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Three-Dimensional Sonographic Calculation of Brain and Cerebellar Volume in Growth-Restricted Fetuses

Ali Farid Mohamed, Noha Hamed Rabei, Amr Mohamed El-Helaly and Marwa Saber

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

amrelhelaly@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: This study evaluates fetal brain and cerebellum volumes in fetuses with asymmetrical intrauterine growth-restriction (IUGR) in comparison to appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) fetuses using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging. Patients and Method: This cross sectional studyinvolved 2 groups of women with singleton pregnancy with a gestational age (GA) between 32 and 36 weeks; group A (n = 36) of fetuses with IUGR and group B (n = 36) with AGA fetuses. Fetuses were examined with ultrasonography for measurement of biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) in addition to 3D volume estimation of frontal lobe, thalamus and cerebellum. Results: The BPD and HC were slightly smaller in the IUGR group (p = 0.079, p = 0.124, respectively. IUGR group had significantly smaller FL and AC (p< 0.001). IUGR group had significantly smaller volume of frontal lobe and cerebellum (p< 0.001) and comparable thalamic volume (p = 0.669). The regional difference between the two groups was the highest in the frontal lobe. Conclusion: Using 3D ultrasound volume calculations, IUGR fetuses have reduced frontal and cerebellar volumes (p< 0.001) and comparable thalamic volume (p = 0.669) compared with AGA fetuses.

[Ali Farid Mohamed, Noha Hamed Rabei, Amr Mohamed El-Helaly and Marwa Saber. Three-Dimensional Sonographic Calculation of Brain and Cerebellar Volume in Growth-Restricted Fetuses. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):1-5]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.01

Key wards:Three dimentional  ultrasonography, Asymmetrical  intrauterine  growth  restriction

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Awareness and Knowledge Towards Ionizing Radiation Hazard Among Medical Students, Interns and Residents in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA.

Suliman Salih^{1, 2}, Zeidan Abdu Zeidan ^{1, 3}, Abdulmohsen Alzalabani¹, Muayad Saud Albadrani¹, Mohamed Yousef^1,4

¹Taibah University, Saudi Arabia

² National Cancer Institute - University of Gezira, Sudan

³ Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan

⁴College of Medical Radiologic Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology.

P.O. Box 1908, Khartoum, Sudan

salim_suliman@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the awareness of medical student and newly graduated doctors towards ionizing radiation hazards in Almadinah, KSA.A cross sectional survey was conducted during the period of January through March 2013 among final year medical students at Taibah University and newly graduated doctors working at Almadinah hospitals, KSA. The study recruited 190 participants. An anonymous self administered questionnaire and 20 items multiple choice questions was used. Appropriate statistical tests were used with p value ≤ 0.05 was used as an indicator of significant difference. This study found that the response rate was 90.5% (190 out of 210). Overall Knowledge and awareness on radiation hazards is inadequate, 98% had low scores on all items regarding all aspects of radiation hazards. Strong evidence of association was found between awareness on radiation hazards, having exposed to previous course on radiation hazards, knowledge on radiology and medical physics (p ≤ 0.001). Weak evidence was found between awareness on radiation hazards and gender in all aspects of radiation hazards with higher mean rank among females (p ≤0.05). No evidence of association was found between awareness on radiation hazards among medical students, interns and residents across gender (p value was 0.08 for medical students, 0.58 for interns and 0.48 for residents). The results indicate that awareness of medical students on ionizing radiation is inadequate. A formal course on radiation hazards and radiation protection should be introduced in medical school curricula.

[Salih S, Zeidan ZA, Alzalabani A, Albadrani M S, Yousef M. Awareness and Knowledge Towards Ionizing Radiation Hazard Among Medical Students, Interns and Residents in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, KSA. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):6-10]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.02

Keywords: Awareness, Medical student, interns, residents, Ionizing radiation hazards, Radiation protection

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Set national world view of primary school pupils through music

Musabekova G.T., Jetibayev K.M., Jumadillayeva A.A., Tokkulova G.T., Isakhova Sh.I., Abdullina G.T.

International Kazakh-Turkish University H.A.Yasavi, the main campus B.Sattarhanov Avenue 29, 161200 Turkestan, Kazakhstan

E-mail: zhoha2014@mail.ru

Abstract: Nowadays, it is very important to bring up children in the world level, to give right education. According to it, in the teaching process is to develop primary school children’s national culture and to set their scientific basis. In the process of teaching national world view through music of primary schoolchildren, to define following pedagogic levels: (1) Sound’s, text’s correspondence with nature; (2) To describe different changes through music; (3) To set music’s role in the people’s life and social life; (4) Sound, to understand its historical levels in the music language; (5) To set musical culture of national differences through national world view.

[Musabekova G.T., Jetibayev K.M., Jumadillayeva A.A., Tokkulova G.T., Isakhova Sh.I., Abdullina G.T. Set national world view of primary school pupils through music. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):11-16]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.03

Key  words: primary form, pupil, worldview, music, set of worldview, pedagogic  levels.

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The Usage Of The Innovative Pedagogical Technology In The Process Of Teaching Mathematics For Primary School Pupils

Aliya Kuralbaeva¹, Nurlan Orazkhan¹, Nihal Mamatoglu².

¹H. A. Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University. B. Sattarhanov Avenue 29, 161200 Turkistan, the main campus, Kazakhstan. E-mail: kural-aliya84@mail.ru

² Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey

Abstract: Nowadays teaching process in Kazakhstan is characterized by the establishment of a peculiar national model. This process is a result of following the world education paradigm and substituting the old teaching methods by an innovative teaching technology. In this case the sapid combination of the pedagogical process is the objective interaction of the main figures of teaching process, i.e. interaction of a teacher and a pupil. The innovative education paradigm emphasizes not the ability and knowledge of a pupil, but his individuality and his personal development through the acquisition of education. If a lesson is only means of organizing teaching, different innovative methods of teaching are the technologies which influence on the best results of lesson. In carrying out the innovative changes in the teaching process, the new inculcations and organizing mechanisms are involved in all objective changes. However, intensiveness in teaching is an objective energy of a maximal obtaining teaching purposes by the means of a new pedagogical idea, technology, technique and the realization of the purposes. In this case, a pedagogical innovation serves as the main means of teaching. As the pedagogical innovation is the result of interactivities that have brought changes in both upbringing and teaching systems, it can be used in all types (fields) of teaching and upbringing processes. The peculiarity of the pedagogical technology is its innovations. The main result of pupil and teacher’s objective activities by using the possibilities of the pedagogical technologies is pupils’ knowledge, well- upbringing and their world- outlook. The effectiveness of using many pedagogical technologies for supplying pupils’ mathematical comprehension is being determined. Pupils’ mathematical comprehension is closely connected with forming methodical elements. Therefore, pupil’s comprehension, eagerness and enthusiasm play the main role in using the innovative technology in teaching math at primary school.

[Kuralbaeva A.A., Orazkhan N., Mamatoglu N. The Usage Of The Innovative Pedagogical Technology In The Process Of Teaching Mathematics For Primary School Pupils. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):17-22]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.04

Key words: innovation; technology; a pedagogical technology; a pedagogical innovation; mathematics; didactic elements

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Impact of Smart Grid Components on Distribution System Reliability: A Review

Tahir Mahmood, Asim Shoaib, Salman Zafar

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan

tahir010@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, survey of the literature regarding effect of smart grid component on distribution system reliability is done. Review of the challenges and barriers to improve the reliability of the distribution system has also been under taken. This paper is divided into different the potential areas that altogether improve the reliability of distribution system. Mainly these areas are communication infrastructure, protection system, advance metering infrastructure, dispersed generation (DGs), and hybrid vehicles. Also, different techniques used to calculate reliability indices are also reviewed. These techniques are Monte Carlo Simulation, Markov Process, Fault Tree Analysis, Genetic Algorithms, SWARM Programming, Routing Algorithm, Numerical Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative analysis.

[T. Mahmood, A. Shoaib, S. Zafar. Impact of Smart Grid Components on Distribution System Reliability: A Review. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):23-32]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.05

Keywords: Advanced metering infrastructure, Communication Infrastructure, Electric power distribution system reliability, Protection system, Smart grid, SWARM Programming.

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Arabic Vowels Recognition by Modular Arithmetic and Wavelets using Neural Network

Emad F. Khalaf, Khaled Daqrouq^, Ali Morfeq

Electrical & Comp. Eng. Dept, King Abdulaziz Univ., Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Recently, the speech recognition is very attractive for researchers because of the very significant related applications. For this reason, the novel research has been of very importance in the academic community. The aim of this work is to find out a new and appropriate feature extraction method for Arabic language recognition. In the present study, wavelet packet transform (WPT) with modular arithmetic and neural network were investigated for Arabic vowels recognition. The number of repeating the remainder was carried out for a speech signal. 266 coefficients are given to probabilistic neural network (PNN) for classification. The claimed results showed that the proposed method can make an effectual analysis with classification rates may reach 97%. Four published methods were studied for comparison. The proposed modular wavelet packet and neural networks (MWNN) expert system could obtain the best recognition rate.

[Emad F. Khalaf, Khaled Daqrouq^, Ali Morfeq. Arabic Vowels Recognition by Modular Arithmetic and Wavelets using Neural Network. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):33-41]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.06

Keywords: Speech; Arabic vowel, Wavelet; Modular arithmetic; Neural network.

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Swarm Optimized Fuzzy Reasoning Model (SOFRM) for Diabetes Diagnosis

Atiq ur Rehman, Aasia Khanum

College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

aasia@ceme.nust.edu.pk

Abstract: Early diagnosis of diabetes is important as it reduces the chances of related complications to arise. Several clinical factors are taken into account for reaching conclusion regarding presence or absence of the disease in a given case.  However, the exact relationship between these factors and the incidence of disease is not known. Moreover, there is no general consensus regarding relative importance of these factors in determining the disease. Classification systems that rely on such factors tend to be computationally complex due to large number of factors and associations.  The aim of this paper is to employ succinct yet effective clinical rules for diagnosis of diabetes. The proposed Swarm Optimized Fuzzy Reasoning Model (SOFRM) employs feature selection for selecting the most discriminative features for diagnosis. The selected features are embedded in a Fuzzy Rule Base with the aim of tolerance to imprecisions in feature measurements and individual fluctuations. Further, the fuzzy rule base is optimized using Swarm Intelligence to achieve highest possible accuracy level.  Experimental results demonstrate that SOFRM gives comparable or better accuracy in diabetes diagnosis than many other state-of-art machine learning approaches.

[Rehman A, Khanum A. Swarm Optimized Fuzzy Reasoning Model (SOFRM) for Diabetes Diagnosis. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):42-49]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.07

Keywords: Diabetes diagnosis; swarm intelligence; fuzzy reasoning model; medical data mining.

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Green & Sustain Energy Technology and Applications

Vijey Thayananthan, Ahmed Alzahrani & Muhammad Shuaib Qureshi

Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

vthayananthan@kau.edu.sa, asalzahrani@kau.edu.sa, msqureshi@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Green energy technology (GET) is the fundamental source to most of the daily activities we face throughout our life periods. So, we need to produce the GET and protect our life and environment, which are affected by the global warming (GW). We all have to blame ourselves for these GW affects, but it is the correct time to think of new solutions. Reducing the GW and increasing GET are better for the future health and wealth. Here, manpower method of generating GET is introduced with less cost and maximum benefits. This method will increase GET, maintain the healthy body, develop more employments etc. with less cost and reduce the GW because the implementation of this method does not depend on any artificial or nuclear energy. It purely depends on the human energy, which can be obtained from fitness centre, amusement parks and dedicated place where people can work to convert the mechanical energy to GET.

[Thayananthan V, Alzahrani A, Qureshi M.S. Green & Sustain Energy Technology and Applications. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):50-55]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.08

Key words: Clean energy; Global warming; Human energy; Green energy; Mechanical energy

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Advanced Techniques for Reducing Spray Losses in Agrochemical Application System

Nasir S. Hassen, Nor Azwadi C. Sidik, Jamaludin M. Sheriff

Department of Thermofluieds, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

nasirsalimhassen@yahoo.com

Abstract: Spray losses are the most important problem that faces spray application technology. Lost agrochemicals cause damage the plants near to the field, pollution of ecosystem, reducing spray efficiency and farming cost. Sprays are lost due to spray the wide gaps between plants and also spray drift to non targeted areas with air flow. Reducing of spray losses has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers who are interested in developing spray technologies. Two main techniques are used to reduce spray losses are: Variable Rate Technologies (VRTs) and Drift Reducing Technologies (DRTs). These techniques are unique means in that they reduce spray losses according to requirements of field conditions. VRT is a good tool to spray according to the plant volume using sensor-controlled precision spraying systems. DRT has an important role in reducing the effect of cross wind by increasing of the droplet size using drift reduction nozzles when there is need to spray at high heights above the field. These two techniques offer great research opportunities. This paper presents principles, and potential spraying applications for VRT and DRT. The objectives of this review are to display and discuss the performance of VRT and DRT in reducing spray losses to provide a good background on the challenges and problems that are being faced by these technologies. In addition, perspectives and some appropriate solutions are suggested. 

