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Assessment of Initiation of Breastfeeding, Prevalence of Exclusive Breast Feeding and Their Predictors in Taif, KSA

Laila Shehata Dorgham¹, Samar K. Hafez^1,2, Heba E.Kamhawy¹ and Wisal B.Hassan^1,3

¹Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, KSA. ² Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, ³Faculty of Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan

Lailadorgham@gmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Despite growing evidence that supports the importance of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, few Saudi mothers adhere to this, and early termination of exclusive BF is a common practice. The study aimed to assess the initiation of breast feeding, the prevalence of exclusive BF up to 6 months of infants life, and explore their predictors in Taif, KSA, 2013 (1434 H). Methods: A multistage cluster random sample of 400 Saudi mothers who had infants up to 6 months of age was selected. Mothers attending for birth registration at four primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Taif city were interviewed. Based on the World Health Organization definitions, the main two outcomes, in this study, were initiation and exclusive breastfeeding. Socioeconomic, demographic, maternal, pregnancy and delivery related variables were considered for a multivariate logistic regression using stepwise modeling. Results Timely initiation BF rate was 22%, while prevalence of exclusive BF was 19%. Logistic regression revealed that the independent predictors of timely breastfeeding were: not giving prelacteal feed (OR 12.0), housewives mothers (OR 5.6), secondary school educated father (OR 6.7), and mothers who delivered through spontaneous vaginal delivery (OR 7.2). In addition, logistic regression revealed that the independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding were: secondary school educated mothers (OR10.3), secondary school educated father (OR 2.7), normal vaginal delivery (OR2.3), having infant whose age < 1 month (OR2.7). Conclusions and recommendations: Timely initiation of BF and exclusive breastfeeding rates in Taif, are considerably below national and international breastfeeding recommendations. The study results constitute the basis for designing interventions that aim to bridge the gap between the current practices of breastfeeding and the World Health Organization recommendation.

[Laila Sh. Dorgham, Samar K. Hafez, Heba E.Kamhawy and Wisal B.Hassan. Assessment of Initiation of Breastfeeding, Prevalence of Exclusive Breast Feeding and Their Predictors in Taif, KSA. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):1-9]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.01

Keywords: Timely initiated BF, exclusive BF, Taif, predictors, maternal employment, maternal education.

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Increasing Plant Tolerance to Drought Stress by Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Abdelmoneim T.S.^1,2*;Tarek A.A. Moussa^1,3; Almaghrabi O.A.¹; Hassan S. Alzahrani¹ and  Ismail Abdelbagi⁴

¹Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 15758, Jeddah 21454, Saudi Arabia,

²Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Botany, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt,

³Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza12613, Egypt,

⁴Crops and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines

^*Corresponding author: tmabrouk@kau.edu.sa / t.shawky@agr.suez.edu.eg

Abstract: The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Glomus mosseae in three levels of soil infestation (300, 600 and 900 spores pot^-1) to improve tolerance of maize plants (Zea mays L.) for drought stress conditions with bearing in mind determine some plant growth parameters (PGP) and biochemical [plant height, stem length, root length, plant fresh wt., shoot dry wt., root dry wt., root/shoot ratio,  plant chlorophyll content, soluble protein, proline in leaves and Phosphorus (P) uptake] in the presence or absence of G. mosseae. The result shown that the drought treatment causing decrease in values of almost PGP, except plant root dry weight, which was increased when comparing with well irrigation treatment. The plants treated by G. mossea were recorded a significant (P˂0.05) increase in all PGP comparing with untreated plants in both normal irrigation and drought stress. The highest PGP values were recorded when plant inoculated by 900 spores pot^-1. The water deficit treatment was caused a significant decrease in plant soluble protein by rate 29.34% comparing with plants that well irrigate by normal way. While the G. mossea treatments were caused increase in plant soluble protein by rate 13.33, 22.18 and 29.27% in the normal irrigation treatment, and by rate 24.89, 36.25 and45.17% in the drought treatment comparing with plant in soil free from mycorrhizae. On contrast the proline content in plant leaves was increased in drought treatment by rate 22% comparing with plant in well irrigation. The treatments with G. mossea causing decreased in plant proline by rate 28.88, 38.05 and 43.19% in the drought treatment respectively with three levels of soil infestation. The drought treatment caused decrease in plant P uptake by rate 72.09% comparing with well irrigation treatment. The inculcation by G. mosseae caused increased in plant P uptake by rate 42.66, 76.11 and 79.32% in normal irrigation treatments and 88.34, 93.58 and 94.91% in drought stress comparing with plant free mycorrhizal in both water treatments.

[Abdelmoneim T.S.; Tarek A.A. Moussa; Almaghrabi O.A.; Hassan S. Alzahrani and  Ismail Abdelbagi. Increasing Plant Tolerance to Drought Stress by Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):10-17]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.02

Key words: Bio-fertilizer, drought stress, maize plant, VAM fungi, water deficiency.

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Early Glaucoma Surgery in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Faried M. Wagdy, Saber H. Elsayed, Hoda M. Elsobky and Doaa F. Eldegwy

Ophthalmology Department. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt

faried.wagdy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: to evaluate the efficacy of early primary glaucoma surgery in primary open angle(POAG). Methods: This study performed on 50 eyes of 29 patients with POAG in Menoufia University hospital outpatient ophthalmology clinic were divided to group A 25 cases "primary surgery after diagnosis" and group B 25 cases "controlled cases with medical treatment". Results: follow up period up in group A,revealed significant reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) as p- value <.0.001 after 3 months with sustained control over one year with complete success in 68 % of cases while qualified success in 32% of cases, Visual field stability occurred in majority of cases with primary surgical interference. In addition to low intraoperative complication rate including ocular hypotony in 2 cases (8%) and hyphema in 2 cases (8%). Conclusion: The results of the study comparing early primary surgery (without waiting results of medications) with conventional treatment for POAG have demonstrated the role of the primary surgery for more safety and visual field preservation due to reaching a target pressure and lessens IOP fluctuations.

[Faried M. Wagdy, Saber H. Elsayed, Hoda M. Elsobky and Doaa F. Eldegwy. Early Glaucoma Surgery in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):18-26]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.03

Keywords: Early surgery, primary open angle glaucoma, applanation tonometry.

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Life Sci J 2014;11(1):27-34]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.04

withdrawn

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Evaluation of different RTPCR assays for diagnosis of carrier infection of nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Egypt

Eissa  I. A. M, Diab A. S.*, Ahmed A. A.* and Mona Zaki**

Fish Disease and Management Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt

* Central laboratory for Aquaculture Researches (El-Abbassa), Agriculture Research center, Egypt.

**Hydrobiology Dept., National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

eissavet29@yahoo.com

Abstract: A total number of 500 specimens of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were collected during (2011) from Alexandria (Maruit). Each five specimens were pooled for extraction of RNA and carrying out of RTPCR analysis. These specimens were transferred to the laboratory of Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research (CLAR), Abbassa, Sharkia, Egypt for evaluation of different reverse transcriptase polymerse chain reaction (rt-PCR) assays for diagnosis of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), and extra small virus (XSV). Multiplex reverse transcriptase Polymerase chain reaction (MRT-PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of MrNV and XSV were classified into one-step MRTPCR and two steps MRTPCR. Results of one-step multiplex (MRTPCR) using (BioRT One step RT-PCR kit) and primer for MrNV virus (product size 681 bp) were negative. Also, the results of One-step multiplex (MRTPCR) using primer for XSV (product size 500 bp) were negative. In addition, results of two steps multiplex MRTPCR using (GoScript™ Reverse Transcription System kits), primer for MrNV (product size 681 bp) and primer Oligo(dT)15 for obtaining first CDNA were negative. Where, percentage of infections of two steps multiplex RTPCR using primer for XSV (product size 500 bp) and primer Oligo(dT)15 for obtaining first CDNA were (4%). Percentage of infections of nested (nRTPCR) for detection of Mrnv virus using (AccessQuick™ RT-PCR kit), primer amplification (product size 205 bp) were 9%. Nested (nRTPCR) for detection of XSV virus using (AccessQuick™ RT-PCR kit), primer amplification (product size 236 bp) were 7%.

[Eissa, I. A. M, A. S. Diab, A. A. Ahmed and Mona Zaki. Evaluation of different RTPCR assays for diagnosis of carrier infection of nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Egypt. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):35-40]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.05

Key words: Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, RTPCR analysis.

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Mechanics of Bond Behaviour at the Joint of Normal Strength Concrete Intersecting Beam

 Kafeel Ahmed ¹, Ahmed El Rajy², Riaz Goraya ¹ Uzma Kausar ³

¹ Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

²Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qassim University Saudi Arabia

³ Global Engineering Associates, Pakistan

Kafeel91@gmail.com

Abstract: At the joints of intersecting beams, flexural action of one beam acts as twisting action on the other intersecting beam. This reduces the bond strength of intersecting beams and circumferential tensile bond stress is magnified, reducing the load carrying capacity of the beams. Experimentation was carried out to study the bond behaviour at the joint of normal strength concrete intersecting beams. Nine beams were casted for this purpose. These were divided into three sets. Each set consisted of three beams, two intersecting and one control. All the beams were instrumented with steel and concrete strain gauges and Linear Variable Displacement Transducers. The results of the experimentation showed that at the joint of normal strength concrete intersecting beams, bond strength of primary beam reduced as compared to control beam due to flexural action of secondary beam. This reduction in bond strength of primary beam was 10 to 30 % as compared to control beam. It necessitates the provision of bond improving measures at the joint of high strength concrete intersecting beams. The test results may have an implication of on development length and splice length provisions in the building codes.

[Ahmed K, El Rajy A, Goraya R, Kausar U. Mechanics of Bond Behaviour at the Joint of Normal Strength Concrete Intersecting Beam. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):41-49]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.06

Keywords: Bond splitting stress, Concrete key, Bond stress magnification, Fracture process zone

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Impact of Different Preparation Methods on the In Vitro Quality of 8 Days Storage Platelet Concentrates

Hamda El-Sayed¹,  Azza Hassanein¹, Rania Fawzy², Manal Zahran¹,  Ola Mahmoud ¹, Emad Yacoub ¹, and Azza Moustafa ².

¹ Haematology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute.

² Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.

zahranmanal@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Adequate prolongation of platelet (PLT) shelf life can achieve improved availability, logistical management and decreased wastage. The coupling of reliable methods of bacterial detection and optimum methods of platelet preparation can preserve the quality of platelets with extended storage.  Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the applicability of extending platelet shelf life up to 8 days, using different methods of platelet preparations.  Subjects and methods: Thirty six platelet concentrates (PCs) were collected and divided into 3 equal groups, according to preparation procedure: Group (1): Non-leucofiltered random-donor PLTs (RDPs); Group (2): Leucofiltered RDPs; and Group (3): Single-donor aphaeresis PCs. All units were stored at 22-24^oC on a flatbed agitator for 8 days. PLT characteristics and metabolic variables, CD62p and CD63 expression and RANTES levels, were assessed on days 1, 5 and 8 of storage. Besides, automated bacterial screening was performed on days 1 and 8 using BACTEC blood culture system with aerobic medium. Results: Until the end of shelf life, the mean PLT recovery, mean PLT volume (MPV), PLT distribution width (PDW), swirling scores, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels showed best suitable values among the aphaeresis units, compared to the other 2 groups. pH was maintained > 6.8 in all groups. Also, the lowest expression of CD62p and CD63 was found among group 3, on day 8, compared to the other groups. However, RANTES results showed highly significant lower levels in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 on all days. No bacteriological growth was detected in all PC units, till day 8 of storage. Conclusion: Aphaeresis units could provide the highest quality with 8 days storage, particularly when assisted by a good and rapid bacterial detection system. Thus, the choice between different methods of preparing PCs with extended shelf life should depend on a critical balance between safety, quality and cost.

 [Hamda El-Sayed,  Azza Hassanein, Rania Fawzy, Manal Zahran, Ola Mahmoud^, Emad Yacoub, and Azza Moustafa. Impact of Different Preparation Methods on the In Vitro Quality of 8 Days Storage Platelet Concentrates. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):50-57]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.07

Keywords: platelet storage, non-filtered random PCs, leucofiltered random PCs, aphaeresis PCs, BACTEC.

