution for reducing electromagnetic load on staff of a mining and processing company

Zlata Nikolaevna Cherkai, Stanislav Vyacheslavovich Kovshov, Pavel Sergeevich Sedov

National Mineral Resources University, 21 Line, 2, St.-Petersburg, 199002, Russia

Abstract. Staff workplaces at industrial enterprises are equipped with a lot of electrical devices, cables, electronic means of communication and control. All these sources of electromagnetic fields (further referred to as EMF) are located in areas where humans are located, and affect human nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems, which results in early stages in manifestations of fatigue and reduced efficiency, and in later stages, in development of diseases. In this paper, we propose an effective method for reducing electromagnetic load on staff of mining and processing enterprises by introducing a shielding system for industrial frequency electromagnetic fields.

[Cherkai Z.N., Kovshov S.V., Sedov P.S. Draft resolution for reducing electromagnetic load on staff of a mining and processing company. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):448-450] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 63. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.63

Keywords: electromagnetic waves, industrial safety, shielding.

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Modern trends in development of tourism statistics in the world and in Russia

O.V. Kaurova¹, E.M. Kryukova ^{1, 2} , A.N. Maloletko¹ , A.V. Deryabina¹, O.S. Yumanova¹

¹ Russian State University of Tourism and Service, Glavnaja str., 99, pos. Cherkizovo, 141221, Pushkinskij r-n, Moskovskaja oblast'

²Scientific and Research Financial Institute of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

Abstract. One of the tasks of future modern highly efficient and competitive tourist complex in Russia is formation of tourism statistics corresponding to the world requirements in the framework of decisions of UN Statistics Commission with due regard to the indicators of adjacent industries and assessment of aggregate contribution of tourism into national economy. Satellite accounts of tourism on regular basis are final aim; such accounts allow to assess its economic multiplicative effect.

[Kaurova O.V., Kryukova E.M., Maloletko A.N., Deryabina A.V., Yumanova O.S. Modern trends in development of tourism statistics in the world and in Russia. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):451-454] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 64. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.64

Keywords: tourism statistics, formation of tourism statistics, tourism, statistic indicators, harmonization of statistic indicators, State Committee of statistics, UN Statistics Commission, Russia, the Russian Federation.

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Regional peculiarities of personnel evaluation in the Russian economy

Vladimir Morozov, Veronika Danilova, Natalya Havanova, Andrey Danilov

Russian State University of Tourism and Service, Glavnaja str, 99, pos. Cherkizovo, 141221, Pushkinskij r-n, Moskovskaja oblast'

Abstract. The article reveals main aspects of arrangement of the procedure of personnel evaluation, development of the contemporary forms and motivation of personnel to obtaining new knowledge and skills; considers the problems of regulation of the self-rating of employees, influence of external and internal factors on objective personnel evaluation, improvement of the objectivity of the employed personnel evaluation procedure. A close attention is paid in the article to the development of non-traditional methods of personnel evaluation in the current environment, improvement of training and education of specialists in the personnel evaluation sphere.

[Morozov V., Danilova V., Havanova N., Danilov A. Regional peculiarities of personnel evaluation in the Russian economy. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):455-459] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 65. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.65

Keywords: professional competences, evaluation and rotation of personnel, key indicators of efficiency, benchmarking, staffing, self-rating and stress resistance, integrated human resource division, objectivity of personnel evaluation.

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Institutional particularities of development of socio-labour relations and life level in the Russian Federation

Lyubov Morozova, Natalya Havanova, Pavel Simonin, Elena Litvinova

Russian State University of Tourism and Service, Glavnaja str, 99, pos. Cherkizovo,141221, Pushkinskij r-n, Moskovskaja oblast'

Abstract. Development of socio-labour relations - is a key lever of efficiency of market economy. The state of the sphere of socio-labour relations and its institutions depends on key factors of development of national economy. Socio-labour relations suggest availability of regulatory framework, realized regulatory acts which determine formation of socio-labour relations.

[Morozova L.,  Havanova N., Simonin P., Litvinova E. Institutional particularities of development of socio-labour relations and life level in the Russian Federation. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):460-463] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 66. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.66

Keywords: institutional particularities, level of life, socio-labour relations, wages, population’s incomes, Russia, the Russian Federation.

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The research of possibility to use the machine for biofuel production as a mobile device for poultry farm waste recycling

Andrei Nikolaevich Nikulin, Kirill Valerievich Epifancev, Stanislav Vyacheslavovich Kovshov, Gennady Ivanovich Korshunov

National Mineral Resources University, 21 Line, 2, St.-Petersburg, 199002, Russia

Abstract. At present, the problem of waste recycling becomes urgent for technologists and ecologists. There are many examples of developed devices which look like large workshop units with no ability to be moved easily. Thus they need much time for installation, the cost price per 1 kg of waste is high and it is hard to change it over quickly. A large number of staff also rises in the price of recycling. This article presents the existing machines for waste recycling. Besides, the authors describe the development of mobile recycling machine and ground the structure of its matrix.

[Nikulin A.N., Epifancev K.V., Kovshov S.V., Korshunov G. I. The research of possibility to use the machine for biofuel production as a mobile device for poultry farm waste recycling. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):464-467] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 67. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.67

Keywords: chicken manure, fertilizer, draw die, matrix, moulding, agglomeration, briquetting.