[Hassen NS, Sidik NAC, Sheriff JM. Advanced Techniques for Reducing Spray Losses in Agrochemical Application System. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):56-66]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.09

Keywords: spray losses; ultrasonic sensors; VRT; drift reduction; DRT

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Effect of plant density on canopy structure and dry matter partitioning into plant parts of soybean (Glycin max)

M. Monjurul Alam Mondal ^{1, 2*}, Adam B. Puteh¹, Md. Abul Kashem³, Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan¹

¹Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; ²Crop Physiology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; ²Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; *Corresponding author’s email: mmamondal@gmail.com; ma_mondol@yahoo.com

Abstract: The genotype with higher dry matter production and its proper distribution resulted in higher seed yield and proper distribution of assimilates into plant parts depends on optimum spacing of a genotype. Therefore, there is need to study dry mass partitioning into plant parts under different plant density to find out optimum plant density for a newly developed variety. The experiment was conducted under sub-tropical condition (24°75´ N latitude and 90°50´ E longitude) to investigate the effect of plant spacing on morphological characters, dry mass production and its partitioning into plant parts, yield attributes and yield of newly developed two soybean varieties. The experiment comprised two types of varieties viz., BINAsoybean-1(large canopy) and BINAsoybean-2 (small canopy) and four plants spacing of 5 cm × 30 cm, 10 cm × 30 cm, 15 cm × 30 cm and 20 cm × 30 cm. The experiment was laid out in two factor randomized complete block design with four replicates. Morpho-physiological characters such as root length, lateral root number, plant height, number of branches and leaves plant^-1 as well as leaf area plant^-1, total dry mass production plant^-1, yield attributes such as number of pods and seeds plant^-1 and seed yield plant^–1 were increased with increasing plant spacing while reverse trend was observed in plant height and seed yield m^-2. The genotype having lower canopy area requires narrows plant spacing and vice versa. The larger canopy bearing genotype, BINAsoybean-1 performed best at the moderate spacing of 10 cm × 30 cm and the lower canopy bearing genotype, BINAsoybean-2 performed well at the closer spacing of 5 cm × 30 cm. Plant density had no significant influence on proportion of dry matter partitioning into different plant parts.

[M. Monjurul Alam Mondal, Adam B. Puteh, Md. Abul Kashem, Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan. Effect of plant density on canopy structure and dry matter partitioning into plant parts of soybean (Glycin max). Life Sci J 2014;11(3):67-74]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.10

Keywords: Soybean; Plant density; Dry matter partitioning; Yield

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Predicting Customer Churn in Telecom Industry using Multilayer Preceptron Neural Networks: Modeling and Analysis

Omar Adwan¹, Hossam Faris¹, Khalid Jaradat¹, Osama Harfoushi¹, Nazeeh Ghatasheh ²

^1. King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

^2. Department of Business Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Aqaba, Jordan

hossam.faris@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: Churn represents the problem of losing a customer to another business competitor which leads to serious profit loss. Therefore, many companies investigate different techniques that can predict churn rates and help in designing effective plans for customer retention. In this study we investigate the application of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks with back-propagation learning for churn prediction in a telecommunication company. Different MLP topologies with different settings are used to build churn classification models. Moreover, two MLP based approaches are used and compared in order to rank the most influencing factors on churn rates. For the purpose of this research, real data of customers in a major Jordanian telecom company were provided.

[Omar Adwan, Hossam Faris, Khalid Jaradat, Osama Harfoushi and Nazeeh Ghatasheh. Predicting Customer Churn in Telecom Industry using MLP Neural Networks: Modeling and Analysis. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):75-81]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.11

Keywords: Churn Prediction; Telecommunication; Modeling; Analysis; Neural Network; Multilayer Perceptron

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Effect of Acute Pancreatitis on Lung Structure of Adult Male Albino Rats and Role of Allopurinol Administration

Maha A. Abdallah and Dalia A. Mohamed

Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University

maha18770@gmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Acute pancreatitis not only affects the pancreas, but also has many systemic manifestations. Acute lung injury is one of its most common and serious complications. Aim of work: This work aimed to study the effect of experimentally induced pancreatitis on the lung structure of adult male albino rats and the role of allopurinol administration. Materials & methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were equally divided into three groups; control (I), main pancreatic duct ligated (II) and allopurinol treated main pancreatic duct ligated (III).After pancreatic duct ligation, rats of all groups were left free in their cages for four successive days. Rats of group III were injected intraperitoneallyby 200 mg allopurinol per kg body weight every 12 hours during these four days. By the end of fourth day, blood samples of all rats were collected for the evaluation of serum amylase. Rats' lungs were dissected out and processed forlight and electron microscope examination. Area percentages of collagen fibers andinducible nitric oxide synthase; iNOSas well as serum amylase level were estimated and statistically analyzed. Results: Most of the lung alveoli of group II were markedly collapsed. Others were filled by homogenous acidophilic material and extravasated blood. They were separated by thickened septa containing congested blood vessels, many inflammatory cells and moderate aggregations of collagen fibers. Some pneumocytes type I had heterochromatic shrunken nuclei. Pneumocytes type II cytoplasm was distended with variable sized lamellar bodies with marked loss of their lamellar arrangement. Numerous alveolar macrophages in the alveolar cavities and extensive neutrophilic infiltration within the interalveolar septumwere observed. Many strong positive iNOS immune reactive cells were observed. In group III, relatively narrow alveoli were observed. Few of them contained homogenous acidophilic material. The interalveolar septa were thin in most areas and moderately thickened in other ones containing thin collagen fibers and inflammatory cells. The alveolar wall was lined by pneumocytes type I and few pneumocytes type II. Pneumocytestype I had irregular euchromatic nuclei surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm. Pneumocytes type II cytoplasm contained lamellar bodies. Some of these bodies retained their lamellar arrangement while others were disorganized. Few strong positive iNOS immune reactive cells were observed. Estimated and analyzeddata for collagen fibers, iNOS area % and serum amylase level confirmed the results. Conclusion: Acute pancreatitis led to structural alterations in lung parenchyma and these changes were markedly reduced by allopurinol injection at the early stage of acute pancreatitis. So, allopurinol administration may be beneficial in prevention of acute lung injury associated with pancreatitis.

[Maha A. Abdallah and Dalia A. Mohamed. Effect of Acute Pancreatitis on Lung Structure of Adult Male Albino Rats and Role of Allopurinol Administration. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):82-93]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.12

Key words: Acute pancreatitis – lung – Allopurinol – pneumocytes - ultrastructure

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Oxyurids Of Wild And Laboratory Rodents From Egypt

Amal I. Khalil⁽¹⁾, Gehan H. Lashein⁽²⁾, Gazaa H. Morsy⁽²⁾, Dina I. Abd El- Mottaleb⁽²⁾

Departments of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University⁽¹⁾, and⁽²⁾Benha University, Egypt

gehan.lasheen@yahoo.com

Abstract: Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris and Aspiculuris tetraptera were recovered differentialy from the Nile rat 'Arvicanthis niloticus', the brown rat 'Rattus norvigicus', the black house rat 'Rattus rattus', the house mouse 'Mus musculus', the lesser short tailed gerbil 'Dipodillus simony', the laboratory rat 'Rattus norvigicus alba', and the laboratory mouse 'Mus musculus alba' from different geographical localities in Egypt. The lesser short tailed gerbil was recorded as new host record. Morphometric comparison between adults recovered from different hosts revealed statistically significant variations in few structures. Scanning electron, as well as, light microscopy added to the taxonomic valid characteristics that differentiate between the encountered oxyurids. These variations include: the shape and surface structure of the lips and labial papillae; the occurrence of cephalic vesicles in both S. obvelata and A. tetraptera but not in S. muris; the cervical alae being prominent in male S. obvelata but absent in females, present in female S. muris but absent in males and present in both sexes of A. tetraptera; the caudal alae found in A. tetraptera and absent in Syphacia spp.; spicules and gubernaculum present in both species of Syphacia, but not in A. tetraptera; the number of transverse striae on mamelons varied in the reported Syphacia spp.; the shape of vulva varied in the three encountered species. The structure of buccal cavity and oesophagus was defined and new criteria were added. The number, shape and size of caudal papillae in males were recorded. Variations in the shape of the transverse cuticular annulations in both sexes of the three encountered species were discussed. Results were discussed in relation to previous reports.

[Amal I. Khalil, Gehan H. Lashein, Gazaa H. Morsy, Dina I. Abd El- Mottaleb. Oxyurids Of Wild And Laboratory Rodents From Egypt. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):94-107]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.13

Key words: Syphaci obvelata, Syphacia muris, Aspiculuris tetraptera, scanning electron microscopy, rodents, Egypt.

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Climatic Change and its Impact on Fish (Review Article)

Mona S. Zaki and Mostafa F. Abd elzaher Prof. Dr.

Department of Hydrobiology, Vet. Division National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract:  Climate change has had a clear impact on the annual timing of the life-history events of animals and plants. It is often assumed that the timing of annual migrations of marine fish to spawning grounds occurs with very little change over time. However, it is unclear how much fish migration is influenced by climate change. Detecting such changes may be important to consider if climate-linked temperature increases act to shift the timing and location of annual peak abundance, shifts which may have consequences for both fishery catches and their management.

[Mona S. Zaki and Mostafa F. Abd elzaher. Climatic Change and its Impact on Fish. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):108-111]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.14

Keywords: Climate change; marine fish; fish migration; temperature.

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ICA Based Dictionary Learning for Image Denoising

M. EL-SayedWaheed¹, H. Ahmad Khalil² and O. Farouk Hassan³

^1.Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers & Informatics, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

^2.Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, P.O. Box 44519

^3.Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

osamafarouk4@gmail.com

Abstract: Image denoising problem can be addressed as an inverse problem. An extension to the probabilistic framework for solving Image denoising problem is introduced in this paper. The approach is based on using over complete basis dictionary for sparsely representing the signal under interest. To learn the over complete basis, we used Generalized Gamma Distribution based ICA. We used the FastICA algorithm that works in sequential mode. The learned dictionary used after that for denoising speech signals. The results shows that our algorithm produced either equal or often significantly better than some of the best-known algorithms in signal denoising.

[M. EL-Sayed Waheed, H. Ahmad Khalil and O. Farouk Hassan.  MACROBUTTON MTEditEquationSection2 Equation Chapter 1 Section 1 SEQ MTEqn \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT  SEQ MTSec \r 1 \h \* MERGEFORMAT  SEQ MTChap \r 1 \h \* MERGEFORMAT ICA Based Dictionary Learning for Image Denoising. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):112-115]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.15

Keywords: Sparse Representation, Image Denosing, Non-Negative Matrix Factorization, Dictionary Learning.

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Ilizarov Bone Transport with Knee Arthrodesis in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Proximal Tibia

Abdel-Rahman Hafez Khalifa,

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University

abdelrahmanh2001@yahoo.com

Abstract: For almost two decades extremity amputation has not been the only viable option for patients with osteoclastoma in the region of the knee. Remarkable advances in surgical reconstructive technique provide a new option for surgeons who diagnose and treat bone tumors. Ilizarov bone transport has become widely accepted alternative in limb salvage surgery of the extremities. The aim of this study was to present the outcome of the treatment of bone tumors in the knee region by the use of Ilizarov bone transport with knee arthrodesis. In the period from 2001 to 2008 we adopted new clinical practice protocols for management in candidates with osteoclastoma of proximal tibia including: surgical tumor staging, histopathological verification, determinants of anatomical defect, as well as status of soft tissues. The patients were monitored during ≥24 months after the surgery for detecting possible complications. All procedures were performed without complications during and immediately after the surgery. During the follow-up period not less than 24 months we failed to record any significant complications. Ilizarov bone transport with knee arthrodesis is a good treatment option of bone tumors in the knee region.

[Abdel-Rahman Hafez Khalifa. Ilizarov Bone Transport with Knee Arthrodesis in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Proximal Tibia. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):116-120]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 16. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.16

Key words: osteoclastoma proximal tibia, ilizarov bone transport, knee arthrodesis.

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Investigation of Induction Motor Drive Performance under Various Current Controllers

Ahmed E. Kalas¹, M. El-shahat Dessouki^2,1 and Elwy E. Elkholy³

^1. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt

^2. King Abdul Aziz University, Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia

^3. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

Dessouky_m@yahoo.com

Abstract: A current controller is used in high performance ac drives to switch the voltage source inverter in such a way that the motor currents follow a set of reference current waveforms. This paper presents 1) a short review of the different current control techniques for three phase two level inverters 2) a detailed comparison of various current controller schemes, particularly hysteresis (fixed, sinusoidal, and mixed-band), ramp comparator and hybrid current controllers for the induction motor drive based on performance at different speeds. The hysteresis and the ramp comparator controllers are getting more attention due to their simplicity and high dynamic responses. Therefore, the hybrid current controller is used. The harmonic spectra of the motor line currents for various current controllers are obtained using a fast Fourier transform for comparison purposes. All current control schemes have been verified by using computer simulations.