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Evaluation of the Effective Factors on Online Internet Usage in Organizations

Mohsen Ghods*, Hamed Najafpour, Hasanuddin Bin Lamit, Naghmeh Abdolahi, Muhamad Solehin Fitry Bin Rosley

Centre for Study of Built Environment in the Malay World (KALAM), UTM

Ghods.moh@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study intends to investigate the effective factors in internet banking form the viewpoints the customers of Eghtesed-e-Novein Bank in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. This survey utilizes descriptive and correlational statistics to analyze the collected data. All customers of Eghtesed-e-Novein Bank in Tehran are the population of this study out of which 453 customers were selected as the participants of this study using multi-stage stratified random sampling. The required data were collected using a valid questionnaire. Based on the hypotheses, the collected data were analyzed through the tests of Structural Equation Model and Factor Analysis using LISREL software. This study investigates the effect of technical and personal features on the internet bank channel. Technical features include 3 variables: channel security, the level of the channel complication, and the efficiency of the channel. Personal features also include 3 variables: the level of the individual's knowledge, the level of the individual's risk-taking and the social features. The results of the statistical analyses revealed that the variables security and the level of complication had strong effect on using the internet bank channel whereas the variable efficiency did not have effect on it. In addition, the results showed that the level of the individuals' knowledge and risk-taking had strong effect on using the internet bank channel and social features did not have effect on it. According to the results, technical features of the channel and the customers' features had strong effect on using the channel of the bank branch.

[Ghods M, Najafpour H, Lamit H, Abdolahi, N, Rosley M. Evaluation of the Effective Factors on Online Internet Usage in Organizations. Life Sci J 2014;10(1):58-63] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.08

Keywords: Electronic Banking, Channel Features, Customers' Features, Bank Branch Channel.

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An Investigation of Gene Action on Different Traits of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)Using Partial Diallel Crosses System

Ehab M.R. Metwali^1,2,*, Saeid H.M. Abd El- Haleem³, Rania A.R.EL-Saeid⁴ and Naif M.S. Kadasa¹

¹Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, North Jeddah, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21463, KSA.

²Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ismailia, Suez Canal University, 21455 Ismailia, Egypt.

³ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.

⁴Biological and Ecological Department, Faculty of Home Economic. Al-Azhar Univ., Tanta, Egypt.

*Correspondence author: Ehab M.R. Metwali, current address: Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, North Jeddah, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21463, KSA.

ehab_25@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the genetic structure of 10 hybrids generated by crossing five cultivars of barley with their first (F₁) and Second (F₂) progeny in growing season 2011-2012 to evaluate these genotypes under normal (0.0 g l^-1 sea salt) and salinity stress (7 g l^-1 sea salt) conditions in form of randomized complete block design with three replications in a half diallel fashion. The studied traits included spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike, no. of spikes/plants, chlorophyll a, b contents, calcium and magnesium content. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes (5 parents + 10 F₁’s+ 10 F₂’s) and for all the studied traits, except chlorophyll b. The results showed that components additive and dominance effects of genes were significant for all studied traits.The estimated value of average degree of dominance (H₁/D)^0.5 revealed that non-additive genetic effects was more pronounced in the inheritance of the chlorophyll a, b contents, calcium and magnesium in all the two generations (F₁ and F₂ crosses) and spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike and no. of spikes/plants for F₁ crosses._. On contrary, additive genetic effects was evident for spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike and no. of spikes/plants for F₂ crosses. The traits including, chlorophyll a, b and calcium were controlled by over dominance in all the two generations (F₁ and F₂ crosses). The traits including spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets /spike and no. of spikes/plants controlled by over dominance in F₁ crosses and partial dominance in F₂.While, magnesium were controlled by partial dominance effects of genes. The genetic component (H₂) was recorded with low magnitude than (H₁) for all traits in both F₁ and F₂ under 0.0 and 7 gl^-1 sea salt. The f value was positive for most traits of F₁ and F₂ generations, while it was negative for magnesium in both of F₁ and F₂ generations in all cases of sea salt treatments. The narrow sense heritability was high to moderate for most the studied traits. Moreover, the lowest value was also detected in some cases.

[Ehab M.R. Metwali, Saeid H.M. Abd El- Haleem, Rania A.R.EL-Saeid and Naif M.S. Kadasa. An Investigation of Gene Action on Different Traits of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Using Partial Diallel Crosses System. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):64-71]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.09

Key Words: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.(, First and second generation, Yield parameters, Gene action, Heritability.

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The effectiveness of Cues – Pause – Point method for overcoming echolalia in Arabic-Speaking children with autism

Ahmad Mousa Al-Dawaideh

Department of Special Education, College of Education, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

drahmad1971@yahoo.com

Abstract: Echolalia is the parroting of the words of others and it is associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of cues-pause-point method for overcoming echolalia in Arabic - speaking children with autism. To achieve this objective, the researcher prepared instrument consisted of 30 questions distributed into three content areas (identification, social interaction, and factual). The study sample consisted of 20 autistic children distributed randomly into two equal groups. Every group consisted of 10 participants. One of these groups was chosen randomly to be the experimental one to enroll in the cues-pause-point method training in order to achieve the goal of the study. The other group was chosen to be the control one. Means and standard deviations of pre-post test responses were counted. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was analyzed to determine the difference between means and Multivariate Analysis Covariance (MANCOVA) was analyzed to find out statistically differences between content areas means. T-test has been used to count the difference between post-follow up test means. The results demonstrated that cues-pause-point method can be effective in teaching children with autism correct responses. The results indicated significant differences in overcoming echolalia between experimental and control group on post test, in favor of the experimental group. Also the results indicated significant differences among experimental group on post-follow up test, in favor of the post test.

[Ahmad Mousa Al-Dawaideh. The effectiveness of Cues – Pause – Point method for overcoming echolalia in Arabic-Speaking children with autism. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):72-82]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.10

Key Words: Echolalia; Cues-pause-point method; Autism.

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Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Fertilization, Growth and Essential Oil of Taif Rose under Salinity Stress in KSA

A.S. Bahobail¹, O.M.Al-zahrani², M.E. El-Sharnouby^2,3, and Y. EL-Halmouch^2,4

¹Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, KSA.

²Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, KSA.

³Natural Products Department. , National Centre for Radiation Research., and Technology, Egypt.

⁴Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt.

mohamedelsharnouby@yahoo.com

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establishing beneficial symbiosis with most plant roots have gained a growing interest as soil providers able to increase crop productivity and quality. Our results stated that AMF with NPK improve agriculture productivity of Taif rose (Rosa damascena trigintipetala Dieck), by enhancing plant growth and quantity of some essential oils. The tested NPK concentrations enhanced the all growth parameters of rose plant in the presence of  mycorrhizal fungi compared with the control. In contrast, increasing of  NaCl as a stress treatment to rose development decreased all development parameters except flower length. Combination of NPK and NaCl of Taif rose plant decreased survival percentage, plant height and flower length of rose plants under the infection of mycorrhizal fungi.

[A.S. Bahobail, O.M.Al-zahrani, M.E. El-Sharnouby and Y. EL-Halmouch. Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Fertilization, Growth and Essential Oil of Taif Rose under Salinity Stress in KSA. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):83-87]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.11

Key words: Taif rose, NPK, NaCl , Salinity, Essential oil, Growth.

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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Warm Footbaths on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Profound Multiple Disabilities

Makiko Orita ¹, Naomi Hayashida ¹, Tetsuko Shinkawa ^{1, 3}, Hideko Urata ³, Takashi Kudo ², Sotetsu Katayama ⁴, Michita Togo ⁴, Kozaburo Hiramatsu ⁵, Noboru Takamura ¹

¹Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan

²Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan

³Department of Nursing, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan

⁴R.I.E. Aoyama Palacio Tower, 3-6-7 Kita Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0061, Japan

⁵Nagasaki National Hospital, 6-41 Sakuragi, Nagasaki 850-8523, Japan

takamura@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

Background: Patients with profound multiple disabilities (PMD) are defined as individuals with profound cognitive disabilities (IQ < 35) and neuromotor dysfunction. Additionally, PMD patients often have sensory impairment and clinical manifestations. These conditions may result in severe developmental disability, functional and behavioral deficits, and a lack of language-based communication. Warm footbaths are implemented for patients with PMD. But the objective evaluation of warm footbaths has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of warm footbaths through the monitoring of autonomic nervous activity using heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with PMD. Methods: Eight patients with PMD (five patients with cerebral palsy, one with Aicardi’s syndrome, one with post-traumatic syndrome after a head injury, and one with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) and one healthy adult male volunteer had a warm footbath for 20 minutes. We used electrocardiography to measure the high frequency components (HF; with frequency ranging from 0.15 to 0.4 Hz), which represent HRV due to parasympathetic activity. Analysis of variance was used to compare the level of HF pretreatment, during warm footbath, and post-treatment in each study participant. Results: Six of the eight patients, including three patients with clinically severe behavioral and emotional disturbance, showed significantly lower log HF during the warm footbath than pretreatment. Seven of the eight patients showed lower log HF in the first period phase (soak lower legs and feet in 40ºC water) of the warm footbath.Discussion: Our results showed that warm footbaths in patients with PMD suppressed parasympathetic nervous activity and stimulated their tactile senses and emotional inputs when soaking their feet in warm water.

[Orita M, Hayashida N, Shinkawa T, Urata H, Kudo T, Katayama S, Togo M, Hiramatsu K, Takamura N. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Warm Footbaths on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Profound Multiple Disabilities. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):88-92]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.12

Keywords: Autonomic nervous activity, heart rate variability, high frequency components, patients with profound multiple disabilities, warm footbath.

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Clinical Usefulness of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for the Screening of Metabolic Liver Disorders

Sumiko Irie¹, Naomi Hayashida¹, Tetsuko Shinkawa^1,3, Toshihiko Kamasaki¹, Akihide Matsunaga⁴, Izumi Miyamoto⁵, Toshiya Usui⁵, Kenya Chiba⁵, Takashi Kudo² and Noboru Takamura¹

¹Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare and ²Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan

³Department of Nursing, Nagasaki University School of Health Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan

⁴Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan

⁵Nishi-Isahaya Hospital PET/CT Diagnostic Imaging Center, Isahaya, Nagasaki, Japan

takamura@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a wide spectrum of liver injuries, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In clinical practice, there is so far no method of differentiating reliably between simple steatosis and steatohepatitis solely on the basis of non-invasive diagnostic tests. Thus, the development of a conventional screening method for NAFLD is definitely needed for its effective and early diagnosis. The aim of this study is to clarify the capability of 18F-FDG PET/CT for the screening of NAFLD. Methods: We explored the relationship among liver images on FDG-PET/CT screening, individual information, and laboratory findings from 123 Japanese male. Images of FDG-PET/CT were assigned according to the pattern of FDG uptake, i.e., “homogenous pattern” and “heterogenous pattern”. Differences in hematological and laboratory values between the homogenous pattern group and the heterogenous pattern group were statistically evaluated. Results: Body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure were significantly higher in the heterogeneous pattern group than in the homogeneous pattern group. Also, log aspartate aminotransferase, log alanine aminotransferase, and log gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase values were significantly higher in the heterogeneous pattern group than in the homogeneous pattern group. Furthermore, hemoglobin, log triglyceride, uric acid, and blood glucose were significantly higher in the heterogeneous pattern group than in the homogeneous pattern group. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher in the homogeneous pattern group than in the heterogeneous pattern group. Discussion: Heterogeneous 18F-FDG uptake on PET/CT images of the liver may represent the findings of NAFLD.

[Irie S, Hayashida N, Shinkawa T, Kamasaki T, Matsunaga A, Miyamoto I, Usui T, Chiba K, Kudo T,  Takamura N. Clinical Usefulness of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for the Screening of Metabolic Liver Disorders. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):99-104]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.13

Keywords: Metabolic liver disorders (MLD); Fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose – positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT); FDG uptake pattern; screening; hematological and laboratory measurement.

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Panhysterectomy Resulting From a Residual Cesarean Scar Pregnancy After Dilatation and Curettage：A Case Report

Xin Zhang

Department of Gynaecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Liaoning, 110042, China

zhangxin20130914@163.com

Abstract: With the increasing of caesarean section rates, the incidence of cesarean scar pregnancy also increased. Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy are important that can prevent the incidence of serious complications. A 26-year-old female patient who had panhysterectomy in our hospital was included. Two months after induced abortion, the patient had abdominal cramps and irregular vaginal bleeding. Gynecological examination showed the uterus was larger than fist, cystic and soft. Auxiliary examination: color Doppler ultrasound showed cervical canal was not homogeneous, and the size of the mass was about 8 cm×8 cm×7 cm; serum level of the human chorionic gonadotrophin was 244.4 IU/L. MRI showed that the mass was about 8.3 cm×8.0 cm, combining with bleeding in the cervix below the corpus uteri and hydatidiform mole was excluded. A week later, we reexamined the ultrasound, tumor below the uterus was 92 mm×82 mm×86 mm, and the serum level of the human chorionic gonadotrophin was 93.23 IU/L. After operation, the patient was diagnosed as cesarean scar pregnancy, and the postoperative serum level of human chorionic gonadotrophin was 2.88 IU/L. Pathological examination showed the decidual cells, denatured villus and trophoblastic cells growing in the myometrium were appeared. Ultrasound plays and important role in the diagnosis and observation of cesarean scar pregnancy. If the results of ultrasound examination were uncertain, MRI is preferred for the further examination. MRI can help to choice the method for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy. The cesarean scar pregnancy usually manifests as the existence of shallow gap in the myometrium, and appearance of villus and trophoblastic cells in the gap.