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Cognitive information models

Victor Yakovlevich Tsvetkov

Moscow State Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation MGTU MIREA, Vernadsky Ave. 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia

Abstract. This article describes cognitive information models. The cognitive information model is compared to the information model and the intellectual model. Formal description of the models is provided. Cognitive information processing system and its subsystems are described. It is shown that cognitive information models are the result of synthesis of cognitive science and information science. It is shown that cognitive information model complements information and intellectual model in the whole complex of outside world cognition.

[Tsvetkov V.Y. Cognitive information models. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):468-471] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 68. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.68

Keywords: model, cognitive science, information models, cognitive models, intellectual models, first-order tasks, tasks of the second kind.

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Influence of William Thackeray on the character system of Julian Fellowes’ Snobs

Zulfiya Rafisovna Zinnatullina, Alsu Hadievna Vafina

Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya street 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation

Abstract. This article is devoted to the researching the influence of the English writer W. Thackeray’s creation on the modern English Literature. In particular the authors explore the novelistic creation of the famous actor, film director, producer J. Fellowes. In the following article the interplay between The Book Of Snobs, Vanity Fair by W. Thackeray, as the representatives of the 19^th century literature and the novel Snobs by our contemporary is on the focus of view. In the issue the impact of the classical pieces of the English literature on the modern novel is revealed in certain levels: imaginative, spatial and authorial.

[Zinnatullina Z.R., Vafina A.H. Influence of William Thackeray on the character system of Julian Fellowes’ Snobs. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):472-475] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 69. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.69

Keywords: Fellowes, Thackeray, intertextuality, image level, narrator, reader.

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Improving Ability of Pseudomonas putida Strain to Biosynthesis of L-Tryptophan

Nourah H.M Al-Zahrani

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

nhalzhrani@kau.edu.sa ‏

Abstract: This study conducted to test and improve the ability of biosynthesis of L-Tryptophan by Pseudomonas putida. First It was tested for producing amino acid L-Tryptophan, then exposed to UV radiation get mutants produce L – Tryptophan. Tow strains were obtained after exposure 20 min to U V P. putida AI and P. putida BI produce 2, 0%mg and 1.4%mg% L-Tryptophan respectively biosynthesis of Tryptophan ability of P. putida AI was improved by adding cacium carbonate 0.3g % anthranillic acid. Anew mutant strain resistant to anthranillic acid P. putida AII was obtained from P. putida AI, daily after 18hrs addition of anthranillic acid and Ammonium sulphate to the fermentation medium increasing the biosynthesis of L- Tryptophan to 117.39 mg% by this isolate P.putida.

 [Nourah H.M Al-Zahrani. Improving Ability of Pseudomonas putida Strain to Biosynthesis of L-Tryptophan. Life Sci. J 2014; 11(4):476-481] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 70. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.70

Key words: L-Tryptophan, Pseudomonas putida, U.V. Radiation, Anthranillic acid.

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Electron Beam Instability in Magneto-Active Inhomogeneous Cold Plasma

Khaled Hamed El-Shorbagy, Yahia.  Swilem and Bassam Mohamad Dakhel

^{1. .} Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

^2. Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.

^3. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

^4. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519 Sharkia, Egypt.

^5.General Required Courses Department, Jeddah Community College King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

drkhalede@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper reports on the interaction of an electron beam with magneto-active inhomogeneous cold plasma that results in an increase in the beam-plasma instability. We show that the variation in the plasma density has a profound effect on the instability of the spatial beam of plasma. The application of an external static magnetic field leads to enhancement if the power absorption from the electron beam, and accordingly to plasma heating in beam-plasma system.

[Kharkwal G, Mehrotra P, Rawat YS. Taxonomic Diversity of Understorey Vegetation in Kumaun Himalayan Forests. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):482-485] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 71. doi::10.7537/marslsj110414.71

Keywords: Electron beam instability, Beam-plasma instability,  Inhomogeneous cold plasma

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Effect of Instructional Guidelines on Students, Practices Regarding Safe Use of Cell Phone

Hanan Shehata Mohamed¹, Magda Abd El Satar² and Amal Talaat³

¹Medical Surgical, ²Community Health, ³ Maternity and Neonatal Nursing Departments, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University

dr.hananshehata@yahoo.com, amalsharkawy8000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cell phones are some of the most dynamic communications and seem to be mandatory devices for the modern age and life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of instructional guideline on students’ practices regarding safe use of cell phone. Design: A quasi experimental study design was utilized, using purposeful subjects of a total number of 180 first year students, setting: Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University. Two tools were used to collect data; first, an interviewing questionnaire which includes three parts: 1) Demographic characteristics, number of cell phones, number of (SIM) and call duration. 2) Student’s level of knowledge related to this issue. 3) Practical questionnaire to assess student’s level of practical measures to reduce electromagnetic waves exposure from cell phone. Second tool, is a rating scale to assess student’s attitude regarding the use of cell phone. The results of the study revealed positive effect of instructional guidelines on improving students' level of knowledge, practices and attitude. The study recommended that guidelines instruction leaflets should be available for each person, using cell phone, and increasing health awareness about its probable hazards.

[Hanan Shehata Mohamed, Magda Abd El Satar and Amal Talaat. Effect of Instructional Guidelines on Students, Practices Regarding Safe Use of Cell Phone. Life Sci J 2014;11(4):486-494] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 72. doi:10.7537/marslsj110414.72

Key words: Instruction guidelines, cell phone, safe use practices

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