[A.E. Kalas, M. El-shahat Dessouki, E.E. Elkholy. Investigation of Induction Motor Drive Performance under Various Current Controllers. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):121-129]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 17. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.17

Keywords: Linear current control, nonlinear current control, hybrid current control, induction motor (IM) drives.

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Tasks and algorithms in decision making for optimization of working regimes for oil pipelines in a fuzzy environment

Orazbayeva Kulman Nakhanovna¹, Kurmangaziyeva Lyailya Taskalievna², Utenova Balbupe Esenzhanovna¹, Orazbayev Batyr Bidaibekovich¹

¹Atyrau institute of oil and gas, The Republic of  Kazakhstan, 060002, Atyrau city, Azattyk Avenue, 1

²Kh. Dosmukhamedov Atyrau State University, The Republic of Kazakhstan, Atyrau city, Studentcheskii Avenue, 212

Abstract.  This research paper details research into selection and decision making for the optimisation of technological installations in conditions of multi-criteria and fuzzy input data. In the example of main oil pipeline complexes, new mathematical equations were derived for this task and dialogue algorithms to solve them were also developed in order, by means of modification of optimisation principles and compromise decision making schemes. The novelty and originality of the proposed approach lie in the possibility of solving the input task in a fuzzy environment without first transforming to the equivalent determinate variables, which allows for a more accurate and a more adequate solution to the given task. In this paper, one of the algorithms which has been developed (Fuzzy Optimisation Algorithm 3), is used in order to solve the task of effective control of working regimes for heating stations on the Uzen – Samara oil pipeline as it passes through Atyrau.

[Orazbayeva K.N., Kurmangaziyeva L.T., Utenova B.E., Orazbayev B.B. Tasks and algorithms in decision making for optimization of working regimes for oil pipelines in a fuzzy environment. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):130-138] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 18. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.18

Keywords:  decision making task, multi-criteria, oil pipeline, fuzzy data, membership function, optimisation principles, Pareto optimisation, key factor method, ideal point principle, weighting coefficients, Decision Maker (DM).

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Response of Growth, PSII Photochemistry and Chlorophyll Content to Salt Stress in Four Brassica Species

Muhammad Jamil¹, Shafiq ur Rehman², E. S. Rha^3*

^1. Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan

^2. Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan

^3.College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea

euishik@sunchon.ac.kr, dr.jamil@kust.edu.pk

Abstract: Salinity is a common constrain to crop productivity around the globe. To assessed salinity effects on growth, PSII photochemistry, and Chlorophyll content of Brassica species differing in salt tolerance in order to clarify whether growth inhibition of Brassica species under saline conditions was attributable to PSII photochemistry, Seedlings of mustard (Brassica juncea L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis L.) canola (Brassica napus L.) and two cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L) varieties were grown in saline condition at salt stress of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. Root weight, shoot weight, and leaf area considerably reducedas the level of salt increase in saline medium while there was no change in leaf water content. Salt stress induced a significant decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate, and photochemical quenching coefficient of chlorophyll fluorescence (q_P) in all Brassica species while F_o/F_m ratio increased significantly with higher salt concentration. Chlorophyll (Chl) content significantly decreased with the increase in salinity in cauliflower, whereas a significant increase was observed in other Brassica species. Linear regression revealed a significant negative relationship between salinity and growth, Fv/Fm, electron transport rate and q_P. There was also a positive relationship between salinity and Fo/Fm ratio. Multiple regression equations developed to predict the relationship between the growth and PSII photochemistry have shown that the dry weight of root and shoot had a significant positive correlation with Fv/Fm and electron transport rate, but a significant negative correlation with Fo/Fm ratio and photochemical quenching coefficient. It was concluded that plant growth had strong relationship with PSII photochemistry in Brassica species.

[JamilM, Shafiq R, Rha ES. Response of Growth, PSII Photochemistry, and Chlorophyll Content to Salt Stress in four Brassica Species. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):139-145]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 19. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.19

Keywords: Salinity; plant growth; photosynthesis; relationship; Brassica

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The Effectiveness of Religious Module in Improving Psyco-Spiritual Health for Women Inmates in Prison

Khairul Hamimah Mohamad Jodi¹, Mohd Afifuddin Bin Mohamad ², Wirdati Mohd Radzi³ , Azizi Che Seman⁴, Naemah Abd Rahman⁴, Nurhanisah Senin⁴, Siti Fairuz Ramlan⁴ , and Fuadah Johari⁵

¹School of Foundation and General Studies, UNITAR International University, 3-01A Level 11, Tierra Crest, Jln SS6/3, Kelana Jaya 47301, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

²Advance Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

³Department of Sport Management, Sport Centre, University of Malaya, 51603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

⁴Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 51603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

⁵Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

k.hamimah@gmail.com

Abstract: The implementation of religiosity and psycho-spiritual health through the module instrumentation is deemed significant to the inmates. Both entities are found to be effective in producing positive result. It is also believed to be able to train and treat patients’ mental state and behavioral state, thus from recurring bad behaviors. Several methods have been applied including: Cross survey, interview and questionnaire survey, which involves 40 inmates in the prison for various delinquencies. This research is going to analyze the effectiveness of the psycho-spiritual module on the prison inmates before and after treatment. Due to the respondents’ location, this research conducted at the Kajang Women prison in Malaysia. This article also evaluates the influence of religiousness inculcated in the treatment of inmates, which promotes changes in positive attitude, daily lifestyle, mental health and self-management. The result illustrates positive outcome from the implemented module before and after the psycho-spiritual treatment. As conclusion, the study findings give strong support for the effectiveness of religious approach in improving spiritual health for women inmates in prison. Thus, religious approach is recommended as an alternative to the current allopathic treatment method in dealing with the problem especially for women inmates in prison.

[Mohamad Jodi K.H., Mohamad M.A., Radzi W.M., Seman A.C., Rahman N.A., Senin N., Ramlan S. F., Johari F. The Effectiveness of Religious Module in Improving Psyco-Spiritual Health for Women Inmates in Prison. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):146-153]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 20. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.20

Keywords: Psycho-Spiritual Module, Health, Treatment, Kajang Women Prison.

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Using E-Service Learning for Promoting Digital Citizenship

Hamdan Said¹, Iqbal Ahmad¹, M. Al-Muz-Zammil Yassin¹, Syed Shafeq Syed Mansor¹, Zainudin Hassan¹, & Itmad Alrubaay²

1. Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

2.Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Corresponding author email: shahnavi777@hotmail.com

Abstract: Today’s citizens live in a digital age. Millions of people interact all over the world using different technologies on daily basis. This wider interaction has generated a digital society. There are vast opportunities of education and social interaction available for students as members of this digital society. As is customary with the members of every society to behave and act in a certain way, similar is the case with the members of the digital society. Students in the present time are entirely comfortable with the internet. Despite of this, there are many questions to be answered. Are the students using the internet appropriately as responsible citizens of a digital society? Are they aware of their roles and responsibilities? What are the challenges that digital citizenship education faces? Is e-service-learning a useful tool to prepare responsible digital citizens? This study reviews relevant and wider literature to find answers to these questions.

[Hamdan Said, Iqbal Ahmad, M. Al-Muz-Zammil Yassin, Syed Shafeq Syed Mansor, Zainudin Hassan, & Itmad Alrubaay. Using E-Service Learning for Promoting Digital Citizenship. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):154-159]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 21. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.21

Keywords: Service-learning, digital citizenship, online citizenship skills 

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Evaluation of Cruising Taxi Dispatching Taxi Operations in the Taipei Metropolitan Area

Chi-Hsuan Wu ¹, S. K. Jason Chang ², Chih-Hsu Lin ³

^1. Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

TEL: +886-6-2985939, FAX: +886-6-2985939, E-mail: frank@drts.com.tw

^2. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

^3. Graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

ABSTRACT: The most common taxi operation service consists conventionally of cruising randomly around a city to search for passengers. Because of de-regulation policies, over-supply and high vacancy rates have caused inefficient operation and low performance in the taxi market. Therefore, this paper aims to create an innovative operational service and to evaluate the environmental benefits of this service as compared with conventional cruising services. It is shown that innovative dispatching service can result in 4.35 billion USD of energy savings per year in the Taipei metropolitan area. Numerical results have also shown other external effects of innovative dispatching services, including less air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.

[Chi-Hsuan Wu, S. K. Jason Chang, Chih-Hsu Lin. Evaluation of Cruising Taxi Dispatching Taxi Operations in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):160-165]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 22. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.22

Keywords: Innovative taxi operation service; conventional cruising taxi service; analytical model.

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The Activity Coefficients and Equilibrium Constants of Commercial Potash at Temperature From 25 to 70^°C

Khaled Rawajfeh ¹, Thamar Al-Hunaidi, Zayed Al-Hamamre, Motasem Saidan

Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan

K_rawajfeh@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: The activity coefficients and equilibrium constant of commercial potash produced by the APC in Jordan were estimated using the Pitzer’s model. The equilibrium constant was found to correlate with saturation temperature using the equation (K_sp = 0.3505 T(°C). Good agreement was found between the estimated values of K_sp in this study and those estimated previously for the system KCl.H₂O at temperatures below 40^oC. More deviations were detected at higher temperatures.

[Rawajfeh K, Al-Hunaidi T, Al-Hamamre Z, Saidan M. The Activity Coefficients and Equilibrium Constants of Commercial Potash at Temperature From 25 to 70^°C. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):166-172]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 23. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.23

Keywords: activity coefficient, equilibrium constant, Potash, KCl, Jordan.

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Improving of Methodological Approach to the Formation and Management of Transport and Logistics Cluster

Zhanarys S Raimbekov ¹, Bakyt U Syzdykbayeva ¹, Parida T Bayneeva ², Rauan E Ergaliev ¹, Bakytzhamal A Zhumataeva ¹

^1. Department of Economics, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan

^2. Department of Economics, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, Shymkent 160012, Kazakhstan

zh_raimbekov@mail.ru

Abstract: Formation of the national logistics system and its subsequent entry into the international macrologistical system for any country is paramount. This way of integration into the world community is the most effective. Formation of the national logistics system will bring a new level of infrastructure development and strengthen internal interregional ties that serve as a catalyst for further economic growth. The solution to this problem, including in Kazakhstan, is seen as a strategic way to improve the country's competitiveness, expanding the market for new innovative technologies in the field of transport and logistics cluster. Due to the fact that transportation and logistics services, which are formed during the movement of goods, can be optimized and lead to more efficient management of transport and logistics industry, there is a need for a thorough and methodological development of transport and logistics cluster formation theory at a qualitatively new level.

[Raimbekov Zh, Syzdykbayeva B, Bayneeva P, Ergaliev R, Zhumataeva B. Improving of Methodological Approach to the Formation and Management of Transport and Logistics Cluster. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):174-184]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 24. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.24

Keywords: Logistics; logistic system; cluster; transport and logistics center; transport and logistics cluster.

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Membrane sweeping prior to Induction of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shafik A., Abou-Seeda M. and Hofny M

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Egypt

shafikadel@hotmail.com.

Abstract:  Objective: to evaluate the effect of single membrane sweep at the commencement of labor induction on the induction-delivery interval and mode of delivery. Patients and methods: This randomized controlled prospective trial was conduct at Ain-Shams Maternity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. The included women were recruited from women attending labor ward who were suited for labor induction. The included patients were randomized into one of two groups: Group 1 (study group):  included 238 women who were subjected to membrane sweeping at initiation of labor induction. The control group included 234 women who were subjected to labor induction without any membrane sweeping. Labor induction was carried out by introduction of 50μg of misoprostol vaginal tablets in the posterior vaginal fornix.  A 10 cm visual analog score (VAS) was obtained from the women immediately after initiation of labor induction. As soon as possible after delivery, another VAS was evaluated from the women to judge their perception of the birth process before their hospital discharge. The main outcome measures of our study were induction to delivery interval and mode of delivery. Results: A total of 472 women were finally analyzed. There was a statistically highly significant reduction in the mean induction to delivery interval among women of group 1 (number=194) compared to women of group 2 (number 157) [11.6±4.1 hours versus 17.2± 5.1 hours respectively, P < 0.01). Also, there was a statistically significant reduction in both cesarean delivery and operative vaginal delivery rates in group 1 when compared to group 2 [(44/238(18.5%) versus 77/234(32.9%), P< 0.01 and (2 /238(0.8%) versus 5/234(2.1%), P< 0.01, respectively]. A higher prevalence of spontaneous vaginal delivery was observed among women of group 1 when compared to women of group 2 (192 /238(80.7%) versus 152/234 (65%), P< 0.01, respectively]. Conclusion: Membrane sweeping at initiation of labor induction reduces the induction to delivery interval, decreases the rate of cesarean delivery and reduces the duration of oxytocin infusion and the dose of prostaglandins needed for induction. Although the procedure is associated with some discomfort, swept women expressed much more overall satisfaction of the birth process.