[Xin Zhang. Panhysterectomy Resulting From a Residual Cesarean Scar Pregnancy After Dilatation and Curettage：A Case Report. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):99-103]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.14

Keywords: Panhysterectomy Resulting, Residual Cesarean Scar Pregnancy, Dilatation, Curettage.

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Human And Economic Development Through Share WAQF (WAQF Corporate): The Case Of GLCS In Malaysia

Khairil Faizal Khairi, Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz, Nur Hidayah Laili, Mohammad Noorizzuddin Nooh, Hisham Sabri, Mohamad Yazis Ali Basah¹

^1. Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. +6067986427

khairil2277@gmail.com

Abstract: The institution of Waqf has played a significant role of providing opportunities in sharing the government’s fiscal needs and improving the communities and nation welfare throughout Islamic history. Waqf have a potential to became one of the important devices regarding the socioeconomics realms in Muslim societies which will benefit the communities in term of education, health care, national security, transportation facilities, basic infrastructure, foods and job opportunities. The main objective of the current study is to explore the conceptual framework in improving the share waqf (waqf corporate) and identifies the uniqueness of the share waqf in Malaysia. In addition this study is to investigate the contribution of this type of share towards communities and nation welfare. The methodology of this study is a qualitative research based on the document analysis of relevant references. The interesting finding of this study indicates that the proper implementation of share waqf is very useful in developing the economic well being of the communities and nation especially if there is participation among GLCs.

[Khairi, K.F, Ab Aziz, M.R, Laili, N.H, Nooh, M.N, Sabri, H, Ali BAsah M.Y. Human Development and Economic Well Being Through Social Welfare Share Waqf (Waqf Corporate). Life Sci J 2014;11(1):104-110]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.15

Keywords: human development, share waqf, GLC, economic well being.

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Strengthing Steel Frames by Using Post Tensioned Cable

Nabil.S. Mahmoud, Ahmed Badr, Fikry. A. Ssalem and Mohamed Ghannam

Structure Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansourah University, Egypt.

drfikry_salem@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to determine the suitable technique for strengthening steel frames by using post tensioned cables. In this paper four techniques for post tensioning steel frame and a comparison between these techniques are achieved.The analysis and results are obtained by using ANSYS program. In The first technique the cables are post tensioned in the positive moment region. In the second technique the cables are post tensioned in the positive and the negative moment region. In the third is to the cables are post tensioned between the columns the last technique is to attached inclined post tensioned cables between the column and pass through a roller fixed in the rafters.

[Nabil.S. Mahmoud, Ahmed Badr, Fikry. A. Ssalem and Mohamed Ghannam. Strengthing Steel Frames by Using Post Tensioned Cable. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):111-116]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 16. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.16

Keywords: steel frame, post tensioning, cables, load capacity, Finite element.

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Uranium content measurement in drinking water for Some region in Sudan using Laser Flourometry Technique

Majdi H. Saad^1,2, Jumaa Yousif Tamboul^3,4, Mohamed Yousef ^3,4

¹ Physics department, College of Science, Taibah University – Yanbu branch

2 Physics department, Sudan University of Science & Technology

3 Deparment of Diagnostic Radiologic technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA

⁴College of Medical Radiologic Science Sudan University of Science and Technology P. O. Box 1908, Khartoum, Sudan

mohnajwan@gmail.com

Abstract: This study aimed to assess Uranium content measurement in drinking water for some regions in Sudan using Laser Flourometry Technique.Water samples were collected from different region in Sudan in Sudan for the time interval from Feb. to Dec. 2008.The sources of these samples comprise dug wells, tube wells and hand pumps. Uranium is determined using laser fluorometry technique, while as for trace elements in soil and plant samples Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) was used.The values of Uranium activity in the water samples varies from 1.7484 Bq/L to 0.1364 Bq/L. These values are compared with safe limit values recommended for drinking water, and compared with quantity of radiation background for each area, in order to see if some correlation exists between the concentration of uranium and radiation background. The calculated values of Uranium activity in the water samples from different areas of state in Sudan ranged from 1.7484 Bq/L to 0.1364 Bq/L .

[Majdi H. Saad, Jumaa Yousif Tamboul, Mohamed Yousef . Uranium content measurement in drinking water for Some region in Sudan using Laser Flourometry Technique. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):117-121]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 17. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.17

Keywords: Uranium ,measurement ,drinking water , Sudan , Laser Flourometry Technique.

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Otolaryngologicl Issues in Down Syndrome Patients from Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Jumana Y. Al-Aama  MD, MRCP ^1’2 , Hisham Alem  MD ³,  Ashraf A. El-Harouni  MD, M.Sc.,Ph.D ^1’2’4

^1-Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^2-Princess  Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^3-Otolaryngology  Department, Faculty of Medicine , King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^4-Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

jalama@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality which results in extra genetic material from chromosome 21. Its incidence in Saudi Arabia is reported to be 1 in 554 live births. Otolaryngologic problems are common in children with DS. Early detection and intervention of such problems have led to decrease incidence of hearing loss, and better awareness of breathing disorders in DS patients. Aims: This work aims to enlist the common significant otolaryngological problems in Saudi DS patients attending the Genetic Clinic in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, in Jeddah, and focus lights on early intervention and management of such problems.  Methodology: A prospective study included all patients attending the DS clinic of the department of genetic medicine at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, between October 2007 and October 2011. Each patient underwent full history & physical evaluations, dysmorphologic assessment and anthropometric measurements. Diagnosis was cytogenetically and/or clinically proven. All patients were subjected to ENT and hearing assessments. Results: A total of 130 patients (59% males and 41% females) with ages ranging between 0-33 years (mean = 5 ± 4.9) were included. Most of the patients 90.9% had trisomy 21 due to non-disjunction, 5.05% due to Robertsonian translocation and 4.04% had mosaic DS. ENT abnormalities were detected in 90/130 (69.3%) patients. External ear canal stenosis (40%), adenoid hypertrophy(33.3%) and tonsillar hypertrophy(32.2%) were the most common presenting anomalies, followed by otitis media with effusion(18%) and abnormal tympanogram(18%). Hearing loss were detected in (12.2%). Conclusion: This study showed that ENT anomalies are one of the most common problems associated with DS in Jeddah. All patients with DS should be evaluated for otolarygologic anomalies with complete examination and investigations for further proper intervention.

[Jumana Y. Al-Aama, Hisham Alem, Ashraf A. El-Harouni. Otolaryngologicl Issues in Down Syndrome Patients from Western Region of Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):122-126]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 18. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.18

Keywords: Down syndrome, trisomy21, Otolaryngological problems.

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Job Satisfaction of nurses in a Tertiary Medical Care Center: A Cross Sectional Study, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Ahmed AbdulatifBahnassy¹, AbdulazizFahadAlkaabba², AbdallaAbdulwahidSaeed¹, Turky Al Ohaidib¹

¹Department of Community Medicine,Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, King Saud BinAbdulaziz for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ²College of Medicine, AL-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

abahnassy@gmail.com

Abstract: Job satisfaction is of interest to both people who work in organizations and people who study them. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the health care delivery system relies heavily on expatriate human resources; hence their job satisfaction is crucial for patient satisfaction and quality of care. The objectives of this study are to: determine the overall job satisfaction and its correlates among nurses working in a tertiary care. This is a cross sectional study among nurses working in a tertiary care center. A stratified random sample with proportional allocation used to choose 980 nurses. A self administered questionnaire was used. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis was used for data analysis using SPSS version 17 software. The level of significance was set to be <0.05 throughout the study.The study results showed that mean satisfaction scores for all participants was 105.2 out of 150 (70% satisfaction), males were less satisfied than females, Saudis were less satisfied than non Saudis but the differences were not significant. Significantly higher satisfaction was associated with Staff nurse 2, nurses working in Women hospital, nurses with lower than doctorate qualification and nurses with higher salaries. In general the overall job satisfaction of nurses is acceptable and comparable to similar medical care facilities. The study recommends: Revision of salaries and fringe benefits to make them more attractive in this competitive market and in depth inquiry about the specific reasons and determinants of the poor satisfaction among nurses with doctorate qualification, nurses working in Rehabilitation hospital to boost their job satisfaction level.

[Bahnassy AA, Alkaabba AF, Saeed AA, Al Ohaidib T. Job Satisfaction of nurses in a Tertiary Medical Care Center: A Cross Sectional Study, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):127-132]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 19. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.19

Key Words: Job Satisfaction; Nurses; Tertiary Care Center; Saudi Arabia.

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Security analysis of RFID based devices in educative environments

Ahmed Saeed Alzahrani

Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

asalzahrani@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Educative environments such as public and private academic institutions are established with latest information communication technology (ICT) which includes RFID based devices. Innovation of academic infrastructure using latest ICT with maximum security is a future development in most of academic applications. Regarding the RFID based devices involved in educative environments; the level of security must be reconsidered in some applications. For instance different applications such as library, car park, laboratory etc. need different levels of security.  However, there is a security problem, which is a practical challenge considered between the RFID reader and RFID tags. If more than one RFID card or tag is held by the user, more than one user is registered by the reader at the fixed time intervals. It means that monitoring of students’ attendance is recorded wrongly and students who are physically absent may be involved in the serious criminal activities. In order to avoid this problem, security analysis of RFID based devices in educative environments is a potential challenge. In this paper, a theoretical model of RFID based device with security protocol is considered to employ in educative environments. Possible security analysis expected to use in educative environments are mentioned as research methods because RFID devices in latest ICT need reasonable security which must be low-cost and maximum efficiency. From these model, students will gain not only learning capabilities but also they will achieve physical and mental fitness. Even though security is not a direct impact, its influences in this model create the peaceful time to increase the listening attitudes. Memory capacities also increased through this model, because it is directly influenced with listening, learning and punctuations.

[Alzahrani A. Security analysis of RFID based devices in educative environments. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):133-140]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 20. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.20

Keywords: RFID based devices, Educative environments, RFID Security, Learning capabilities.

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Piezosurgery in Surgically Assisted Orthodontic Treatment

Mohammad Almohaimeed

Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

malmohaimeed@qudent.edu.sa

Abstract:  Piezosurgery has been applied in dentistry for many years. This paper reviews specifically the treatment applications that have been used in surgically assisted orthodontic treatment since the last decade. Piezosurgery has been applied for surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion exposure of palatally impacted canines tooth movement acceleration orthognathic surgery distraction osteogenesis posterior maxillary segmental osteotomy concomitant with sinus lift.

[Almohaimeed M. Piezosurgery in Surgically Assisted Orthodontic Treatment. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):141-144]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 21. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.21

Key words: Piezoelectric surgery, piezosurgery, ultrasonic device, accelerated tooth movement

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General V. Anders’ Polish Army in Central Asia

Anvar Ismailov¹, Kanat Bazarbayev¹, Zabirash Adilbekova¹ & Raikhan Sadykova²

¹ H. A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan

² Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050004, Kazakhstan

Kanat-08@mail.ru

Abstract: The article is concerned with the history of General V. Anders’ Polish Army stay in Central Asia in 1942. During the Second World War in the history of soviet-polish relations the issues that are ambiguously assessed by contemporary research people there are events of forming and fighting employment of the Polish Army commanded by Lieutenant General Vladislav Anders. As is generally known a military formation with a number of infantry divisions, military school, reserve regiment, staff and special military units were formed from among Polish citizens in 1942 in the USSR. The history of the Polish army was disclosed in a quite number of researches carried out by Soviet writers. In 1990 the documents of the talks between I.V. Stalin and the prime-minister of Polish government in London V. Sikorskiy, an ambassador in the USSR S. Kot and General V. Anders were published in the journal “Mejdunarodnaya zhizn” (International life) under the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Aigul Smanova, a Kazakhstan researcher, who carried out studies of documents in Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (in the city of Podolsk, Moscow region) and presented the article in the Kazakh language.