[Shafik A., Abou-Seeda M. and Hofny M. Membrane sweeping prior to Induction of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):184-190]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 25. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.25

Keywords: Induction of labor; membrane sweeping;

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Femoral Shaft Fracture in Adult Victims in Semey, Kazakhstan from 2009–2011: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study

Аyan Myssayev¹, Serik Meirmanov^2*, Мarat Zhanaspayev¹, Daryn Bakhtybayev¹, Ernar Toktarov¹, Sergey Surkov¹, Yasuo Uchida³, Tolebay Rakhypbekov¹

^1.Semey State Medical University, 103, Abay st., Semey, Kazakhstan 071400, phone/fax: +7 7222 - 52-22-51

^2.College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Jumonjibaru 1-1, Beppu city, Oita Prefecture, Japan, 874-8577, phone/fax:+81-9778-1123

^3.Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan

Abstract: Background. To determine epidemiology and characteristics of adult`s femoral shaft fracture (FSF) in Semey city, Kazakhstan over a 3-years period (2009-2011); and to compare these findings with other countries data.

Methods. Data from Department of Traumatology of Semey Emergency Hospital were used in this study and all of 101 FSF of 95 patients for the 3-years period were included. Result. Over the 3-years period, the portion of FSF was 26.5% of all femoral fractures with average annual incidence rate of 9.7 per 100,000 person-years. Majority of patients were males: 65.3% (n=62). The total average age of patients was 43.7 years old, and male average age was much more younger than female: 38.2 and 54.7 respectively. In the 15-49 years old group, the incident rate ration male/female was 3.69 (95% CI: 2.09; 6.55). The majority of FSF was closed (83.2%) and comminuted (51.5%). In 38.6% of fracture were in the middle thirds; 35.6% - proximal, and 25.7% - distal. The main causes of FSF were road traffic injuries (45.3%) and household injuries (38.9%). The quantity of FSF was higher in the summer season (34.8% of total patients). Conclusion. Male predominance, lower average age and lower proportion of middle thirds fracture, majority of type B fractures, and high portion of FSF after RTI - are specific for FSF patients in Semey, Kazakhstan. This study would be useful in health-care planning and management for patients with FSF in Semey, Kazakhstan.

[А. Myssayev, S. Meirmanov, М. Zhanaspayev, D. Bakhtybayev, E. Toktarov, S. Surkov, Ya. Uchida, T. Rakhypbekov. Femoral Shaft Fracture in Adult Victims in Semey, Kazakhstan from 2009–2011: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):191-195]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 26. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.26

Keywords: Epidemiology, femoral shaft fracture, Kazakhstan.

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Endometrial thickness and Blood Supply evaluation by 3D and Dopplar U/S as a Predictor of IVF Outcome

Amr A. Aziz khalifa, Alaa Eldin H. Elfeky, Shahinaz A. Gaium ElSamani

Obstetrics and GynaecologyDepartment, Faculty of Medicine,Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

dr_amraziz@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Despite the fact that top-quality embryos may be available for transfer during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) intracytoplasmic sperm (ICSI) cycles, only a maximum of one third of the embryos transferred finally implant. Many factors contribute to obtaining a successful pregnancy. Understanding these factors can help in counseling patients regarding their chances of success and the possible predictors of pregnancy that have been evaluated are endometrial thickness endometrial pattern and endometrial blood flow. The aim of is study: the study designed to evaluate the relation between endometrial thickness and vascularity measured by 3D ultrasound, Doppler and pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles. Patients and methods: 120 infertile women were included in this study all of them were subjected to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using slandered long protocol and all of them had three-dimensional ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound on the day of HCG injection of stimulated cycle. Results: out of the study 52 women become pregnant with mean of endometrial thickness and endometrial volume 13.03±1.63 and 6.75±1.95 respectively in comparison to non-pregnant women that was highly significant decrease . Also pulsatility index and resistance index of uterine artery were lower in pregnant women (1.67±0.33 and 0.83±0.05 respectively) while flow index of uterine artery and subendometrial vascularization flow index were higher in pregnant women (25.44±2.1 and 0.33±0.21 respectively) in comparison to non-pregnant women.  Conclusions: although3D ultrasound and power Doppler angiography aremore expensive they may offer useful tool to assess endometrial receptivity in IVF/ICSI and embryo transfer especially with minimal number of embryo transferred. That may give big help in programs that tend to minimize embryo transfer up to single embryo transfer .

[Amr A. Aziz khalifa, Alaa Eldin H. Elfeky, Shahinaz A. Gaium ElSamani. Ilizarov Bone Transport with Knee Arthrodesis in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Proximal Tibia. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):196-201]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 27. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.27

Key words: endometrial thickness, endometrial volume, 3D ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, IVF, subendometrial vascularization.

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Evaluating the Factors Affecting the Implementation of Hospital Information System (HIS) Using AHP Method

Hossein Ahmadi ¹, Maryam Salahshour Rad ¹, Mojtaba Nazari ², Mehrbakhsh Nilashi ^1,*, Othman Ibrahim ¹

^1. Faculty of Computing, University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

^2. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract: Hospital Information System (HIS) is a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital. In this study those aspects of the implementation of HIS in two public hospitals in Malaysia is described. A quantitative study was conducted to obtain views on information system development and implementation in the Malaysian hospitals. A survey was conducted with personnel experts representing both the system providers and the end-users guided by a questionnaire. Therefore, in the current paper, a model of ranking factors of HIS implementation was developed. The findings indicated that physicians have a high perception means for the technology and showed that HIS would increase physician’s performance regarding to decision making. The relevant factors prioritized and ranked by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The aim of ranking and using this approach is to investigate which factors are more important in HIS implementation from the experts’ perspectives. The result of performing AHP is as a novelty which assists HIS implementation success and also healthcare organizations to motivate their users in accepting of a new technology. The factors were categorized into few themes namely the system development, human resource, scope of implementation, support system, user-friendly, and administrative including of training, hardware and security. Quality human resource, good support system, user-friendly and adequate training of the end-user will determine the success of implementation of HIS. At the end, it is hoped that HIS will be implemented in all other hospitals with effective integration and networking.

[Ahmadi H, Salahshour Rad M, Nazari M, Nilashi M, Ibrahim O. Factors Affecting the Implementation of Hospital Information System (HIS) Using AHP. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):202-207]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 28. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.28

Keywords: Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP); Hospital Information System (HIS); Critical Factor; Public Hospitals

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Job stress and its relationship with Job satisfaction in workers of a refinery control room

Ali Meshkinian*¹, Mehdi Zare², Ramazan Mirzaei ¹, Ali Reza Ansari Moghadam¹

¹ Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran

² Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran

Abstract: Introduction: Job stress can result from people’s perceptions of an imbalance between job demands and their abilities to cope those demands. Stress can affect individuals and lead to job dissatisfaction. This study was conducted to assess job stress and the relationship between job satisfaction and different dimensions of job stress among refinery control room workers in a refinery located in the south of Iran. Method: In this descriptive-analytical research all 100 workers of an oil refinery control rooms were studied. Job stress and job satisfaction was measured using standard questionnaires provided by national institute of mental health (NIMH) and Robbins respectively. After collecting, data were analyzed using SPSS ver.16 software. In this regard Pearson correlation test was used to determine the probable relationship between different dimensions of stress and job satisfaction. Results: In this study 62.08 percent of workers were categorized as having high level of stress. In job satisfaction case, 9.2, 27.6, 28.7, 16.1 and 18.4 of workers were classified as totally dissatisfied, dissatisfied, not satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied and totally satisfied respectively. Pearson correlation test revealed a negative significant correlation between job satisfaction and all studied dimensions of job stress (p= 0.01). conclusion: As job satisfaction is related to different dimensions of job stress, job satisfaction of control room workers can be increased through improvement of different dimensions of job stress including interpersonal relationships, physical conditions of work and job interest.

[Ali Meshkinian, Mehdi Zare, Ramazan Mirzaei, Ali Reza Ansari Moghadam. Job stress and its relationship with Job satisfaction in workers of a refinery control room. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):208-213]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 29. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.29

Key Words: job stress, job satisfaction, oil refinery, control rooms

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Construction of a recombinant AAV vector encoding human alpha-synuclein gene with myelin basic protein Promoter

Tian Huijun¹, Wang Xiangqing², Lang Senyang²

¹The 309th hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army

²The General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army

Abstract: Objective: To construct recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying human α-synuclein gene under the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or murine myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and to measure the virus titer and verify the recombination. Methods: Human α-Synuclein and MBP cDNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), digested and subcloned into shuttle plasmid pSNAV2.0 to obtain recombinant plasmid pSNAV2-CMV-α-Synuclein and pSNAV2-MBP-α-Synuclein. The resulting recombinant plasmids were co-transfected into the 293T cells by calcium-phosphate precipitation method to complete rAAV2-α-Synuclein packaging. The titer of the recombinant rAAV2-α-Synuclein was determined by dot-blot assay. The recombinant rAAV-α-Synuclein was verified by PCR of the exogenous interest genes. Results: The recombinant AAV vector containing α-Synuclein genes under the control of CMV or MBP promoter were successfully constructed. The physical particle titer of rAAV2-CMV-α-Synuclein and rAAV2-MBP-α-Synuclein were respectively 5.6×10¹¹ vg/ml and 3.1×10¹¹ vg/ml. The recombinant virus was confirmed by PCR of exogenous α-Synuclein and MBP promoter gene. Conclusion: rAAV2-α-Synuclein was successfully constructed with a high virus titer, which may offer foundation for in vitro and in vivo experiments and provide a new method for the study of pathogenetic mechanisms and exploration of new therapeutic targets of particular relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders.

[Tian Huijun, Wang Xiangqing, Lang Senyang. Construction of a recombinant AAV vector encoding human alpha-synuclein gene with myelin basic protein Promoter. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):214-219]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 30. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.30

Key words: α-synuclein;myelin basic protein;recombinant adeno-associated virus; plasmid.

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Endothelial and Some Cytokine Inflammatory Markers as Risk Factors of Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women

Hanan Mostafa Kamel¹, Abdel-Halim El-Sayed Amin² and Ahmed Reda El-Adawy²

Departments of Clinical Pathology¹ and Obstetrics and Gynecology², El-Minia Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.

halimamin62@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endothelial marker (sICAM-1) and some cytokines inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-1 β) as risk factors of development of hypertension in postmenopausal women. Study Design: This case controlled study included three hundred postmenopausal women. All participants are classified into two main groups; group-1, included postmenopausal women with hypertension (Hypertensive group; n = 160), group 2, included postmenopausal women without hypertension (Control group; n = 140). Patients with peripheral vascular disorders, renal diseases, psychological disorders, past history of hypertension or use of antihypertensive drugs before menopause were excluded from this study. Full history taken, general and physical examinations were done for all postmenopausal women. Blood samples were obtained from each participant and collected into anticoagulated tubes. Blood samples were spun for 10 minutes, and then all plasma samples were aliquoted within 15 minutes after centrifugation and frozen at – 70^oC until time of assay. We measured three inflammatory markers, including (hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-1β) and one endothelial marker, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) using ELIZA technique. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between hypertensive group and control group regarding age (61.4 year vs 59.8 year, with p-value = 0.24), body mass index (26.3 kg/m2 vs 25.9 kg/m2, with p -value = 0.32), waist circumferences (81.4 cm vs 80.3 cm, with p -value = 0.26), physical activity (18.2 hour vs 17.6 hour, with p -value = 0.35) or smoking percentage (8.3% vs 7.85%, with p -value = 0.63). However, there was statistically significant difference regarding hs CRP, between both groups (2.3 mg/L vs 1.5 mg/L, with p -value < 0.001). Also there was statistically significant difference regarding IL-6 between both groups (1.8 ng/L vs 1.2 ng l with p -value < 0.005), however, there was no statistically significant difference between hypertensive and control groups regarding IL-1β (0.4 ng/L vs 0.36 ng/L, with p -value = 0.38). This study has also shown that there was statistically significant difference regarding the endothelial marker, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1) between both groups (287.8 ng/L vs 236.5 ng/L, with p -value < 0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s ICAM-1) are considered as risk factors for the development of hypertension in postmenopausal women. Interleukin-1β carries no risk factor for the development of hypertension in the postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal period per-se seems to be precipitating or predisposing factors for initiation of endothelial activation and pro- inflammation that produce such cytokines which play important role in the development of hypertension in the postmenopausal women.

[Hanan Mostafa Kamel, Abdel-Halim El-Sayed Amin and Ahmed Reda El-Adawy. Endothelial and Some Cytokine Inflammatory Markers as Risk Factors of Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):220-223]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 31. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.31

Keywords: Inflammatory Markers- Hypertension – Postmenopause - hs-CRP - IL-6 - IL-1β - sICAM-1

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Dynamics Of Population Growth Model With Fractional Temporal Evolution

M. Mirzazadeh¹, M. Eslami² , Bouthina S. Ahmed³, Anjan Biswas^4,5

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

²Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

³Department of Mathematics, Girls' College Ain Shams University, Cairo-11757, Egypt

⁴Department of Mathematical Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901-2277, USA

⁵Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia

mirzazadehs2@guilan.ac.ir, mostafa.eslami@umz.ac.ir, ahmed_bouthina@live.com

Corresponding Author, E-mail: biswas.anjan@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper studies the population model that is governed by a nonlinear fractional evolution equation. The fractional derivative is considered in modified Riemann-Liouville derivative sense. The first integral method is applied to carry out the integration. The model is studied in (2+1) - dimensions. Exact analytical solution is obtained.