[Anvar Ismailov, Kanat Bazarbayev, Zabirash Adilbekova & Raikhan Sadykova. General V. Anders’ Polish Army in Central Asia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):145-147]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 22. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.22

Keywords: World War, USSR, Moscow ,Central Asia, Kazakhstan.

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Effect of heavy metal pollution on protein expression, enzyme activity, pigments and phytohormones in some plants growing in Wadi Alargy wetlands, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Hussein F. Farrag ^1&2, Yasin M. Al-Sodany^2&3 and Faleh G. Otiby²

¹ Botany department, faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.

² Biology department, faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

³ Botany department, faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt.

hfarrag2012@hotmail.com

Abstract: Heavy metals accumulated by Amaranthus hybridus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Mentha longifolia and Typha domingensis have been reported in the present study to affect on some physiological parameters. The study  proved that total protein contents in the contaminated and noncontaminated shoot samples of A.hybridus and M.longifolia were found to be eight proteins while expressed proteins were four in the other two test species. Comparing protein intensities in shoots of the test species showed more protein intensity in most shoots of the contaminated samples. The current work proved the effect of heavy metals on catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. CAT recorded maximum value in shoots of contaminated T.domingensis samples amounting to 114.22 μg g^-1 FW. The effect of heavy metals on concentrations of chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls and carotene pigments in the target species were estimated. The recorded values for Chlorophyll b, xanthophyll and carotene in contaminated A.hybridus were 189.25, 82.91 and 65.22 mg g^-1 FW. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) showed greater values ranged between 1110 and 1449 μM in the noncontaminated plant samples as compared to those of contaminated samples which ranged between 960 and 1089 μM, while Gibberellin (GA₃), recorded values ranged between 864 and 1068 μM in the contaminated plant samples of the test species.

[Hussein F. Farrag, Yasin M. Al-Sodany and Faleh G. Otiby. Effect of heavy metal pollution on protein expression, enzyme activity, pigments and phytohormones in some plants growing in Wadi Alargy wetlands, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):148-155]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 23. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.23

Keywords: Heavy metals, protein expression, enzyme activity, pigments, phytohormones, Amaranthus hybridus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Mentha longifolia, Typha domingensis.

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Ultrasound Findings in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Saudi Arabia

Sami M. Bahlas

Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

drbahlas@gmail.com

Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic inflammatory disease, which can affect multiple organs including liver, kidney, blood vessels, heart, and lungs. Early detection of organ damage is essential to optimise treatment of SLE and reduce the risk of irreversible organ damage.  The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of ultrasound-detectable pathology in SLE population to determine the potential utility of routine ultrasound screening for SLE patients. the study samples were for the Patients who presented to the rheumatology clinic in King Abdulaziz University during January, 2011 to September, 2011 with SLE but with no abdominal symptoms. Associations between blood and urine biochemical markers and ultrasound-detectable pathologies were examined. the study illustrated that seventy-five patients were included in the analysis, mean age 32.75 ± 11.97. Of the total, 92% were female and 30.7% of the total studied samples were of Saudi nationality. Evidence of an enlarged liver was detected in 43% of the population, 22% had an enlarged spleen, and 30% had evidence of kidney disease. Ascites was present in the majority (88%) of patients, gallstones were detected in 8% of patients and thickening of the gall bladder wall in a further 7%. Moreover, 5% had evidence of enlarged lymph nodes. No significant correlations were detected between blood biochemical analyses and ultrasound-detectable pathologies. the study concluded that the multi-organ pathology is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE. Presence of ultrasound-detectable pathology is high in patients with SLE suggesting that this may be a useful screening tool for early detection of systemic multi-organ disease.

[Sami Bahlas. Ultrasound Findings in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):156-159]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 24. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.24

Key Words: Systemic lupus erythematosus, ultrasound-detectable pathology, blood biochemical analyses, multi-organ pathology.

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Toward Designing and Modeling of Quran Learning Applications for Android Devices

Manal Elobaid¹, Kauser Hameed¹, Moawia Elfaki Yahia Eldow²

^1. Department Of Computer Science, CCSIT, King Faisal University, Hofuf, KSA

^2. Faculty of Mathematical Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan

manalobaid@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper describes a project focusing on developing application software that is entitled as “Noor Al-Quran for android devices”. The project aims to proliferate the learning of Holy Quran using latest technologies for Non – Arabic speakers. In this paper, two phases of project have been described. The first phase emphasis on requirement analysis which provides three levels of analysis:  monitoring existing Holy Quran applications, identification of Features in proposed application and determining the available documents of database. While the second phase covered software engineering and technical part which can be categorized into three broad sub-phases: designing & modeling, setting up logical and physical databases and developing the business logic. Designing & modeling phase has accomplished the designing and modeling needs required by the app to form the basis of designing and linking them using Android programming, which  include designing the use cases, modeling through UML diagrams and designing the mobile user interface prototypes. Setting up Logical and Physical Data Bases phase has included gathering  App’s  data and facilitating them  in SQLite and other format compatible enough to be used as underling database or data source. Developing the business logic phase comprised of initiating the process of hard coding the program logic using Android SDK and APIs on the data and designs provided  by the above two phases.

[Manal Elobaid, Kauser Hameed, Moawia Elfaki Yahia Eldow. Toward Designing and Modeling of Quran Learning Applications for Android Devices. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):160-171]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 25. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.25

Keywords: Quran for android, Smart phone applications, Audio Tafseer, Quranic Root word, Quran memorization, Mobile  recitations, Multi agent Tafseer.

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Neutrophil Count to Lymphocyte Count Ratio is a Potential Diagnostic Index for Bacteremia in Adult

Yong Xia¹, Xu-Guang Guo¹, Tian-Xing Ji², Qiong Chen¹

¹Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, People's Republic of China

²Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, People's Republic of China

gysyxy@gmail.com

Abstract: The neutrophil count to lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR) provides a fast indication of bacteremia. The goal of our research was to inspect the prognostic value of the neutrophil count to lymphocyte count ratio in bacteremia and determine an optimal ratio for the diagnosis of bacteremia. We studied 22 patients with bacteremia and 118 without bacteremia retrospectively. NLCR calculated from the white blood cell differential count. We retrospectively evaluated the ability of the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, procalcitonin (PCT) level, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and neutrophil count to lymphocyte count ratio to predict bacteremia in adult patients with suspected bacteremia. These data were compared between patients with bacteremia and patients without bacteremia. One hundred and forty patients managed were included in this study, 22 patients with bacteremia and 118 patients without bacteremia. The data of NLCR in bacteremia group was higher than in the group without bacteremia (10.58±1.99 vs. 5.61±0.61). Increased NLCR was associated with a highly potential diagnosis of bacteremia, as shown by the AUC 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.67(0.55-0.81). The optimal cut-off of NLCR from ROC curves was 11.34, giving sensitivities of 40.91 %, specificities of 93.22 %, negative likelihood ratio of 0.63, positive likelihood ratio of 6.03. Elevation of the NLCR is significantly associated with bacteremia. Neutrophil count to lymphocyte count ratio is a potential prognostic index for the diagnosis of bacteremia.

[Yong Xia, Xu-Guang Guo, Tian-Xing Ji, Qiong Chen. Neutrophil Count to Lymphocyte Count Ratio is a Potential Diagnostic Index for Bacteremia in Adult. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):172-177]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 26. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.26

Keywords: Bacteremia; C-reactive protein; Neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio; procalcitonin.

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Outcome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Hospitalized Patients: A 2-year retrospective analysis

Sami M Bahlas¹, Ibtisam Mousa Ali Jali², Hosam Mohamed Kamal Atik³ and Walaa Khaled Aldhahri⁴

¹King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi arabia, ²Department of Rheumatology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Board of Internal Medicine, ³Medical department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, ⁴King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Drbahlas@gmail.com

Abstract: The objectives of the current study were to assess the pattern of hospital admissions among .Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE patients, to identify prognostic factors for survival, and causes of mortality among these patients. The current study involved a retrospective record review for all admitted SLE patients over 2 years (from April 2010 to April 2012), King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah. The results indicated that, a total of 95 admission episodes of 60 patients, belonging to different racial origins, were included 6 of the total patients sample [representing 6.3%] male and 89 [93.7%] female admissions; where the samples origins are as follows: Arabs 51 [53.7%], Blacks 28 [29.5%] and others 15 [4.3%]). Mean systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score was 11.56 (range 0-38). The mean duration of admission was 13.65 days (range 1‑64), 48 admissions (50.5%) were due to active SLE and 47 (49.5%) due to other causes. Eleven patients (11.6%) were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 8 (8.4%) deaths were recorded. The results concluded that the renal disease continues to remain one of the most common serious organ involvements in SLE. Infection is a common cause of death among SLE patients. Thrombocytopenia and low hematocrit are independent risk factors for SLE related death. SLE related mortality is higher among the non‑White and Black populations.

[Sami M Bahlas, Ibtisam Mousa Ali Jali, Hosam Mohamed Kamal Atik and Walaa Khaled Aldhahri. Outcome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Hospitalized Patients: A 2-year retrospective analysis. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):178-182]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 27. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.27

Keywords: Outcome; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Patients; analysis.

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Stochastic Modeling for Rainfall-Runoff in Saudi Arabia

Jarbou Bahrawi

Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

jbahrawi@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: The development of water resources systems in arid and semiarid zones suffers from data availability, especially for storm runoff. Measurements of runoff in arid zones are often not available; therefore, there is a need to estimate runoff that is produced from rainfall events. In the current study, a regional stochastic model is developed to assess the correlation between rainfall and runoff in arid and semiarid zones based on recorded data (383 data pairs were collected) at five gauged watersheds in the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period 1981 -1984. The model is formulated using the bivariate joint log-normal probability density function of both rainfall and runoff. The estimated correlation coefficient is 0.5 which is considered significant particularly in arid and semi-arid zones. The logarithms of rainfall and runoff data were tested for normality via the application of the Q-Q plot of the marginal distributions. The correlation coefficients of the Q-Q plots were 0.97 and 0.993 for rainfall and runoff respectively. The Mahalanobis square distance and Chi² distribution quartiles were used to test the normality of the joint distribution. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.996. A spreadsheet simulation model was constructed and used to generate realizations of the runoff process conditioned on the recorded rainfall data. A Monte Carlo method is adopted to generate 200 realizations of the runoff process and the conditional ensemble mean and the conditional ensemble variance were estimated and compared with the theoretical model. The model results fall within the 95% confidence intervals. This model could be updated in the future by having experimental watersheds in the region to study the impact of climatic changes on the water resources systems.

[Jarbou Bahrawi. Stochastic Modeling for Rainfall-Runoff in Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):183-191]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 28. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.28

Keywords: Bivariate joint log-normal distribution, Mahalanobis square distance, rainfall-runoff processes, arid and semiarid zones, stochastic model.

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Cloud Coverage Disruption for Groundwater Recharge Improvement Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia

Mohamed Elhag* and  Jarbou Bahrawi

Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

melhag@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Remote sensing technology have showed robust capacities in meeting challenges of water resource management, in the countries like kingdom of Saudi Arabia where rapid population growth is imposing stress on scarce water resources. Also, continual Earth observations from space are important to manage water resources for the benefit of humankind and the environment, as well provide important forecasting services to prevent water-related disasters such as floods and droughts. Remote sensing approaches to assess and manage of water resources are important especially in the region of Saudi Arabian because no satisfactory hydrological networks exist. Cloud detection is important issue in extracting information of geophysical, geomorphological and meteorological interest from remotely sensed images. Present work aimed at imposing a new method for cloud detecting and producing cloud probability mapping of multispectral images acquired using MERIS images. The algorithm was implemented on 59 satellite imageries collected from January 2006 to October 2011.

[Mohamed Elhag and Jarbou Bahrawi. Cloud Coverage Disruption for Groundwater Recharge Improvement Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):192-200]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 29. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.29

Keywords: Classification, Cloud Detection, Cloud Probability, MERIS, Remote Sensing, Water Resources Management.

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Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices and Spatial Decision Support System for Better Water Consumption Regime in Nile Delta. A case Study for Rice Cultivation Suitability Map

Mohamed Elhag

Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

melhag@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Monitoring the locations and distributions of rice cultivation in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate in Nile Delta region is important for establishing linkages between policy decisions, regulatory actions and subsequent irrigational water requirements. Given the importance to the rice cultivation water requirements in water conservation plans, adequate scenarios and efficient multi-disciplinary remote sensing indices related to water availability and water consumption were obtained. In principle, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was obtained from EgySat-1 satellite sensor acquired in June 2008 to drive four different water related indices calculated as NDVI derivatives. Seven factors and two constrains were implemented in Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) to obtain final rice cultivation suitability map. Reciprocal matrix for the seven factors was established with accepted consistency ratio of 0.08. Final suitability map indicated that only half of Kafr El Sheikh Governorate is area highly suitable for rice cultivation, but in reality the whole agricultural land of the governorate is occupied by rice cultivation as symbol of mismanagement of water resources in Nile Delta region.