[M. Mirzazadeh, M. Eslami, Bouthina S. Ahmed and Anjan Biswas.^. Dynamics of Population Growth Model with Fractional Temporal Evolution. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):224-227]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 32. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.32

Keywords: Population model; fractional evolution; first integral method

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Use of enzyme activities as biomarkers for oxidative stress induced by metacercarial affections in some cultured tilapia species

¹Eissa I A M, ¹Derwa H I, ¹Mona Ismail, ²Ramadan R A, ³Mona Zaki** and ²Nashwa Mohamed

¹Dept. of Fish Diseases & Management, Fac. of Vet. Medicine, Suez Canal Univ

²Central Lab. For Aquaculture Research, El-Abbasa.

³ Dept. of Hydrobiology, National Research Center

eissavet29@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out on two different species of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and O aureus. They were collected randomly and seasonally from El-Abbassa fish farm, Sharkia Governorate. The clinical picture revealed no pathgnomic clinical abnormalities on the external body surface. Encysted metacercariae were identified as Diplostomum tilapiae, Rudolphi, 1809,Centrocestus formosanus Nishigori, 1924 and Heterophyes sp. Witenberg, 1929. The total prevalence was 13.1% and the seasonal prevalence was recorded. The enzyme activities (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathion peroxidase, Glutathion reductase, Malondialdehyde, Cytochrome oxidase and Lactate dehydrogenase) in gills, liver and musculature of both infected tilapias were measured and discussed.

[Eissa I A M, Derwa H I, Mona Ismail, Ramadan R A, Mona Zaki, Nashwa Mohamed. Use of enzyme activities as biomarkers for oxidative stress induced by metacercarial affections in some cultured tilapia species. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):228-233]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 33. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.33

Keywords: Encysted metacercariae, Prevalence, Enzyme activities, Tilapias.

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Evaluation of the antioxidant activity effect of Henna (Lawsonia inermis linn.) leaves and or vitamin C in rats

Mona A. Al-Damegh

Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts Onizah, Qassim University, 51911, P. O Box 5380, Onizah, KSA.

dr_mona_aldamegh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Lawsonia innermis leaves on the antioxidant enzyme activity in serum, kidney and liver cells. Methods: The present study was undertaken to determine whether Lawsonia leaves, a natural free radical scavenger, could ameliorate the oxidative stress in serum, kidney and liver in rats. Thirty Six Wister albino rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I: control group (no treatment), group II: administered vitamin C, as ascorbic acid (180 mg/kg BW), group III: administered Henna in low dose (200 mg/kg BW), group IV: administered Henna in high dose (1000 mg /kg BW), group V: administered Henna (200 mg/kg BW) + Vit. C (180 mg/kg BW) group VI: administered Henna (1000 mg/kg BW) + Vit. C (180 mg/kg body weight). The levels of CAT and GPX activity were measured. Also, hydrogen peroxidase, lipid peroxide in serum and tissue homogenates were evaluated.Results: There was an increased lipid peroxidase and hydrogen peroxidase in rats treated with high dose of henna compared to control group. However, there was a significant decrease in catalase activity with high dose of henna alone and henna with vitamin C. As regard to glutathione, all treatments increase its concentration especially with high dose of henna. The activity of GPX significantly increases with all treated animals especially with high dose of henna except in low dose of henna treated rats. Thus, these results conclude that high dose of henna enhanced the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species and can be a potential treatment to ameliorate the toxic effects associated with liver and kidney disease.

[Mona A. Al-Damegh. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity effect of Henna (Lawsonia inermis linn.) leaves and or vitamin C in rats. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):234-241]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 34. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.34

Keywords: Lawsonia innermis, henna, antioxidant enzyme, reactive oxygen species.

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Protective Effect of Green or Black Tea on D-Galactosamine Induced Liver Injury in Male Wistar Rats

Abeer A. Banjabi, Karima S. Mohamed and Madeha N. Al-seeni*

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 42805, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia,

*email: mnalsiny@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Tea is the second most common drink in the world and could have a large impact on public health. In this study, the protection effect of green or black tea on D-Galactosamine (GalN) induced liver injury was determined. Hepatotoxic parameters (AST, ALT and GGT) were subsequently examined.  Therefore, 90 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, drank water, 2% green tea or 2% black tea. After 4 weeks, each group was divided into two subgroups, one injected with GalN intraperitoneally while the other group was injected with saline. Blood analysis indicated that rats treated with GalN had higher activity of AST, ALT and GGT (79.64 %, 200.43 % and 38.46 % respectively) which mean that GalN administration at a dose of 350 mg/kg body weight of rat was able to induce hepatic injury. Consumption of either green or black tea in liver injury-induced rats participates in suppressing the elevation of the serum AST and ALT activities, as indicated by a non-significant change in these enzymes activities after GalN injection. Green tea was effective in diminishing hepatotoxic indices, such as the significant reduction of serum AST and ALT activities by 59.08% and 70.4% respectively, while GGT activity reduced non-significantly by 1.74% as compared with the group of treated rats drinking water. The same reduction in the activities of the previous enzymes was observed in treated rats drinking black tea as 38.53%, 73.59% and 9.38% for AST, ALT and GGT respectively. Accordingly, it was clear that both types of tea can significantly suppress the enhancement of activities of the transferase enzymes which were induced by GalN. Moreover, green tea was more effective in hepatotoxicity protection than black tea.  Furthermore, even in untreated rats, green tea was able to decrease AST activity significantly by 27.96% as compared to the control group.

[Abeer A. Banjabi, Karima S. Mohamed and Madeha N. Al-seeni. Protective Effect Of Green Or Black Tea on D-Galactosamine Induced Liver Injury in Male Wistar Rats. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):242-249]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 35. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.35

Key words: Male Wistar rats, Hepatotoxic parameters, D-Galactosamine, black tea, green tea, liver.

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Factors Associated with Utilization of Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening Services by Korean Women using the Andersen Behavioral Model

Hyejin Park

Department of International Medical Management, Catholic University of Daegu, Kyungbuk 712-702, Republic of Korea.

hjpark@cu.ac.kr

Abstract: Utilization of cervical cancer screening is an important step to management, prevention, and treatment of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the association between utilization of cervical cancer screening with predisposing, enabling, and need factors in a population-based sample of Korean women. In the cross-sectional study using data from 3129 participants aged 18 and older, utilization of cervical cancer screening was associated with predisposing factors including age, education level, and marital status. In addition, need factors including self-perceived heath were also associated with utilization. However, enabling factors such as income and place of residence were not associated with utilization of screening. This study found a statistically significant association between determinants of health service use and utilization of cervical cancer screening among Korean women.

[Park H. Factors Associated with Utilization of Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening Services by Korean Women using the Andersen Behavioral Model. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):250-253]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 36. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.36

Keywords: Cervical cancer; screening; Anderson’s model; predisposing factor; enabling factor; need factor

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Aspects of improvement of staff management at civil service in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Gulsara Ashirbayevna Junusbekova

Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Ave., 33A, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan

Abstract: The study is devoted to the issues of staff management at civil service of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Improvement of efficiency of civil service and quality of public administration has become obligatory condition of successful development of the country. The author analyzes the results of statistical research of the level of trust of state officials and citizens in the system of competitive selection of the personnel for civil service with the use of criteria of transparency, objectivity, professionalism; the level of trust of state officials and citizens in the mechanism of realization of meritocracy principles at civil service. The ways of improvement of civil service system in the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified.

[Junusbekova. G.A. Aspects of improvement of staff management at civil service in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):254-259] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 37. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.37

Keywords: Staff management, civil service, meritocracy principles, staff selection, career planning, staff policy.

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Pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcosis coexist in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis

Jun Li ¹, Jianjun Qiao ², Juehua Jing ¹

¹Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.

²Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

jingjuehuapaper@163.com

Abstract: Combined infection of Aspergillus and Cryptococcus in the lung is extremely rare. Here, we present a case of concomitant occurrence of pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcosis coexisting in a 58-year-old Chinese woman with rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis. Pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcosis was diagnosed by histopathology of lung tissues by surgery. She was administered oral voriconazole 400 mg/d for 3 months, and was followed up for 2 years with on evidence of recurrence. It is necessary to take aspergillosis and cryptococcosis into consideration in a case of cavitary pulmonary lesions caused by tuberculosis.

[Jun Li, Jianjun Qiao, Juehua Jing. Pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcosis coexist in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):260-262]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 38. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.38

KeyWords:  Aspergillosis; Cryptococcosis; Rheumatoid arthritis.

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Insights into Public Early Warning Systems in Developing Countries: A Case of Jordan

Mahmoud Al-dalahmeh ¹, Anas Aloudat ¹, Omar Al-Hujran ², Mahmoud Migdadi ²

^1. Management Information Systems Department, Faculty of Business, The University of Jordan, Jordan

^2. Department of Management Information Systems, King Talal Faculty of Business and Technology, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan

m.aldalahmeh@ju.edu.jo, a.aloudat@ju.edu.jo, o.hujran@psut.edu.jo, m.migdadi@psut.edu.jo

Abstract: Public early warning systems have the capacity to save lives. These systems, which are becoming increasingly important, have the ability to deliver customized information based on the affected areas and direct to the citizen during a crisis, complementing the work of traditional warning media like television and radio. Several countries around the world have implemented or started to look into implementing their national early warning systems. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative inquiry involving in-depth interviews with five key informants, officials, and expert in the domain of emergency management regarding the efforts of the government of Jordan in considering future early warning systems within its emergency management arrangements. Findings show the stressing need for a public early warning system in Jordan but that several impediments exist in the face of the development and deployment of such a system. These mainly include the absence of substantial finance, lack of citizen awareness and readiness for these systems, and cultural misconceptions about the role of the early warning systems in saving lives. Findings also indicate several recommendations to realize these systems in Jordan, principally soliciting support and fund from international donors, and establishing proper education and awareness campaigns to resolve the cultural issues concerning early warning systems. Implications for government policy and practice are also discussed.

[Mahmoud Al-dalahmeh, Anas Aloudat, Omar Al-Hujran, Mahmoud Migdadi. Insights into Public Early Warning Systems in Developing Countries: A Case of Jordan. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):263-270]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 39. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.39

Keywords: early warning system; emergency; disaster; emergency management; social acceptance; awareness; government deployment.

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Clinicopathological Changes in Fish Exposed To Pollutants

Mona S, Zaki  ^1, Attia A. Abou Zaid ², Mostafa F. Abdelzaher¹ and S. I. Shalaby ³

¹Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

²Animal Health institute Kafrelsheikh, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.

³Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Water pollution is one of the major problems in the world especially in the developing countries. It could by physical, chemical or biological. Heavy metals pollution are the most dangerous form of water pollution. It results from industrial, agriculture or domestic effluents in water. It also resulted from geologic weathering, mining effluent, agricultural and industrial effects, storm run off and atmospheric sources (environment).

[Mona S, Zaki^, Attia A. Abou Zaid, Mostafa F. Abdelzaher and S. I. Shalaby. Clinicopathological Changes in Fish Exposed To Pollutants. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):271-278]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 40. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.40

Keywords: Water pollution – Heavy metals – pollution.

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Preeclampsia umbilical cord serum-induced changes in occludin expression in endothelial cells

Xia Zhang¹, Yaling Feng^1,2, Jianjuan Xu¹, Liyi Cai¹, Lingqing Hu¹, Qian Xu¹, Min Liu¹

¹ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China

² Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Baoan People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518101, China  13600182648@163.com & fengyl523@sina.com

Abstract: Objective: To investigate preeclampsia umbilical cord serum-induced changes in the expression of Occludin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Methods: With respect to the types of culture media used, well-grown HUVECs were divided into three groups, namely, fetal bovine serum group (Group A), normal full-term pregnancy umbilical cord serum group (Group B) and preeclampsia serum group (Group C). After 24 h growing, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, while the expression level of Occludin was determined by both Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Results: After 12 h growing in various media, obvious inhibition on cell proliferation was observed in Group C, while the serum used in Group A and B did not exhibit significant effects on HUVEC proliferation. Group C showed slow cell proliferation 24 h later. Both mRNA and protein expression levels of the tight junction protein, Occludin, in Group C were lower than those in Group A and B; and there were no significant differences between Group A and B (P >0.05). Conclusions: Damages to the tight junctions may probably be one of the micro-molecular mechanisms for hyperpermeability induced by endothelial dysfunction in the patients with preeclampsia.

[Zhang X, Feng YL, Xu JJ, et al. Preeclampsia umbilical cord serum-induced changes in occludin expression in endothelial cells. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):279-283]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 41. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.41

Keywords: Preeclampsia； Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell； tight junction； Occludin.