[Mohamed Elhag. Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices and Spatial Decision Support System for Better Water Consumption Regime in Nile Delta. A case Study for Rice Cultivation Suitability Map. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):201-209]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 30. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.30

Keywords: Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Remote Sensing Indices, Rice Cultivation, SDSS, Suitability Map, Vegetation Indices.

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Dynamics of chemiluminescent characteristics of blood of workers of phosphorous plant depending on individual sensitivity to yellow phosphorous under the influence of liquorice herbal pharmaceutical product

Namazbay Ormanov, Rakhat Pernebekova, Lyazzat Ormanova, Aigul Ibragimova, Zaure Korganbayeva, Lyailya Zholymbekova, Saulet Syzdykova

South Kazakhstan State pharmaceutical Academy, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan, 160000, Al-Farabi sq.1

E-mail: marlen-forex@inbox.ru

Abstract: Research has been carried out at occupational pathology department of South-Kazakhstan branch of scientific centre of occupational hygiene and occupational diseases of  No.2 clinic of Taraz city. 72 probationary male employees of basic occupations with 5-10 years of employment length from Dzhambyl phosphorous plant and 148 phosphorous intoxicated people have been examined. Chemiluminescent research technique has been applied. Research demonstrated that condition of chemiluminescent parameters of blood hemolysate of phosphorous plant employees depends on individual sensitivity to xenobiotic and reduction of chemiluminescent indicator under the influence of bioslastiline depends on the terms of biologically active additive administration.

[Ormanov N, Pernebekova R, Ormanova L, Ibragimova A, Korganbayeva Z, Zholymbekova L, Syzdykova S. Dynamics of chemiluminescent characteristics of blood of workers of phosphorous plant depending on individual sensitivity to yellow phosphorous under the influence of liquorice herbal pharmaceutical product. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):210-216]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 31. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.31

Keywords: phosphorous, individual sensitiveness, glycyrrhiza, bioslastiline.

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Dynamics of characteristics of lipids and antioxidant system peroxidation of the phosphorus plant workers blood depending on individual sensitivity to yellow phosphorus under the influence of liquorice herbal pharmaceutical product

Namazbay Ormanov, Rakhat Pernebekova, Lyazzat Ormanova, Aigul Ibragimova, Zaure Korganbayeva, Lyailya Zholymbekova, Saulet Syzdykova

South Kazakhstan State pharmaceutical Academy, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan, 160000, Al-Farabi sq, 1

E-mail: marlen-forex@inbox.ru

Abstract: Research has been carried out at occupational pathology department of South-Kazakhstan branch of scientific centre of occupational hygiene and occupational diseases at No.2 clinic of Taraz city. Seventy-two probationary male employees of basic occupations with 5-10 years of employment length from Dzhambyl phosphorous plant and 148 phosphorous intoxicated people have been examined. Biochemical research techniques have been applied. Administration of bioslastiline by workers depending on sensitivity to yellow phosphorus showed, that the most efficient and effective impact is appeared during 10 days of administration by “resistant” workers, 14 days – by “sensitive” and 20 days – by “very sensitive” workers. It is proved by reduction of results of indicated coefficient of lipid peroxidation of antioxidant blood system.

[Ormanov N, Pernebekova R, Ormanova L, Ibragimova A, Korganbayeva Z, Zholymbekova L, Syzdykova S. Dynamics of characteristics of lipids and antioxidant system peroxidation of the phosphorus plant workers blood depending on individual sensitivity to yellow phosphorus under the influence of liquorice herbal pharmaceutical product. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):217-226]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 32. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.32

Keywords: phosphorus, individual sensitiveness, glycyrrhiza, bioslastiline, peroxide  oxidization lipids, antioxidant system.

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Parasitological studies on the isopoda (Cymothoidae) parasites infesting some marine fishes at Suez Canal area at Ismailia Province, Egypt with a key to the cymothoid genera.

Eman, M. Youssef, Nahla, H. Salam, Eissa I A M* and Mona S. Zaki**

Dept. of Parasitology, Fac. of Vet. Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt

* Dept. of Fish Diseases and Management, Fac. of Vet. Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt

**Dept. of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt

eissavet29@gmail.com

Abstract: A total of 150 different marine fish species represented as 50 fish from each Sardinella species, Morone labrax and Sciaena umbra were collected from Suez Canal area at Ismailia Province, Egypt. The infested marine fishes revealed no pathognomonic signs or lesions. They were investigated for detection of the Isopoda parasites, It was revealed that (4%) of the examined fishes were infected. The detected species were Anilocra meridionalis from sardinella species with prevalence of (4%); Renocila thresherorum from Morone labrax with prevalence of (6%) and Cymothoa exigua from Sciaena umbra with prevalence of (2%). The histopathological alterations were recorded and discussed.

[Eman, M. Youssef, Nahla, H. Salam, Eissa I A M and Mona S. Zak. Parasitological studies on the isopoda (Cymothoidae) parasites infesting some marine fishes at Suez Canal area at Ismailia Province, Egypt with a key to the cymothoid genera. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):227-231]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 33. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.33

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Effects of the Neonicotinoid compound, Emamectin on Bracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with parasitization on two lepidopteran hosts.

Samy M. Sayed^1,2, S. A. El Arnaouty¹ and Essam O. K. Tabozada³

^1-Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.

^2-Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, 21974, KSA.

^3-Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12619. Egypt.

samy_mahmoud@hotmail.com

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct and indirect toxicity of the Neonicotinoid, emamectin benzoate on Bracon brevicornis which is used in crop and vegetable production. Laboratory bioassays were done to investigate the immature and adult stages of B. brevicornis on the treated 2^nd larvae instars of Tuta absoluta and Ephestia kuehniella from periods of zero time, 1^st, 3^rd and 5^th days of parasitism. High toxic effect was recorded on the treated 2^nd larvae instars of T. absoluta than that treated E. kuehniella larvae with contact method. For larval duration and pupal period of B. brevicornis, the difference between treated and untreated host individuals was statistically not significant within the same host and between two hosts at the same treatment. Both female and male longevities those derived from treated hosts were decreased gradually from at zero time to five day of parasitism on both hosts. Our results concluded that emamectin benzoate was found safer to B. brevicornis at all the tested periods of parasitism on T. absoluta and E. kuehniella. Therefore, emamectin is considered an important component within integrated pest management programs.

[Samy M. Sayed, S. A. El Arnaouty and Essam O.K. Tabozada. Effects of the Neonicotinoid compound, Emamectin on Bracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with parasitization on two lepidopteran hosts. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):232-235]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 34. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.34

Keywords: Bracon brevicornis, Tuta absoluta, Ephestia kuehniella, Neonicotinoid, Emamec.

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The Value of Yolk Sac Diameter at Vaginal Ultrasonography as a Predictor of the First Trimester Pregnancy Outcome

khaled S. Mousa, Amr Mohamed El- Helaly and Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

amrelhelaly@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the value of using ultrasonographic measurement of both yolk sac diameter and gestational sac diameter in the first trimester for prediction of pregnancy outcome. Subjects and Methods: This prospective observational study included 100 pregnant females in their first trimester of singleton pregnancy with no medical diseases. All women were examined by vaginal ultrasound during the 6^th week of gestation to measure yolk sac diameter (YSD) and gestational sac diameter (GSD). During the 13^th week of gestation, abdominal ultrasound was done to remeasure the sacs and confirm fetal well-being. This examination was the cutoff point of success of pregnancy. Results: The YS was measurable in 72 cases, absent in 16 cases and band-shaped in 2 cases. The latter 2 cases are combined with cases of absent YS in one group. YSD had good positive correlation with GSD (r = 0.709, p< 0.001) and GA (r = 0.646, p< 0.001). The outcome at the 13^th week was normal in 74 women and abnormal in 26. Absence of the yolk sac was significantly associated with abnormal outcome (Odds Ratio (OR): 10.3, 95% CI: 5.3-19.8). Cases with abnormal outcome had significantly smaller yolk sacs and YSD/GSD ratio. YSD ≤ 3.1 mm predicts abnormal outcome with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 63.5%, while YSD/GSD ratio ≤ 0.2 shows the absolute sensitivity and specificity (100%). YSD/GA ≤ 0.065 predicts abnormal outcome with 100% sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion: Measurement of yolk sac diameter is a good predictor of bad neonatal outcome especially as a ratio to gestational sac diameter.

[khaled S. Mousa, Amr Mohamed El- Helaly and Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz. The Value of Yolk Sac Diameter at Vaginal Ultrasonography as a Predictor of the First Trimester Pregnancy Outcome. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):236-240]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 35. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.35

Keywords:Yolk sac, Gestational sac, Fetal well-being,Vaginal ultrasonography.

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The Role of Risk of Malignancy Index in the Preoperative Assessment of Patients with Adnexal Masses

Hosam M. Hemeda, Khalid K. Ali and Khalid A. Onsil

Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo. Egypt

Hosam1973md@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death from gynaecologic malignancies. Efficiency of care for ovarian cancer patients can be improved by standardizing preoperative evaluation. The Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI) was developed for referral of relevant patients to gynaecologic oncologic centres. The main advantage of this method is that the RMI is a simple scoring system that can be applied directly into clinical practice without the introduction of expensive or complicated methods. The aim of is study is to determine the accuracy of the RMI to discriminate between benign lesions and malignant adnexal masses in gynaecologic practice. Methods: One hundred eighty cases - 120 premenopausal and 60 postmenopausal - presented by adnexal masses was included and assessed using RMI. All patients underwent exploration and histopathological results of the masses were correlated with RMI. Results: Comparing RMI to the results of histopathology, we found that there was statistical highly significant difference between types of adnexal masses concerning RMI in premenopausal and in postmenopausal women (p<0.001). Validating RMI as predictors in patients of adnexal masses using the standard cutoff point of the RCOG (250) at this study showed sensitivity of 70.5%, specificity of 93.5%, positive and negative predictive value was 91.2% and 76.8% respectively with an overall accuracy of 82.2%. Validating RMI using a cutoff point of 126.75 showed sensitivity and specificity to be 88.6% and 90.2% respectively, positive and negative predictive value was 89.7% and 89.2% respectively with an overall accuracy of 89.4%.  Conclusion: Due to simplicity of its components RMI can be evaluated easily and it is mandatory to be applied in clinical practice by any gynecologist.

[Hosam M.Hemeda, Khalid K.Ali and Khalid A. Onsil. The Role of Risk of Malignancy Index in the Preoperative Assessment of Patients with Adnexal Masses. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):241-246]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 36. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.36

Keywords: ovarian cancer, adnexal mass, RMI, risk of malignancy index.

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Topical issues of Japan’s strategy in Central Asia: view from Kazakhstan

Sadykova Raikhan

Department of History, Archeology and Ethnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan

sraya84@mail.ru

Abstract: The collapse of the bipolar system of international relations led to change in the geopolitical and geo-economic worldview. Leading experts actively began to say that the center of the world economy had shifted from the Euro-Atlantic space to that of Asia. Significant changes on the political map affected the Eurasian continent. Primarily, this was due to the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of which new independent states appeared. A new player represented by the Central Asian region appeared on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Since then, the political and economic development of the region began to arouse keen interest of not only the world’s economic centers such as the U.S., China and the EU, but also the leading regional powers such as Japan. Increasing role of Central Asia in the system of international relations makes it objectively necessary to understand the policy of the leading states, including Japan, in the region in the twenty-first century. Accordingly, the objective of the research is to study the formation and development of Japan’s policy toward the countries of Central Asia and to determine its prospects.

[Sadykova R. Topical issues of Japan’s strategy in Central Asia: view from Kazakhstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):247-255]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 37. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.37

Keywords: Central Asia, Japan’s policy, Eurasian diplomacy, and “Central Asia plus Japan” Dialogue.

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Confocal Biomicroscopy AIDS Early Detection of Wilson’s Disease: A Case Report

Shih-Min Lin ^1,2,#, Jy-Been Liang^1,#, Ke-Hung Chien,¹ Yi-Hao Chen¹, Jiann-Torng Chen ¹, Da-Wen Lu¹,

Chi-Ting Horng^2,3*

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

² Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

³Department of Pharmacy, Tajen Unversity, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.