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Use of enzyme activities as biomarkers for oxidative stress induced by metacercarial affections in some cultured tilapia species

¹Eissa I A M, ¹Derwa H I, ¹Mona Ismail, ²Ramadan R A, ³Mona Zaki** and ²Nashwa Mohamed

¹Dept. of Fish Diseases & Management, Fac. of Vet. Medicine, Suez Canal Univ

²Central Lab. For Aquaculture Research, El-Abbasa.

³ Dept. of Hydrobiology, National Research Center

eissavet29@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out on two different species of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and O aureus. They were collected randomly and seasonally from El-Abbassa fish farm, Sharkia Governorate. The clinical picture revealed no pathgnomic clinical abnormalities on the external body surface. Encysted metacercariae were identified as Diplostomum tilapiae, Rudolphi, 1809, Centrocestus formosanus Nishigori, 1924 and Heterophyes sp. Witenberg, 1929. The total prevalence was 13.1% and the seasonal prevalence was recorded. The enzyme activities (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathion peroxidase, Glutathion reductase, Malondialdehyde, Cytochrome oxidase and Lactate dehydrogenase) in gills, liver and musculature of both infected tilapias were measured and discussed.

[Eissa I A M, Derwa H I, Mona Ismail, Ramadan R A, Mona Zaki, Nashwa Mohamed. Use of enzyme activities as biomarkers for oxidative stress induced by metacercarial affections in some cultured tilapia species. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):284-289]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 42. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.42

Keywords: Encysted metacercariae, Prevalence, Enzyme activities, Tilapias.

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Bacterial aspect of Food Poisoning

Azza.S. M. Abu Elnaga¹; Riham H, Hedia; Nagwa S, Ata¹ and Mona S , Zaki ²

¹Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

²Dept. Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

Dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Food poisoning syndrome results from ingestion of water and wide variety of food contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria and / or their toxins). There are two kinds of food poisoning: poisoning by toxic agent or by infectious agent. The present literature view types of bacterial food poisoning, symptoms, prevention and treatment. The present study concluded that proper diagnosis of bacterial cause of food poisoning is necessary for the right way to treat and control either the best choice of antibiotic drugs or antitoxins. This will be achieved by the modern diagnostic immunological and molecular techniques

[Azza.S. M. Abu Elnaga; Riham H, Hedia; Nagwa S, Ata and Mona S, Zaki. Bacterial aspect of Food Poisoning. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):290-298]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 43. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.43

Key words: Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogene, Shigellae, neurological signs, food-borne botulism.

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Controlling Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by aqueous plant extracts

Nabil Mohamed Ghanim¹, Sherif Bayoumi Abdel Ghani²

¹Promising Research Center for Biological Control and Agricultural Information, Qassim University, 51425 Buraydah P.O. Box 6622, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

²Plant Production and Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture and veterinary medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah P.O. Box 6622, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

sherifbiomy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Effects of basil, geranium, chinaberry, onion and garlic aqueous extracts against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover) in laboratory and greenhouse were evaluated. In laboratory, Chinaberry, geranium, onion and garlic showed the highest effects on T. absoluta second instar larvae. While, basil leaves extract exhibited the least effect. In greenhouse, chinaberry exhibited the highest effects on T. absoluta population, while geranium and coragen^® insecticide had the second rank of the effects. Onion showed the lowest effects on T. absoluta population. For A. gossypii, chinaberry and geranium showed the highest mortality percentages in laboratory. Basil leaves exhibited the lowest effect while onion and garlic had a moderate result. In greenhouse, reduction percentages of A. gossypii population were highest with geranium, chinaberry, basil, onion and garlic, respectively. Washing the treated tomato fruits by water reduced the toxic effects using T. absoluta larvae as a bio-instrument.

[Nabil Mohamed Ghanim, Sherif Bayoumi Abdel Ghani. Controlling Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by aqueous plant extracts. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):299-307]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 44. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.44

Key words: Aphis gossypii, plant extracts, pest control, tomato, Tuta absoluta.

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Improving the efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis against insects of different feeding habits by plasmid transfer technique

Reda R. Abdullah ¹, Noha A. Sukar ², Nabil M. Ghanim ¹

^1. Promising Research Center in Biological Control and Agricultural Information, Qassim University, Qassim region, Saudi Arabia

^2. Environmental and Biological Science Dept., Al Azhar University, Tanta city, Ghrbiah government, Egypt.

redakenany@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study aimed to increase the efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to become more effective against insects of different feeding habits by chitinase gene transfer from chitinolytic bacteria to Bt strain through conjugal transfer. Nineteen soil samples were collected from five locations in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia to isolate native strains of B. thuringiensis and chitinolytic bacterium (Bacillus subtilis). Chitinase gene was transmitted from B. subtilis (donor strain) to B. thuringiensis (recipient strain) by conjugal transfer. Five recombinants were selected from all appeared recombinants based on their chitinase activity. The selected recombinants and their parents were evaluated as bioinsecticides against T. absoluta (Lepidoptera) and A. gossypii (Hemiptera). In case of T. absoluta, B. thuringiensis was more effective than B. subtilis. The recombinants Tr5 and Tr10 were more effective than other treatments. While, in case of A. gossypii; B. subtilis was more effective than B. thuringiensis. Also, the recombinants Tr5and Tr10 were more effective than their parents and other recombinants.

[Reda R. Abdullah, Noha A. Sukar, Nabil M. Ghanim. Improving the efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis against insects of different feeding habits by plasmid transfer technique. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):308-318]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 45. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.45

Key words: Biological control, Bacterial insecticides, Chitinase gene, conjugal transfer.

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Storage studies on clusters of Taify table Grape

SamraB.N^{1, 3}*, Mohamed A. Nagaty^{2, 4}, and Abdelmegid I. Fahmi^2,5

^1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia

^2. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

^3. Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

^4.Plant Production Department, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Suez Canal University, Arish 45511, Egypt

^5. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufiyah University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

Bsamra_2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Grapevine is one of the most important fruit crop grown in the world. Furthermore, Taify grapes is considered one of the most important summer fruit in Taif location.Fumigation with sulfur dioxide used as an effective treatment to reduce decay during cold storage of grapes, but it result in sulfite residues on berries. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate alternative methods like Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, fumigation with acetic acid (AA) and ethanol (Etha.) to replace fumigation with sulfur dioxide for control postharvest decay and keeping quality of cluster of taify grapes during cold storage. Furthermore, results showed that total loss in cluster weight percentage was gradually increased by storage period advanced but on the other hand berry separation force, berry firmness and total anthocyanin decreased by storage period advanced. Moreover, berry separation force and berry firmness were significantly higher by using UV irradiation, AA and Etha. fumigation compared with control during storage period. Thus, data also revealed that some increment of soluble solids content and total acidity was showed as a storage period prolonged. It can be concluded that irradiation with UV for 10 min significantly reduced the total loss in cluster weight percentage than other treatments.

[Samra B.N, Mohamed A. Nagaty, Abdelmegid I. Fahmi. Storage studies on clusters of Taify table Grape. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):319-326]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 46. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.46

Keywords: Grapes, cold storage, Ultraviolet irradiation, Fumigation, Ethanol, Acetic acid.

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Study of Platelet and Endothelial Microparticles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Alaa Gad¹, Hanan Alwakeel¹, Iman Bekheet ², Iman Mansour¹, Ibrahim El Ibrashy³ and Azza Ibrahim¹

¹Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University

²Hematology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research institute, Egypt

³Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University

alaaro@hotmail.com

Abstract: Microparticles (MP) are membrane nano-fragments with a diameter of 0.05-1 μm and an intact vesicular appearance. MPs are produced by various circulating cells and also by endothelial cells after their activation or apoptosis. MPs, including both the platelet microparticles (PMP) and endothelial microparticles (EMP) are considered bioactive because of their crucial role in coagulation, inflammation and activation of angiogenesis. The purpose of the current study was to characterize circulating platelet and endothelial MPs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to healthy controls, in order to prove their role as predictive marker of vascular complications in these patients.  To achieve this aim, detection of PMP and EMP by flow- cytometer was done using anti CD62E, anti CD62P, anti CD31and anti CD42b monoclonal antibodies. PMP was defined as CD31+/42b+ and CD62P + while EMP was defined as CD31+/42b- and CD62E+. The study involved enrollment of 30 diabetic patients divided in 2 groups , group I included 15 diabetic patients with no vascular complication ,and group II included 15 diabetic patients with known cardiovascular complication .Fifteen age and sex matched healthy volunteers were included in the study as a control group . PMP and EMP were significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to the control group with no significance difference detected between the 2 diabetic groups. CD62E/CD31+42b- ratio was ≤ 1 suggesting an apoptotic mechanism of EMP generation in diabetic individuals. The significant correlation between EMP (CD62+) and HbA1c indicated that the uncontrolled diabetic patients might be more prone to develop vascular injury and endothelial dysfunction, also the positive significant correlation detected between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and EMP( CD31+/CD42-) points to the importance of LDL in inducing arterial stiffness releasing EMP. These results can point to the importance of PMP and EMP as markers for haemostatic activation, and development of thrombotic events.

[Alaa Gad, Hanan Alwakeel, Iman Bekheet, Iman Mansour, Ibrahim El Ibrashy and Azza Ibrahim. Study of Platelet and Endothelial Microparticles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):327-334]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 47. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.47

Keywords: Platelet microparticles, endothelial microparticles, flow cytometry and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Assessment of Pollution Influence of Bottom Sediments on Quality of Water of the Ili River

Dzhetimov Myrzabay Aytmukhanovich, Tokpanov Yekin Aipovich, Andasbayev Yerlan Suleimenovich, Yesengabylov Ilyas Zhanserkenovich

Zhetysu State University named after I. Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, 040010, Microrayon 4, house 68, apartment 31, the Republic of Kazakhstan, e-mail: make._d_61@mail.Ru

Abstract: The content of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cu) in water and bottom sediments of the mouth reach of the rivers Ili, Kaskelen, Issyk, Turgen and Chilik was researched.   Calculation of influence of pollution of bottom sediments on quality of waterways was done.  The main reaches of the rivers with secondary pollution of water were determined. For assessment of pollution influence of bottom sediments some samples of water and bottom sediments from the reaches of the Ili river designated before and its inflows were taken. The rational choice of the analysis methods was done taking into account metrological characteristics (precision indicators, the limits of determined contents, selectivity in relation to auxiliary components etc.), power, available laboratory technology and economic factors.Quantitative determination of different elements in the raw samples and  products was realized according to the following methods: 1) chemical methods: gravimetry (sedimentation method); titrimetry; 2) physical-chemical methods: photometry; flame photometry; 3) physical methods: atomic and emission spectrometry; atomic and absorptive spectrometry. Analyzing the condition of the waters being anthropogenic influenced, it is reasonable to rely on geochemical methods of their assessment established for natural water systems. Polluting substances come to open reservoirs with waste industrial waters, from the atmosphere, are washed away from the ground and go to the ground flow. Chemicals with water flows can migrate in the dissolved condition and as a part of suspensions.

[Dzhetimov, M. A., Tokpanov, E.A., Andasbayev, E.S., Yesengabylov, I. Zh. Assessment of Pollution Influence of Bottom Sediments on Quality of Water of the Ili River. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):335-338]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 48. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.48

Keywords: bottom sediments, rivers, heavy metals, migration, secondary pollution, spectrometry, gravimetry, atomic and emission spectrometry.

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Patients’ satisfaction about nurses’ competency in practicing communication skills

¹Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour RN, MS.N, PhD, ²Ahmad E. Aboshaiqah, BSHA, BSN, MS, MHHA, PhD, ³Imad N. Thultheen, ⁴Wisam M. Salim RN, CNS, ⁵Saleh N. Azzeghaiby PhD, ⁶Muna A. Anani RN, PhD

¹ Professor, Head of Department of Community Health Nursing. Faculty of Nursing-The University of Jordan. Amman 11942, Jordan. Al Farabi College, Riyadh, 11514, KSA. Tel:( 962 6) 5355000/ 23108, 23183, (962 79) 6383002, Email: a.mansour@ju.edu.jo,

²Assistant professor, Nursing Administration and Education Department. College of nursing –King Saud University

Riyadh 11492, KSA. Tel: 00966503154993. Email: aaboshaiqah@ksu.edu.sa³ Lecturer, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing. College of Nursing-King Saud University. Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia. Tel:( 966 1) 4693618. Cell: 00966 559010410. Email: ithultheen@ksu.edu.sa

⁴Lecturer, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing. College of Nursing-King Saud University. Riyadh 11421, KSA. Tel:( 966 1) 4693618. Email : wsalim@ksu.edu.sa

⁵ Director of Al-Farabi College for Dentistry and Nursing, Al-Farabi College, Riyadh, 11514, KSA, Tel: (00966)556456666, E-mail: talal5656@yahoo.com

⁶ Education Coordinator Research. King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center. MBC 63. Po. Box: 3354

Riyadh: 11211, KSA. Telephone: 00966-1- 4423036. Fax: 00966-1-4423075. Email: manani@kfshrc.edu.sa

Abstract: Background: Nurses’ communication skills are considered a mean to provide and improve quality of nursing care. The purpose of this study was to patient’s satisfaction about nurses’ communication skills. Methods: comparative study utilizing correlational design utilized a sample of 193 nurses and 160 patients from two major hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Data collected from nurses and patients in regards to therapeutic communication skills used by nurses. Results: patients had higher levels of perception of effectiveness in practicing communication skills (M=4.3, SD=.23) than their nurses (M= 4.1, SD = .20) and this difference was statistically significant (t = - 5.99, p < .05). No statistical differences were found between patients and nurses in regards to personal and demographic characteristics (p > .05).Conclusion: Nurses and health care professionals need to improve their communication skills and have to use their patients’ feedback and evaluation as indicators for their performance.

[Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour, Ahmad E. Aboshaiqah, Imad N. Thultheen, Wisam M. Salim, Saleh N. Azzeghaiby, Muna A. Anani. Patients’ satisfaction about nurses’ competency in practicing communication skills. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):339-345]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 49. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.49

Keywords: Communication skills, nurses, patients’ satisfaction, Saudi Arabia.

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Effect of subgingival application of Phytotherapeutic Agents using Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oil Gel along with Scaling and Root Planing on Clinical Parameters and Gingival Tissue Level of VEGF and CD34 in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

¹Ghada Bassiouny and ²Hanaa Al Gazaerly

¹Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt and College of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA.

²Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt and College of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA.

dr.ghada.bassiouny@qudent.org

Abstract: Background: Non-surgical mechanical therapy is the cornerstone of periodontal treatment. However it is a technically demanding procedure and is not always efficient at eradicating all periodontal pathogens and in reducing inflammation. Therefore, local subgingival application of Phytotherapeutic (herbal) agents may be used as an adjunct to non-surgical therapy. Objectives:  This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical benefits of local subgingival application of 2%thymus vulgaris essential oil gel (thyme gel) along with scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: 40sites were chosen from 20 patients with chronic periodontitis. At first visit, clinical parameters were assessed and full moth supragingival scaling was done. Then SRP was done for selected sites. The sites were then randomized into control and experimental sites such that both the groups had 20 sites each. Experimental sites additionally received thyme gel subgingivally at baseline, 1^st, 2^nd, and 3 ^rd weeks. Clinical parameters were re-assessed at 4^th, 6^th, and 12^th week. At 4^th week recall, a gingival biopsy was obtained from test and control site for histological examination. Histological (H&E and Trichorome) and immunohistochemical analysis for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and CD34 (for microvessel density [MVD] count) antibodies were performed. Data obtained was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results: The clinical parameters at all sites from baseline to 4^th, 6^th, and 12^th weeks showed statistically significant changes. Experimental sites showed statistically significant improvement in Gingival Index (GI) and Bleeding Index (BI) at 6^th and 12^th weeks when compared with control sites. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) between control and experimental sites at 4^th , 6^th , and 12^th week time interval.Histollogically the sites treated with thyme gel exhibited mild inflammatory cellular infiltrate compared to massive inflammatory infiltrate at control sites. The gingival expression of VEGF was reduced at experimental sites compared to control sites, but this reduction was not significant while that of CD34 was significantly higher in the sites treated with Thyme gel compared to the control sites. Conclusion: Subgingival application of 2% thyme gel along with SRP provided a significant improvement in gingival parameters. However, no additional benefit was found in periodontal parameters. Histologically, there was reduction in inflammatory infiltrate and gingival expression of VEGF, while CD34 was significantly higher in the sites treated with thyme gel compared to the control sites. This indicates that thyme possessing an anti-inflammatory role induces proliferation, viability and angiogenesis of human microvascular cells, thus promoting wound healing.

[GhadaBassiouny and Hanaa Al Gazaerly. Effect of subgingival application of Phytotherapeutic Agents usingThymus Vulgaris Essential Oil Gel along with Scaling and Root Planing on Clinical Parameters and Gingival Tissue Level of VEGF and CD34 in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):346-355]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 50. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.50

Keywords: Gingival Biopsy, Thymus Vulgaris, Thyme Gel, Scaling and Root Planing, Subgingival Application; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF,CD34.

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Hcv Seroconversion after Kidney Transplantation

Sabry Gohar ¹, Mona Hosny ¹, Haytham Ezzat¹, Maha El- Gaafary ² and Peter William³

¹Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

²Departmentof community, Environment, and Occupational Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

³Nephrology Departmen, Nasr City Insurance Hospital, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt.

Elhamed_3@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Overall survival after solid organ transplantation has significantly increased over the last several years. The prevalence of anti – HCV antibody positivity in kidney transplant recipients is estimated to be between 6 % and 46 %. Patients and Methods: Eighty kidney transplanted patients were divided into two groups: HCV – ve Group A (40 patients) and HCV + ve Group B (40 patients). Nine patients out of 40 (22.5 %) of Group A were seroconverted (from HCV – ve to HCV + ve), and constituted Group C. The remaining persistent HCV – ve patients of Group A (31 patients) constituted Group A^1.We didn`t have any seroconversion from HCV + ve to HCV –ve. All patients were subjected to clinical examination and for all patients the following was done: serum creatinine, blood urea, AST, ALT. HCV antibody ELISA (third generation) was done before and post – transplantation. Results: Group B patients was slightly older than Group A, in a borderline significant way. There was no significant difference between Group A¹, Group B, and Group C as regards age. There was no significant difference as gender distribution between Group A¹, Group B, and Group C. Group B had longer duration of HD before transplantation than Group A (P < 0.001). Group B and Group C had longer duration of HD before transplantation than Group A¹ (P < 0.001) Group A had much less percent of patients (22.6 %) who received blood transfusion before transplantation, than Group B (62.5%) & Group A¹ had much less percent of patients (19.3 %) who received blood transfusion after transplantation, than Group C (44.44 %). HD after transplantation was much less in Group A¹ (12.9 %) than Group C (44.4 %). Conclusion: HD before and after transplantation, blood transfusion before and after transplantation, acute rejection therapy and graft infection transmission, are still the main causes of seroconversion (from HCV –ve to HCV + ve) after kidney transplantation.

[Sabry Gohar, Mona Hosny, Haytham Ezzat, Maha El- Gaafary and Peter William. Hcv Seroconversion after Kidney Transplantation. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):356-367]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 51. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.51

Keywords: HCV – Seroconversion – kidney transplantation.

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The Effect of Physical Activity on Diabetic Nephropathy

Hui-I Yu ¹, Szu-Tzu Chiu ², Shih-Che Hua ¹, Tsai-Sung Tai¹, Ho-Cheng Chen ^3*

^1. Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan

^2. Department of Athletic Training & Health, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan

^3. Department of Physical Education, Health, & Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: hocheng@mail.ncyu.edu.tw

Abstract: Exercise plays an important part in diabetes prevention and treatment. Previous meta-analyses revealed that exercise can reduce hemoglobin A1C levels by approximately 0.6% in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The beneficial effects of exercise include improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced blood pressure, and improved lipid profiles. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers are also reduced after exercise. As glycemic control, blood pressure control, and oxidative stress are believed to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, it is logical to hypothesize that exercise has beneficial effects against diabetic nephropathy. However, few studies have focused on this topic, and their results were inconclusive. Purpose: The study was designed to observe the effect of physical activity on nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: In total, 1232 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age 18–75 years) who were followed up regularly for more than 1 year from 2008 to 2010 at Chia-Yi Christian Hospital were enrolled. These patients completed a physical activity questionnaire and a basic characteristics evaluation annually and biochemistry tests periodically (3–12 months). They are divided to sedentary group, low physical activity group and adequate physical activity group according to their metabolic equivalent. Results: The adequate physical activity group was older (58.93±10.08 years vs. 55.21±10.34 years), and patients in this group had a longer duration of diabetes and lower frequencies of smoking and betel nut chewing habits. Males were more likely to engage in physical activity. Waist circumference, body weight, blood glucose and triglyceride, microalbuminuria, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were significantly lower in the adequate physical activity group. After follow-up for more than 1 year, urinary albumin levels were decreased in the physical activity group, albeit without statistical significance. Paradoxically, eGFR was improved significantly in the low physical activity group. In a generalized estimation equation logistic regression model, physical activity displayed borderline significance in reducing urine protein levels by >50% in the macroalbuminuria group (odds ratio [OR]=2.87, P=0.093), whereas it was not a significant factor in the entire patient population (OR=1.13, P=0.593).

[Yu HI, Chiu ST, Chen HC. The Effect of Physical Activity on Diabetic Nephropathy. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):368-373]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 52. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.52

Keywords: physical activity, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, blood glucose, triglyceride, microalbuminuria.

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The Effect of Interaction between Shooting Angles and Shots Sizes in Microteaching Situations Based on Digital Video Sequences in the Development of Teaching Competences among the Students of General Pedagogic Diploma at King AbdulAziz University

Ashraf A. Zeidan, Abdulhay A. AL.-Subahy, Essam S. Shibl

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah

azeidan@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of various Shooting Angles (SA) and Shots Sizes (SS) in Microteaching Situations - Based Digital Video Sequences (MS-DVS) on the performance of students in Teaching Skills. Eighty- two post- graduate students at General Pedagogic Program at King Abdul Aziz University They are selected as a sample study randomly assigned to one of four treatments groups that differed in the way participants are recorded through (MS-DVS). In first group recorded each trainee’s performance at (MS-DVS) by used Long Shot Size (LSS) and Eye Level Angle (ELA), second group used (LSS) and Low Level Angle (LLA), third used Medium Shot Size (MSS) and (ELA), and fourth used (MSS) and (LLA). At the end of the program participants completed The observation sheet that assessed is by Trainee, Observing Tutor, and Peers. A 2×2 Analysis of Variance was conducted to explore the main effects for Shooting Angles (ELA and LLA) and Shot Sizes (LSS and MSS) and effects factors. The results showed that significance differences in performance participants refer to the basic effect of the Shooting Angle (LLA/ ELA) and Shot Sizes (LLS/ MSS). There was also significance interaction observed. The results provided support for hypothesis that different (SS) and (SA) options would improve the performance of learners.

[Ashraf A. Zeidan, Abdulhay A. AL.-Subahy, Essam S. Shibl. The Effect of Interaction between Shooting Angles and Shots Sizes in Microteaching Situations Based on Digital Video Sequences in the Development of Teaching Competences among the Students of General Pedagogic Diploma at King AbdulAziz University. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):374-384]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 53. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.53

Key Words. Microteaching; Teaching Competences; Computer-based Video; Shooting Angle; Shot Size; Teaching Skills; Peer Assessments; Self -Assessments; reflective practice; teaching in higher education.

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Selenium containing heterocycles: Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new 4-substituted-2-(4-phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-1, 3-selenazol-5-yl) phthalazin-1(2H)-ones

Ibrahim E. El-Shamy ^1(*), A. M. Abdel-Mohsen ^{2, 3(*)}, Mohammed M. Al-Shehri ⁴, Maher A. El-Hashash ⁵ and Khalid M. Al-Shamrani ⁴

¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt

² Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, Brno 66100, Czech, Republic

³ Textile Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Giza 12522,

Egypt.

⁴ Research Institute of petrochemical, king Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

⁵ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

iei00@fayoum.edu.eg & abdel-mohsen@ceitec.vutbr.cz, abdo_mohsennrc@yahoo.com

Abstract: A series of some new 1, 3-selenazoles substituted phthalazinone derivatives were synthesized by treating of 4-alkyl/aryl-phthalazin-1(2H)-one 2 with piperidine-1-carboselenoamide (3) in the presence in presence of ferric chloride. The structure of synthesized new compounds were characterized by spectral data and screened for their antimicrobial activities against various bacteria and fungi strains. Several of these compounds showed excellent antimicrobial activity.

[Ibrahim E. El-Shamy, A. M. Abdel-Mohsen, Mohammed M. Al-Shehri, Maher A. El-Hashash, andKhalid M. Al-Shamrani. Selenium containing heterocycles: Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new 4-substituted-2-(4-phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-1, 3-selenazol-5-yl) phthalazin-1(2H)-ones. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):385-391]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 54. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.54

Keywords: Selenium containing heterocyclic, phthalazin-1(2H)-ones.

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Expert Systems and their Use in Oil and Gas Complex

Lyailya Taskalievna Kurmangaziyeva¹, Balbupe Esenzhanovna Utenova² and Aiman Jadgereevna Mailybayeva¹

¹Atyrau State University after Kh.Dosmukhamedov, The Republic of Kazakhstan, Atyrau city, Studentcheskii Avenue, 212

²Atyrau Institute of Oil and Gas, The Republic of Kazakhstan, 060002, Atyrau city, Azattyk Avenue, 1

Abstract: In article questions of structural creation of static and dynamic expert systems are considered. Also in article examples of expert systems successfully applied in oil and gas branch are given. Prospects of use of expert systems in dispatching services are noted. Besides, results of successful practical application of technology of expert systems are in summary given.