#The first and second authors contributed equally to this work

h56041@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: To report a case of asymptomatic Wilson’s disease (WD) in which the identification of a Kayser-Fleischer (K-F) ring and its characterization by confocal biomicroscopy led to the diagnosis. Methods: Case report. Results: Confocal biomicroscopy showed clustered, highly reflective, and round foci in Descemet’s membrane, which we believed to be depositions of copper in this patient with asymptomatic WD. Conclusion: WD is characterized by toxic copper accumulation that can result in irreversible organ damage, neurologic deficit, and even death. Patients concurrent WD and hepatitis B show aggregate manifestations and worse prognosis than those of patients with WD alone. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment of WD are important in populations with high hepatitis B prevalence. The presence of a K-F ring is a pathognomonic sign of WD but is often confused as a sign of another disease such as corneal dystrophy or toxic or metabolic disorder. Early use of confocal biomicroscopy prior to a traditional serum test, urine assay, and liver biopsy may provide a fast, accurate, and non-invasive method to detect WD and potentially save a patient’s life.

[Shih-Min Lin, Jy-Been Liang, Ke-Hung Chien, Yi-Hao Chen, Jiann-Torng Chen , Da-Wen Lu, Chi-Ting Horng. Confocal Biomicroscopy AIDS Early Detection of Wilson’s Disease: A Case Report. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):256-258]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 38. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.38

Keywords: Wilson’s Disease, Cornea, Confocal Biomicroscopy, Kayser-Fleischer ring.

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The Risk Factors in the Development of Glaucoma Secondary to Sarcoid-Related Uveitis in Taiwan

Chi-Ting Horng^1,2,#, Shih-Chen Tai^{3, #}, Hui-Ling Jung³, I Yuan³, Mei Fang³,  Jen-Hsiel Lin⁴, Shao-Ting Chou^4*

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

² Department of Pharmacy, Tajen Unversity, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.

³ Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

⁴ Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

#The first and second authors contributed equally to this work

h56041@ms5.hinet.net

Abstract: Purpose: To characterize the clinical features and analyze the risk factor in the development of glaucoma secondary to sarcoid-related uveitis. Method: A retrospective study of patients with sarcoidosis were performed in three medical center and one regional hospital in South Taiwan from 2008 to 2012. We recorded the course of this disease and the methods to evaluate and treat the sarcoid-related uveitis. The information were collected including the clinical features and its complications such as uveitis and glaucoma. In these patients, we analyzed the risk factors of secondary glaucoma and the associated mechanisms. Results: A total of 41 patients were enrolled in this study, and 66 eyes of 39 patients (26 women and 14 men) were diagnosed as the sarcoid-related uveitis. The secondary glaucoma was found in 23 eyes (34.8%). Open-angle glaucoma occurred in 10 of 23 eyes (43.4%) and angle-closure glaucoma developed in 13 of 23 eyes (56.6%). The glaucoma mostly resulted from the coular uveitis in the group of older age (≧39 years old)(odd ratio：3.40). Moreover, the uveitis happened before the systemic sarcoidosis have higher tendency to give rise to secondary glaucoma than the ocular uveitis found after systemic sarcoidosis (odd ratio：3.58). Conclusions: The onset of sarcoid-related uveitis in older patients and the ocular uveitis occurred before systemic sarcoidosis seem to be the major high risk factors in the development of secondary glaucoma. Thus, we may pay attention to closely follow and control the intraocular inflammation in the two types of patients to prevent from sarcoid-related glaucoma.

[Chi-Ting Horng, Shih-Chen Tai, Hui-Ling Jung, I Yuan, Mei Fang, Jen-Hsiel Lin, Shao-Ting Chou. The Risk Factors in the Development of Glaucoma Secondary to Sarcoid-Related Uveitis in Taiwan. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):259-264]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 39. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.39

Keywords: Sarcoidosis, Uveitis, Glaucoma.

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Decreased Expression of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC) Protein in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Yu-Ping Hsiao^1,2, Wan-Ru Chao^2,3, Shiow-Jiuan Wey^1*

¹Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC

²Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC

³Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC

cutaneouscsmu@gmail.com

Abstract: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of malignant tumors in humans and the incidence rate is still increasing. Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-malignant neoplasm within the continuum of SCC. However, the actual etiology and carcinogenesis of an individual AK progressing to invasive SCC is still remains unclear. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) is the first DNA repair protein to recognize DNA damage site during nucleotide excision repair process, but the evidence of XPC in carcinogenesis from AK to SCC is sparse. In this study, we investigated the protein expression of XPC by immunohistochemistry in 349 cases of SCC, AK, and normal epidermis. The intensity of nuclear XPC expression was significantly lower in SCC compared with adjacent normal epidermis, pre-cancerous AK, and normal epidermis. Decreased XPC expression was also associated with recurrent rate and high-risk SCC. We suggest that attenuated XPC protein expression might be a prognostic marker for tumor recurrence in SCC.

[Yu-Ping Hsiao, Wan-Ru Chao, Shiow-Jiuan Wey. Decreased Expression of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC) Protein in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):265-268]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 40. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.40

Keywords: squamous cell carcinoma, Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC).

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Natural Clusters as the Source of Ore Material Formation in Noble Metals Deposits: Case Study of Gold Fields in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan

V.N. Matvienko, Y.D. Kalashnikov and A.A. Goncharov

Ecolive Technologies Ltd, 14 Hanover Street, Hanover Square, London W1S 1YH, United Kingdom, Phone: +44 (20) 7317 0689, Fax: +44 (20) 7317 0610

Abstract: The detailed study of the natural clusters and colloidal forms of noble metals in ores in order to use the results thereof to create a technology for extraction of nano- and cluster gold forms has been attempted. It was found that in the ores of black-shale gold-sulfide geological industrial type the cluster (colloidal) and ionic gold phase dominated, but the native gold phase is mostly presented by fine-dispersed gold. The maximum number of native gold phase is discovered in often disseminated and massive pyrite-arsenopyrite ores of the field. Most frequently high concentrations of native phases of fine-sized gold are identified in the early layered pyrite-arsenopyrite ores. Simultaneously, according to pyro-alkali analysis in the most ores samples from Bakyrchik field studied. The tens g/t of the ionic and cluster (colloidal) gold phase, were discovered. Discovery of precious metals in form of clusters helps to explain the likely source of the majority of gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and others in ore deposits; the difference in the gold fineness in endogenous ores; the possible presence both of gold and silver, and also platinum and other metals in the ores of many gold deposits. In particular, from the above explanation of the cluster nature, palladium, platinum and rhodium in ores of Bakyrchik and Zharkulak fields, and palladium and rhodium in ores of Arkharly field; and platinum in ores of Enbekshi field ores have been identified.

[Matvienko V.N., Kalashnikov Y.D., Goncharov A.A. Natural Clusters as the Source of Ore Material Formation in Noble Metals Deposits: Case Study of Gold Fields in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):269-281] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 41. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.41

Keywords: Gold deposits, gold concentrates, gold, cluster gold form, pyro-alkali analysis method, fire assay test, cluster forms, colloidal forms, pyrites, arsenopyrites, noble metals natural clusters, organometallic compounds, proto-cluster forms, electronic microscopy.

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Effects of Fat and Cinnamon Feeding on the Diabetogenic State after rat injection with Dexamethasone

Mahmoud Hassan El-Bidawy ^{1, *}, Nabil Mohamed Elbahey ², Mohamed Mahmoud Shaaban ³ , Abdelrahman Ouban ⁴, Moayed H. Alkhataibeh ⁵

1.Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Physiology, College of Medicine, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia

Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

3.Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Histology, College of Medicine, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

4.Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pathology, College of Medicine, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, SaudiArabia

5.Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, SaudiArabia

e.mail:melbidawy2005@hotmail.com

Abstract: Consumption of high levels of dietary fat is thought to be a major factor in the promotion of obesity and insulin resistance Several environmental factors, including high-fat diet, are reported to activate the functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis [HPA].Frequently evoked HPA-axis secretes excessive amount of cortisol and elevated cortisol level is implicated in the development of entire spectrum of the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, visceral obesity and dyslipidemia as well as the kinds of [10]. Normal levels of glucocorticoids are important for glucose metabolism. In a fasting state, normal concentrations of cortisol stimulate several processes, which collectively serve to maintain normoglycemia, excessive levels of cortisol are characterized by the symptoms of abdominal obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance or diabetes and dyslipidemia ,all of these features are shared by the condition of insulin resistance [5]. In vitro [3] and in vivo [1,9] studies have shown that cinnamon enhances glucose uptake by activating insulin receptor kinase activity, autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and glycogen synthase activity. The ability of cinnamon to reduce lipid levels in fructose-fed rats, potentially via inhibiting hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity [2].

[Mahmoud H. El-Bidawy, Nabil M. Elbahey, Mohamed Mahmoud Shaaban, Abdelrahman Ouban, Moayed H. Alkhataibeh. Effects of Fat and Cinnamon Feeding on the Diabetogenic State after rat injection with Dexamethasone. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):282-288] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 42. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.42

Key words: fat feeding; cinnamon feeding ; diabetes; dexamethasone

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Effect Analysis of the Test Critical Value in Clinical Application

Wu Zhong, Muhu Chen, Fan Yang

Emergency Department, the Affiliated Hospital of LuZhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China

Email: zhongwu2876@sina.com

Abstract: Objective To investigate the application effect of the clinical laboratory’s method to deal with the critical value in clinical tests. Method 120 cases of critical patients were chosen as the research objects from the emergency department of the affiliated hospital of LuZhou Medical College from January 2010 to December 2010. Make the critical value range of the test item, preprocess and change the data in detail, calculate the value of the critical value project (research group). Compare with the 120 cases of patients, chosen from the emergency department of the affiliated hospital of LuZhou Medical College from January 2009 to December 2009 (control group), which were not implemented critical value manage approach. Observe the patient's clinical rescue success rate and the nurse’s crisis consciousness score. Result The rescue rate of the research group was 81.7 %, and the control group was 71.7%, which has significant difference (X²=6.37, P＜0.05). The crisis consciousness score of nurse before the implement of critical value manage approach was (78.3 ± 5.9) points, after the implementation was (92.1 ± 4.8) points. The comparison between the two groups was statistically significant (t = 9.3024, P < 0.05). Conclusion To establish the critical value reporting system in clinical laboratory is feasible. Meanwhile, effectively improving nurses' working process, enhancing the inspector’s crisis report consciousness and nurse’s crisis consciousness can promote the medical staff to manage patients timely and specifically and increase the clinical rescue success rate.

[Wu Zhong, Muhu Chen, Fan Yang. Effect Analysis of the Test Critical Value in Clinical Application. Life Sci J 2014; 11(1): 289-291]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com 43. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.43

Keywords: emergency department, critical value, application result

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The Analytical Approach to Improve Utilization of Production Line

Muhammad Marsudi¹, Hani Shafeek²

^{1, 2}Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (Rabigh), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21911, Saudi Arabia

²Suez Canal University, Industrial College of Education, Egypt

muh_marsudi@hotmail.com; hanishafeek@yahoo.com

Abstract: The manufacturing industry has to strive continually in order to increase efficiency in product development so as to stay competitive and sustainable. This situation is forcing the manufacturing industry to optimize the utilization of existing manufacturing system to enable the development of mixed products as a combination of existing and new products. A manufacturing system capable of processing mixed products normally has a complex structure due to its multi-stage production lines, e.g. automotive, pharmaceutical and petroleum industries. The production capacity of this type of manufacturing system has to be optimized in order to optimize utilization of multi-stage product lines. This study will use an analytical approach, which is validated by Arena simulation, to develop a model for production line optimization. Based on the findings, it is clear that the analytical approach can play an important role in the optimization of multi-product, multi-stage production lines.

[Muhammad Marsudi, Hani Shafeek. The Analytical Approach to Improve Utilization of Production Line. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):292-300] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 44. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.44

Keywords: Arena simulation; analytical approach; case study; mixed products; production line; utilization

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Nuclear Desalination: A Viable Option for Producing Fresh Water- Feasibility and Techno-Economic Studies

Ahmad Hussain, FouadAbolaban

Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Email: ahassain@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: A comprehensive overview of the activities in the area of nuclear desalination (i.e., the production of freshwater via seawater desalination using nuclear energy as the thermal and/or electrical energy source) is provided in this paper.Present and future market of desalination is discussed in detail. Of particular interest is a nuclear desalination demonstration NDDP/MED plant (1600 m³/d LT-MED coupled to a PHWR). Technologies that are used mainly in the seawater desalination industry are reviewed and evaluated in this paper. Other related activities are also presented, including a technical and economic overview of desalination processes as well as assessment of economic competitiveness of nuclear desalination with conventional desalination options. The overall intent is to demonstrate that production of potable water to supplement the increasingly scarce water resources is an option that should be considered by coastal areas of Saudi Arabia, which will soon have greater water demands that cannot only be fulfilled by conventional desalination technologies. Multi- Effect Distillation technology is considered in detail, and the Desalination Economic Evaluation Programme (DEEP), provided by IAEA, is used for general feasibility study. A special feature of commercialization of fresh water and brine products from NDDP/MED plant is also included in the paper. The product water cost from different desalination processes like MSF, MED, RO and Hybrid systems is incorporated in this paper.