[Kurmangaziyeva L.T., Balbupe Esenzhanovna Utenova B.E., Mailybayeva A.J. Expert Systems and their Use in Oil and Gas Complex. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):392-395] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 55. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.55

Keywords: Expert system, structure, static expert system, dynamic expert system, oil and gas branch, difficult systems.

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The Study on the Dependence of Attenuation Coefficient from Crushing Force Parameters in Optical Fiber

Nurzhamal Akbaevna Ospanova¹, Beken Zhasymbaevich Kemelbekov¹, Zhanat Muhitovna Bekmagambetova¹, Marina Anaatoleyvna Lipskaya¹ and Eduard Lvovich Portnov²

¹Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications of the M. Tynyshpayev, Republic of Kazakhstan, 050012, Almaty city, Shevchenko Street, 97

²Moscow Technical University Communications and Informatics, Russian Federation, 111024, Moscow, Aviyamotornaya Street, 8А

Abstract: The problem of reliability becomes decisively important when using optical fiber in telecommunication systems. This is because the transmission rate is very high. That is why the investigations connected with measurements of the parameters influencing the reliability of optical fiber (OF) are topical. This article contains the findings obtained by experimental investigations of the attenuation factor of multimode optical fiber caused by the magnitude and duration of crushing force applied along the full length.

[Ospanova N.A., Kemelbekov B.Zh., Bekmagambetova Zh.M., Lipskaya M.A., Portnov E.L. The Study on the Dependence of Attenuation Coefficient from Crushing Force Parameters in Optical Fiber. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):396-398] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 56. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.56

Keywords: Multimode optical fiber, reliability, load, strength, light guide.

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A Four-Stage Sixth-Order RKD Method for Directly Solving Special Third-Order Ordinary Differential Equations

Mohammed Mechee ^1,2, Fudziah Ismail ³, Zailan Siri ² , Norazak. Senu³

^1. Department of  Mathematics, Faculty of  Mathematics and Computer Science, Kufa university, Najaf, Iraq.

^2. Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

^3. Department of Mathematics and Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

mohsabd@yahoo.com

Abstract: A new four-stage sixth order  Runge-Kutta method for direct integration of special third order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is constructed. The method is proven to be zero-stable. Stability polynomial of the  method for linear special third order ODE is given. A set of test problems consisting of ordinary differential equations is tested upon. The problems  are solved using the new method and numerical comparisons are made when the same problems are reduced to a first order system of ODEs and solved using the existing Runge-Kutta methods  of different orders. Numerical results have clearly shown the advantage and the efficiency of the new method in terms of accuracy and computational time.

[Mohammed Mechee , Fudziah Ismail , Zailan Siri , and Norazak. Senu. A Four-Stage Sixth-Order RKD Method for Directly Solving Special Third-Order Ordinary Differential Equations. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):399-404] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 57. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.57

Keywords: Special third order; ordinary differential equations;  Runge-Kutta method, RKD method.

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Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Expression Pattern of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum)

Acid Phosphatase Gene

Lin Yunhong¹, Liu Youcai², Zhou Yongbo¹, Sun Yi¹, Mo Haojuan¹, Li Xueming¹, Nian Fuzhao³

¹Department of Tobacco produce and quality examination,  Chuxiong Cigarette Factory, Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co., LTD, Chuxiong 675000, China

²Qujing Tobacco Company of Yun Province, Qujing 655000, China

³College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China

fuzhaonian@126.com

Abstract: The complete coding sequence of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) acid phosphatase gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The open reading frame(ORF) of  tobacco acid phosphatase gene was 792 bp which encodes a protein of 263 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that the acid phosphatase of tobacco shares high homology with the acid phosphatase of lycopersicon esculentum (79%), cacao (72%), castor bean (69%), peach (64%), capsella rubella (63%) and thale cress (62%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the tobacco acid phosphatase gene has a closer genetic relationship with that of lycopersicon esculentum. Tissue expression pattern was also studied and results showed that tobacco acid phosphatase gene was moderately expressed in leaf and stem, and hardly expressed in flower and root. Our experiment established the foundation for further research on this tobacco gene.

[Lin Y, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Mo H, Li X, Nian F. Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Expression Pattern of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) Acid Phosphatase Gene. Life Sci J 2014; 11(3):405-409] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 58. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.58

Keywords: Tobacco; molecular cloning; acid phosphatase; gene; tissue expression

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Delivery Time of Elective Cesarean Section

Ding Zhiwei, Meng Wenying

Tongzhou Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing 101100, China

Email: 13701222998@163.com

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the delivery time of elective cesarean section and the desirability of early-term delivery. Method: From January, 2013 to December, 2013, 1233 cases of patients were collected from Tongzhou Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing. All the female patients were giving mature single birth, excluded the cases that have premature rupture of membranes, gestational hypertension, fetal distress, placenta previa, placental abruption, gestational diabetes that need insulin poor glycemic control and emergency cesarean section. The cases were divided into early-term delivery group that between 37 and 38+6 weeks of gestation and full-term delivery group that more than 39 weeks of gestation. And compare the newborn outcomes of different groups. Result: The compare of the neonatal complications and newborns transfer to pediatrics between the early-term delivery group and the full-term delivery group was statistical significant. After adjusting age and parity, the Neonatal complication and OR (95%CI) of the early-term delivery was 1.601 (1.139-2.250), and the newborns transfer to pediatrics and OR (95%CI) of the early-term delivery was 2.160 (1.481-3.150). Conclusion: the elective cesarean section should be implemented after the 39 weeks of gestation.

[Ding Zhiwei, Meng Wenying. Delivery Time of Elective Cesarean Section. Life Sci J 2014; 11(3):410-412]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com 59. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.59

Keywords: delivery, early-term delivery, full-term delivery

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Magnetic resonance imaging in studying the therapeutic effect of iPSCs transplantation for experimental ICH

Haiyun Qi^1#, Jie Qin^1#, Bo Song¹, Peisi Kou², Rui Zhang¹, Xinjing Liu¹, Yanlin Wang¹, Yusheng Li¹, Jun Wu¹, Guangming Gong³, Yong Zhang², Jingliang Cheng^2* and Yuming Xu^1*

¹The Third Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China

²Department of MRI, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China

³Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China

xuyuming@zzu.edu.cn, cjr.chjl@vip.163.com

(^#Haiyun Qi and Jie Qin contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is usually along with high mortality and disability, and lacking of effective treatment. Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shown promising effects on the recovery of neural disfunction in animal ICH models. However, there is little evidence about the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in studying the therapeutic effect of iPSCs transplantation for ICH. In this study, MRI was used to observe the effect of iPSCs transplantation on the intraparenchymal blood clot volume and apparent diffusion coefficien (ADC) value, which is the indirect evidence of vasogenic edema after ICH. iPSCs were delivered intracerebrally 6 hours after collagenase-induced ICH in a rat model. Three days later, MRI showed that iPSCs transplanted group resulted in fewer perihematoma ADC value than control group, while contralateral ADC values and blood clot volume between two groups didn’t show any difference. In summary, MRI technology can be used in the study of iPSCs transplantation for ICH.

[Haiyun Qi, Jie Qin, Bo Song, Peisi Kou, Rui Zhang, Xinjing Liu, Yanlin Wang, Yusheng Li, Jun Wu, Guangming Gong, Yong Zhang, Jingliang Cheng and Yuming Xu. Magnetic resonance imaging in studying the therapeutic effect of iPSCs transplantation for experimental ICH. Life Sci J 2014; 11(3):413-417]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 60. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.60

Keywords: human induced pluripotent stem cells; intracerebral hemorrhage; blood clot volume; cerebral edema; Magnatic Resonance imaging

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Fabrication of Single Source γ-ray Computed Tomography Unit Motion Control System

Mohammed S. AlJohani

Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Email: mjohani@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Recent studies on multiphase chemical reactions involving gas-liquid reactions along with solid catalyst called for using g-ray Computed Tomography (CT) to study the flow conditions and phase distribution inside the reaction chamber. The CT unit to be fabricated was to be designed to determine the time averaged cross sectional phase holdup distribution of phases in the multiphase system. A fan beam g-source-detector arrangement was used for the measurement of transmission data the g-ray photons across the multiphase reactor setup. This paper presents the fabrication of an electromechanical control system for the position control of the source and detector arrangement during the experiment. Manual control of positions was never possible as the system had to rotate at an accuracy of 0.2°. Also, perfect control over time was required since the total number of movements were very high and idle time between movements should be minimized.

[Muhhamd S. AlJohani. Fabrication of Single Source γ-ray Computed Tomography Unit Motion Control System, Life Sci J 2014; 11(3):418-426]. (ISSN: 1097-8135).http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 61. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.61

Keywords: g-ray Computed Tomography, multiphase system, electromechanical control system,  g-ray photons

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Determination of Food Web in Intertidal Mudflat of Tropical Mangrove Ecosystem Using Stable Isotope Markers: A Preliminary Study

Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli¹, Ferdaus Mohamat-Yusuff², Aqilah Mukhtar¹, Ahmad Ismail¹, Nobuyuki Miyazaki^3,4

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba

277-8568, Japan

⁴Ocean Policy Research Foundation, 1-15-16 Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan

ferdius@upm.edu.my

Abstract: Present study utilized stable isotope markers of carbon-13 (¹³C) and nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N) to indicate existing food web in an intertidal mudflat of Sungai Janggut, Selangor, Malaysia and also the relative contribution of primary producers to the diets of consumers. The δ¹³C values of algae was -18.69 ± 0.7‰, detritus -24.38 ± 0.9‰, invertebrates -15.25 ± 0.1 to -21.39 ± 0.1‰ and fishes -16.17 to -21.45 ± 0.2‰. The δ¹⁵N values of algae was 2.52 ± 0.1‰, detritus 1.53 ± 0.1‰, invertebrates 4.33 ± 0.4 to 8.97 ± 0.5‰ and fishes 9.54 ± 0.3 to 12.81 ± 0.4‰. This showed the assimilation of carbon and nitrogen from variety of sources in mangrove ecosystem. In general, organisms had more positive value of carbon than algae and detritus, indicating a metabolic shift in isotope ratios. This was particular; the average carbon in animal isotope ratio was 0.4‰ and 5.9‰ more positive than mean ratio of algae and detritus. Although there have no obvious systematic trophic enrichment in δ¹³C, the value of δ¹⁵N is good enough to demonstrate the existence of a food web in mangrove ecosystem of Sungai Janggut. Further investigations are needed to gather enough information in order to design an accurate and comprehensive model of the food web in a mangrove ecosystem.

[Zulkifli SZ, Mohamat-Yusuff F, Mukhtar A, Ismail A, Miyazaki N. Determination of Food Web in Intertidal Mudflat of Tropical Mangrove Ecosystem Using Stable Isotope Markers: A Preliminary Study. Life Sci J 2014; 11(3):427-431]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 62. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.62

Keywords: Stable isotope marker; δ¹³C; δ¹⁵N; intertidal zone; food web

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Culture as a Construct: Implications of Culture Change at the Individual Level

Sajjad Haider, Francesca Mariotti

 Department of Business Administration, FEA, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

ehaidar3@kau.edu.sa; fmariotti@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: This paper provides a conceptual framework to study implications of cultural change at the individual level in an ever-changing global business world using a constructivist approach. A review of advances in the context of culture, individual behaviour and international business leads to the identification of research gaps, which are used to develop a conceptual framework. The proposed theoretical framework enhances our understanding of the dynamics of cultural change and its impact on individuals. The paper shows how the personal culture of an individual is characterised and where effects of cultural change are evident. By introducing four categories of sub-communities in different cultural contexts; territorial sites, institutionalised sites, personal nature and lifestyle affiliations, the paper extends the work on traditional communities. The proposed conceptual framework can also be used as an analytical tool to study individual cultures and has the potential for further development.

[Haider S, Mariotti F. Culture as a Construct: Implications of Culture Change at the Individual Level. Life Sci J 2014;11(3):432-440] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 63. doi::10.7537/marslsj110314.63

Keywords: Culture; Mediation Ability; Individual Behaviour; Dynamic Communities

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The Thickness Effects on the Lamellar Grating Waveguide Sensors with TE-Polarization Incidence

Jiann-Hwa Lue, Rong-Seng Chang^*

Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 320, R.O.C.

 rschang2000@hotmail.com

Abstract: This paper has investigated the thickness effects on sub-wavelength (period <λ) Lamellar grating waveguide sensors with TE polarization incidence. Also, the thickness effects of Lamellar grating and its influence on the sensor sensitivity are studied. Simulation results reveal that as the thickness of Lamellar grating is increased, the more resonance modes will be induced as well. However, it is difficult to recognize the peak shift of the fundamental mode while the thickness of grating is different and the thickness of waveguide is the same.

[Jiann-Hwa Lue, Rong Seng Chang. The Thickness Effects on the Lamellar Grating Waveguide Sensors with TE-Polarization Incidence. Life Science Journal. Life Sci J. 2014; 11(3):441-444] (ISSN:1025-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 64. doi:10.7537/marslsj110314.64

Keywords: Bloch mode, Lamellar grating, biosensor, sub-wavelength, full wave half maxima (FWHM)

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