[Hussain A, Abolaban F. Nuclear Desalination: A Viable Option for Producing Fresh Water- Feasibility and Techno-Economic Studies. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):301-307] (ISSN:1097-8135).http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 45. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.45

Keywords:Nuclear desalination; Techno- Economic studies; NDDP/MED system; Desalination Economic Evaluation Program (DEEP)

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Comparison of Two Main Parametric Methods in Multi-Portfolio Optimization

Younes Elahi, Mohd Ismail Abd Aziz

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University Teknology Malaysia, Johor Baharu 81310, Malaysia

elahi.math@gmail.com

Abstract: There are many applications for Multi-portfolio optimization in finance, management, engineering and etc. The main problem in this area is to find out the optimal method to distribute a given funds on a set of existing assets. Two methods of multi-portfolio optimization methods were proposed recently: weighted sum method and ε-constraint method. The former is based on weighting, by positive coefficients. The second method considers the one of the objective functions and let others be the constraints. It is found that unlike the weighting method, the scaling of the objective functions is not necessary in the e-constrained method. Finally, some results and discussion are provided in the concluding section. The results compare two main parametric methods of multi-portfolio optimization.

[Younes Elahi, Mohd Ismail Abd Aziz. Comparison of Two Main Parametric Methods in Multi-Portfolio Optimization. Life Sci J 2014; 11(1):308-311]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 46. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.46

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Clinicopathological study of primary renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Ruijin Zhou*, Tao Du, Zhonghua Liu, Xiangyang Wang

Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of Urology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China

*Email: zhouruijin@163.com

Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinicopathological feature, immunological phenotype, therapy and prognosis of primary renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor (primitive neuroectodermal tumor, PNET). Method To report diagnose and treat condition of a child with renal PNET and review relevant literature. Result The male patient aged 13 years old. Color-ultrasound found 3.5 cm × 3.0cm mass of left kidney; CT scan showed edge-cleared equal low density shadows. Before the operation, implement aspiration biopsy under the guidance of CT, and the pathological report showed the Wilms' tumor; implement retroperitoneal left radical nephrectomy. Under light microscope, the formats of oncocyte are consistent that small round or oval shape. The oncocyte was separated into solid sheet or nest by fibrillar connective tissue, form Homer-Wright rosettes and caryokinesis was common. Immunohistochemical markers: CD99, synaptophysin and vimentin were positive, and all diagnosed as PNET. Implement chemotherapy after operation, and followed up for 8 months without recurrence. Conclusion Renal PNET is a rare highly aggressive soft-tissue tumor, which has specific clinicopathologic features and expresses MIC2 gene product CD99. Diagnosis is mainly based on pathomorphological features and immunohistochemical markers. Main treat method is the combination of excision with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

[Ruijin Zhou, Tao Du, Zhonghua Liu, Xiangyang Wang. Clinicopathological study of primary renal primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Life Sci J 2014; 11(1): 312-316]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 47. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.47

Key words: primitive neuroectodermal tumor; kidney; immunohistochemistry

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Selective Immunosupressors and Alkylating Agents for Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome in Children in Kazakhstan

Bibigul Abeuova, Almagul Kuzgibekova, Galina Eremicheva, Saule Kabieva, Gulmira Muldaeva

Karaganda State Medical University, 40, Gogolya Street, 100000, Karaganda,

Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract: The study demonstrates the efficacy of cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil in the therapy of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. The study recorded no infectious complications on therapy with cyclosporin, while in terms of the gastrointestinal tract and haematological complications there were 7.1% of cases for each. The study recorded only infectious complications on therapy with mycophenolate mofetil – in 21.5% of patients. Therapy with chlorambucil caused bacterial-virus infections more frequently than that with cyclophosphamide (35.1% versus 24.1%, р<0.05). The frequency of fungal infections was also higher on therapy with chlorambucil than that with cyclophosphamide (7.8% and 4.5%, р>0.05). Infections of the urinary system on therapy with chlorambucil were recorded almost 7 times more frequently than on that with cyclophosphamide (19.9% and 2.8 %, р<0,001).

[Abeuova B., Kuzgibekova A., Eremicheva G, Kabieva S., Muldaeva G. Selective Immunosupressors and Alkylating Agents for Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome in Children in Kazakhstan. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):317-320] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 48. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.48

Keywords: Cyclosporin A, mycophenolate mofetil, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome

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Future Teachers Intellectual and Creative Potential Development

Tattygul Bekbaltinovna Kenzhebayeva¹, Beibitgul Zhakarimkyzy Turganbayeva², Rauken Zhenisovna Mukhmetova², Аdlet Dyusembaevich Kariyev², Zhanat Slyamgazyevna Baisalbayeva²

¹Abai Kazakh National University, Zhambyl street 25, Almaty, Kazakhstan

²Semey Shakarim State University, Kazakhstan

Abstract: The article describes scientists’ views in regard to the issue of intellectual potential of a person; the authors make some proposals how to realize innovative approach in education with the use of new learning means and forms to develop intellectual abilities of future teachers. In authors’ opinion, issues associated with the study of intellectual and creative potential are of utter importance. The significance of these issues is determined first of all by the fact that the level of modern culture and education depends on the level of use of intellectual potential of future teachers. The source of economic, scientific and labour potential in modern world is knowledge obtained by means of corresponding education, and the ability to use it.

[Kenzhebayeva T. B., Turganbayeva B. Zh., Mukhmetova R. Zh., Kariyev A.D., Baisalbayeva Zh. S. Future Teachers Intellectual and Creative Potential Development. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):321-324] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 49. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.49

Keywords: Intellect, intellectual potential, creative potential, social potential of personality, innovative approach in education.

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[Life Sci J 2014;11(1):325-331] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 50. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.50

withdrawn

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Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Uropathogens in Community and Hospitatl Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

Maimoona Mushtaq Ahmed

Consultant International Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA

miamoona@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify the most frequent etiological agents and the profile of antimicrobial agents of the bacteria isolated from urine cultures among community and hospital acquired urinary tract infections, to provide guidelines for choosing an effective antibiotic therapy. A retrospective study conducted at King AbdulAziz University Hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital. Total of 880 positive urine cultures were reviewed during a period of May 2007 to May 2008. Charts were reviewed for age, sex, presence or absence diabetes mellitus pregnancy, department from where the specimen was sent, duration of culture (hospital or community), bacterial isolates with their sensitivity and resistance to different antibiotics was recorded. The study revealed that, E. Coli was the commonest pathogen followed by Klebsiella and Pseudomonas in both hospital and community infections. It also dominstrated that Ampicillin, Sulphamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (SMXTMP), Amoxycillin/Clavunic acid cannot be used as empirical therapy for E. Coli infections in both the groups. For Klebsiella and Pseudomonas infection in community and hospital acquired infections and during pregnancy Nitrofurantoins showed high resistance, Quinolines and Cepahlosporins can be used in this group empirically. This study is useful for clinician in order to improve the empiric treatment.

[Maimoona Mushtaq Ahmed. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Uropathogens in Community and Hospitatl Acquired Urinary Tract Infections. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):332-336] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 51. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.51

Keyword: UTI, Antibiotic Resistance, Uropathogens, KSA

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Krein's method and mixed integral equation of Volterra – Fredholm type

Matoog R. T.

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 171

 r.matoog@yahoo.com

Abstract: Here, the existence of a unique solution of Volterra – Fredholm integral equation (V-FIE) of the first kind is considered in the space , T< 1. The Fredholm integral term is considered in position with discontinuous kernel, while the Volterra integral term is considered in time with continuous kernel. Using a numerical, we have system of Fredholm integral equations (SFIEs) of the first find. Then, using Krein's method, the solution of SFIEs is obtained in the form of spectral relationships (SRs). Finally, many special cases in fluid mechanics and contact problems are discussed.

[Matoog R. T. Krein's method and mixed integral equation of Volterra – Fredholm type. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):337-343] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 52. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.52

Keywords: Volterra – Fredholm integral equation, Krein’s method, contact problems, spectral relationships, Chebyshev polynomials (CPs). MSC: 45B05, 45R10.

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Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis, the experience of a tertiary care hospital in the western region of

Saudi Arabia and a report of four new cases

Raha Alahmadi (MD, MRCS) ¹, Hassan Sayadi (MD, FCAP) ², Samar Badreddine (MD, FRCPC) ³, Ayman Linjawi (MD, FRCSC) ¹, Gunnar Baatrup (MD) ¹, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi (MD, FRCPC) ^{2, 4}

Department of Surgery¹, Department of Pathology & Laboratory medicine^2, Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases³, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Department of Pathology^4, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

jalmaghrabi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Basidiobolomycosis is a rare disease that is caused by the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum (B. ranarum). Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is very rare and, not uncommonly, overlooked or misdiagnosed as other lesions with inevitable adverse consequences to the patient. The aim of this study is to review the clinicopathological pattern of GIB in a tertiary medical centre in the western region of Saudi Arabia and compare our findings with previously reported cases in an attempt to increase awareness of this entity. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the pathological and clinical data of patients diagnosed with GIB in King Faisal specialist hospital and research center, Jeddah (KFSHRCJ) during a period from January 2001 to June 2012. Results: Four cases were identified. The age range was 20-63 years. There were 2 males and 2 females patients. Three patients presented with abdominal pain and one presented with bleeding per rectum. All the patients were found to have abdominal masses on radiological investigation and had significant peripheral blood eosinophilia. All the lesions showed similar histological features that included acute and chronic granulomatous inflammation with a large number of eosinophils associated with the presence of the characteristic fungal hyphae. Three of the patients were treated with antifungal therapy in addition to surgery and showed excellent response. Conclusion: The presence of intra-abdominal mass lesions accompanied by peripheral blood eosinophilia in an immune-competent patient should raise the suspicion of this infection clinically. The presence of granulomata, necrosis, and increased number of eosinophils in tissue sections should strongly raise the suspicion of this type of infection pathologically and every attempt should be made to identify the fungal hyphae microscopically. It is important for clinicians and pathologists to be aware with this entity to avoid misdiagnosis of this treatable disease.

[Raha Alahmadi, Hassan Sayadi, Samar Badreddine, Ayman Linjawi, Gunnar Baatrup, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi. Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis, the experience of a tertiary care hospital in the western region of Saudi Arabia and a report of four new cases. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):344-352] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 53. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.53

Keywords: Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis, Basidiobolus, Basidiobolus Ranarum, intra-abdominal mass

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Detection, Cloning, and Expression of catechol 2,3 dioxygenase Genes from Novel Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Degraders

Hamdy A. Hassan

Environmental Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute,

Sadat City University, Sadat city, Egypt

hamdyhassan1973@yahoo.com

Abstract: 27 bacterial isolates were isolated from PCBs contaminated site. A partial 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolates belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia, and Pandoraea, all the isolates have the capability to use monochlorinated biphenyl as the sole carbon source, ten of these isolates were belonged to genus Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Bacillus and Rhodococcus had also the capability to use dichlorinated biphenyl as the sole carbon source and only two strains Burkholderia sp. HA-OP24 and Rhodococcus sp. HA-30 were capable of metabolizing the highly recalcitrant congener 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-chlorobiphenyl. Two catechol 2,3 dioxygenase genes termed C23O1 and C23O2 were identified and characterized from Burkholderia sp. HA-OP24 and Pseudomonas sp. HA-OP22 respectively. These genes may act as functional genes in the metabolic pathway of the PCBs. These findings may benefit in the bioremediation of PCBs by selecting the vital C23O for the mineralization of PCBS compounds.

[Hamdy A. Hassan. Detection, Cloning, and Expression of catechol 2,3 dioxygenase Genes from Novel Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Degraders. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):353-360] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 54. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.54

Keywords: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Catechol 2,3 dioxygenase / Extradiol dioxygenase.

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Dorsal Phalangeal Hair Distribution in Hands of Citizens of Almadinah Almonawarah Region, Saudi Arabia

Yasser M. Elbastawisy*^1,2 and Abeer A. Eltoraby³

¹Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

³Dermatologist, Elsinbellaween General Hospital

*E-mail: yasserbast@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Hairiness in humans has been attracting the attention of anthropologists for a long time. Many investigators studied hair growth over the body including the axillary hair, pubic hair and the hair on the phalanges of the fingers. They tried to study the racial, geographical and sexual variations in hair pattern in different populations. Aim of the work: The present investigation aimed to study the different patterns of dorsal phalangeal hair distribution in citizens of Almadinah Almonawarah region in Saudi Arabia and to determine the existence of sexual dimorphism. Subjects and Methods: 600 contributors (300 males and 300 females) aging 18-36 years were randomly selected from medical and paramedical Saudi students and employee of Taibah University, Almadinah Almonawarah. Their clean hands were examined under adequate lighting for dorsal phalangeal hair distribution using hand lens. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: The present study showed that no difference in dorsal phalangeal hair distribution between the right and left hands in the same sex. Also, hair was absent on the dorsum of the distal phalanges in all participants. Hair was present on the dorsum of the proximal phalanges of 98.67% of males and 97.33% of females. The most common combination of fingers with proximal phalangeal hair was 12345 while, the least common combination was 45 in males and 234, 45 and 4 in females. Hair was present on the dorsum of the middle phalanges of 46% of males and 38% of females. The most common combination of fingers with middle phalangeal hair was 34 while the least common combination was 5 in males and 45 in females. Dorsal phalangeal hair distribution showed no significant difference between male and female contributors. Conclusion: Based on the previous data, it is recommended to widen the scale of similar future researches to cover a larger number of population in different regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

[Yasser M. Elbastawisy and Abeer A. Eltoraby. Dorsal Phalangeal Hair Distribution in Hands of Citizens of Almadinah Almonawarah Region, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2013;10(1):361-365] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 55. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.55

Key words: Dorsal phalangeal hair, Almadinah Almonawarah, Saudi Arabia.

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Candiduria in Diabetic Patients in Arar Northern Area, Saudi Arabia

Awwad K. alenezy

Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University. KSA

sherefmoh@gmail.com

Abstract: Fungal urinary tract infections due to Candida has increased significantly in the last years. Diabetes mellitus is one of the predisposing factors to fungal urinary tract infections, Candidaalbicans is the most common isolated species, but non Candidaalbicans also cause fungal UTIs, and in many centers worldwide, non Candidaalbicans predominate. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of candiduria in diabetic patients in Arar, Northern area of Saudia Arabia. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred diabetic patients from primary health care centers were included in the study. Their ages ranged from 16 years to 68 years (mean = 43 ± 3.12 years). They were 90 (45%) males,and110 (55%) females. All were subjected to: full history, thorough clinical examination and investigations routinely done for check up in diabetic patients. The study also included 50 apparently healthy individuals of matched age and sex as control group.Mid stream urine samples were collected from each one in sterile wide mouthed container. Candida was detected and identified by the usual standard mycological methods. The result of the study showed that Candida was detected in 12% (24 out of 200) of diabetic patients, compared to 4% (2 out of 50) in control group. The most common isolated strain of Candida was C. albicans (in 41.7%) of cases, followed by C.glabrata (29.2%), and C.tropicalis (16.7%). The study also showed that female sex and blood glucose level are important risk factors for candiduria in diabetic patients. Candiduria is more in diabetic patients with urinary symptoms than in diabetic patients without urinary symptoms. Conclusion: Candiduria is more in diabetic patients than non diabetics. Female sex and high blood glucose level are important risk factors.

[Awwad K. alenezy. Candiduria in Diabetic Patients in Arar Northern Area, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2013; 10(1):366-370] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 56. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.56

Keywords: Candiduria, Arar, Diabetic

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Biochemical and hematological indicators of acute and chronic cases of Mediterranean G6PD deficiency patients from southern Jordan

Wajdy Al-Awaida^1*, Muhanad Akash^1,2 , Baker Jawabrah Al-Hourani³

¹Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan; ²On Sabbatical leave from Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan;³Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, American University of  Madaba, Madaba, Jordan.

 w.alawaida@aum.edu.jo

Abstract: A total of 34 patients were analyzed in this study. Samples from 21 healthy individual were used as a negative control. Twenty eight out of the thirty four G6PD deficiency patients (82%) in our study were found to be of the class II (Mediterranean variant) according to WHO G6PD variant classification system. This variant was recognized by an extremely low enzyme activity (9±5 mU/109 RBC), and a more thermolabile enzyme than normal G6PD enzyme. Also, those patients did not have chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Six out of thirty four of G6PD deficiency patients (18%) had moderate enzyme deficiency (38±13 mU/109 RBC), which belong to class III of G6PD variants. The activity in G6PD deficiency patients, were first clinically diagnosed before acute hemolysis. Four months after the acute hemolysis, the G6PD activity was measured again. Biochemical and hematological indicators were studied in acute and chronic of Mediterranean G6PD deficiency; the biochemical indicators showed a particular ele­vated level of total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase en­zyme in patients with acute hemolysis, while the direct bilirubin did not alter in all patients. All of other biochemical indicators gave a normal range values in both acute and chronic Mediterranean G6PD deficiency. Patients with acute hemolysis showed the characteristic hematolological findings such as low RBC counts, decreased hemoglobin value and increased WBC counts. The blood film in these patients showed the charac­teristic presence of fragmented cells “bite and “blister” which had Heinz bodies. However, these biochemical and hematological indicators in chronic patients were normal. Mediterranean variant of G6PD deficiency accounted for 82% of the study sample in southern Jordan. Nine out of the 28 G6PD deficiency patients of Mediterranean G6PD deficiency showed acute hemolysis (32%), which indicates the presence of a good link between Mediterranean variant and acute hemolytic crisis.

[Wajdy Al-Awaida, Muhanad Akash. Biochemical and hematological indicators of acute and chronic cases of Mediterranean G6PD deficiency patients from southern Jordan. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):371-377] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 57. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.57

 Keyword: Mediterranean G6PD variant; Biochemical indicators; Hematological indicators

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A Study on Fortification of Nutritive Value and Improving the Acceptability of Meal

Offered at Egyptian Schools

Manal Mohammed El-Sayed Mohammed Shehata

Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

shehata_manal@yahoo.com

Abstract: School meals have increase the nutritional status of school-age children by reduction in malnutrition. In this study, a school meal (pie) was prepared. The main objective of this study was to enhance the nutritional value of pies by fortification with different levels of soy protein concentrate SPC and/or casein as a source of good quality proteins. The study was conducted including two parts. At the first part fortification processes were conducted by substituting specified concentrations (5% and 10%) of SPC and/or casein from the total percent of wheat flour (100%) in compare with control. The pie was evaluated for nutritional and sensory quality. Various nutritional parameters, such as protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash were determined in fortified and control pie. The results indicated that fortification of pie with either SPC or casein showed significant (p<0.05) increase in protein content of the pie and this increase was associated with the level of fortification. Pie fortified with 10% casein showed the significant (p <0.05) highest protein content in compare with the control pie. Result of sensory evaluation showed that the pie fortified with 10% of 1:1 mixture of SPC and casein was most acceptable. So, it was used as a control pie in the second part of study. During this part pie was padded with minced date paste and/or processed cheese at different levels. The protein contents of the pies increased significantly (p <0.05) with the increase of processed cheese levels whereas there was reduction in carbohydrate content as compared with control pie. The carbohydrate contents of the pies increased significantly (p <0.05) with the increase in padding level by minced date paste as compared to the control pie. Results of sensory evaluation showed that pie which contains mixture 5% of minced date paste and 5% of processed cheese, gained the most acceptability regarding to the other pies. Fortification of pies with SPC and/or casein increased protein quality by improving essential amino acid profile. Also, addition of SPC and processed cheese increased the calculated energy values of resultant pies. It could be concluded that good quality pie could be obtained by fortification with mixture 5% of SPC and 5% casein padding the pie with mixture 5% of minced date paste and 5% processed cheese.

 [Manal Mohammed El-Sayed Mohammed Shehata. A Study on Fortification of Nutritive Value and Improving the Acceptability of Meals Offered at Egyptian Schools. Life Sci J 2013;10(1):378-386] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 58. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.58

Keywords: School meals, Pies, Amino acids, Sensory properties, Soy protein concentrate, Casein, Cheddar cheese, Date paste.

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Comparing of using sterile brush during surgical scrubbing versus brushless for surgical team in operating room

¹Dalia A. Abdelatiff, ²Kawther S. El-Haiyk, ³Noura, H. Ghobashi, ⁴Rima F. El-Qudaa and ³Radwan S. El-Sabouni

¹Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shamis University, Cairo, Egypt.

²Clinical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University, Jordan

³Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

⁴Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University, Jordan

⁵Laboratory Department, Faculty of Science, Jordan University, Jordan

Essam4398@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study is comparing between surgical scrubbing with brush versus brushless. Methods: Randomized control trials: the subjects will divided into two groups; study group (students who will done the scrubbing without brush) and second group (students who will done the scrubbing with sterile brush). Sitting: Operating rooms in EL-Qurryate general hospital. Subjects: All internship students in EL-Qurryate general hospital (their numbers 50).Tools of data collection: Data will be collected by(The Modified Scrubbing observation checklist) and Sterile swabs will be used for determining the types of bacteria on students' hands. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups; although increase percentage of staphylococci organisms with group of brush (16%). Conclusion: this study find that brushes during scrubbing are unnecessary and because of their associated costs would not recommended their use.

[Dalia A. Abdelatiff, Kawther S. El-Haiyk, Noura, H. Ghobashi, Rima F. El-Qudaa and Radwan S. El-Sabouni. Comparing of using sterile brush during surgical scrubbing versus brushless for surgical team in operating room. Life Sci J 2013;10(1):387-393] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 59. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.59

Keywords: sterile brush; brushless; surgical scrubbing; operating room; microorganisms

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Influence of probiotic on microbiological quality of kariesh cheese

Esmat, I. awad¹., Marwa, A. Ibrahim²and Manal. I. El-Shaer²

¹Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

²Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt.

Esmatawad2@yahoo.com

Abstract: Thirty random milk samples were collected from dairy farms at Sharkia Governorate; each sample was divided into two parts. The first part was used as control while the second one was inoculated with active culture of two probiotic strains (Lactobacillus casei (ATCC- 334) and Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC-8014)) in ratio 2% of milk. Both parts were manufactured into Kariesh cheese followed by microbiological analysis. The results indicated that out of examined control kariesh cheese samples 30(100%) were showed bacterial growth, the minimum was 1.0×10⁸cfu/gm, the maximum was 8.8×10¹⁰ cfu/gm and the mean value was 7.86×10⁹±3.05×10⁹ cfu/gm. While fresh kariesh cheese with probiotics showed that count was ranged from 9.0×10⁵ to 3.0×10⁷ with a mean value of 6.42×10⁶±1.29×10⁶. There was significance difference between two groups (P ˂ 0.05). All examined control kariesh cheese samples were contaminated with Coliforms while only 24(80%) of examined kariesh samples with probiotics were harbor Coliforms and the count were ranged from 2.0×10³ and 2.0×10³ to 1.9×10⁵ and 1.2×10⁵ with a mean value of 4.66×10⁴±9.3×10³ and 1.47×10⁴±4.6×10³ for control samples and samples with probiotics respectively^. Staphylococcus aureus count in control and kariesh samples with probiotics. All control kariesh cheese samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, the count was ranged from 1.0×10⁴ to 2.9×10⁷ and the mean value was 4.2×10⁶±1.2×10⁶. Out of examined kariesh cheese samples with probiotics 21(70%) were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, The high level of contamination was 8.0×10⁵ , the low level was 2.0×10³ and the mean value was 9.4×10⁴±3.7×10⁴. There was significance difference between two groups (P˂0.05). 20% of examined control cheese samples contained Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus while none of kariesh cheese with probiotics was contaminated by such organism. Yersinia enterocolitica failed to be detected in neither control samples nor Kariesh samples with probiotics. The obtained results indicated that kariesh cheese is of inferior quality and hazardous food, as it is considered as source of food borne illness and addition of probiotics leads to significance decrease in total bacterial and staphylococcus counts also coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus failed to be detected in kariesh samples with probiotics. So there is a great need for rising up, developing and spreading the use of probiotics where kariesh cheese is made as a natural and gentle way to preserve food, with a view to improving the quality, hygiene and safety of food.

 [Esmat, I. awad., Marwa, A. Ibrahim and Manal. I. El-Shaer. Influence of probiotic on microbiological quality of kariesh cheese. Life Sci J 2014;11(1):394-397] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 60. doi:10.7537/marslsj110114.60

Keywords: Probiotics; kariesh cheese; microorganisms

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