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1

A Teaching Tool for Designing a Programmable System on Chip Using Hardware Description Language

Sung-Tsun Shih¹, Chin-Ming Hsu ², Chian-Yi Chao ³

¹Department of Electronic Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

²Department of Information Technology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

³Department of, Electronic Engineering, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

stshih@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: This paper aims to design a simulator which is specifically used to design a programmable system on chip (PSOC) for increasing teaching quality and enhancing students’ learning effects. The proposed teaching tool could effectively help students to learn MCS51 microcontroller’s principle as well as several input/output peripheral applications in one semester. There are four functions provided by the simulator: (1) using PSOC hardware description language designing an application; (2) capable of simulating designed circuits; (3) allowing compiling the hardware description codes; and (4) capable of checking the data sheets of the MCS51 chip and I/O peripheral devices. The designed teaching tool based on Java programming language can support the characteristics of being easily understood and memorized, thereby enhancing students’ interests and system integration concepts while taking the microcontroller principle and practice course.

[Sung-Tsun Shih, Chin-Ming Hsu, Chian-Yi Chao. A Teaching Tool for Designing a Programmable System on Chip Using Hardware Description Language. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):1-6] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.01 

Keywords: Teaching tool, and hardware description language.

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2

Constructing Microcontroller-Based 3 by 3 Football Team Sets As an Educational Tool

Sung-Tsun Shih¹, Chin-Ming Hsu ², Chian-Yi Chao ³

¹Department of Electronic Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

²Department of Information Technology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

³Department of Electronic Engineering, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

stshih@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to construct microcontroller-based 3 by 3 football team sets for students to learn the knowledge of information and wireless communication technology in microcomputer related class. The constructed microcontroller-based 3 by 3 football team sets includes four parts: a mechanical set, a main control board, a motor driver board, and wireless control module. The mechanical set with two wheels is used as the feet of a robot. The main control board with 89S51 μ-controller chip is used to control the movement of the robot, such as going forward/back and turning left/right. The motor driver board is used to drive two wheels on the mechanical set. The wireless control module is used to remote control of a robot. Some investigations and evaluations have been done when the students finished the course which adopted the proposed microcontroller-based football team sets as the educational tool. Conclusively, the results indicate that applying the constructed teaching sets in an educational institute has had very favorable feedbacks from the students. The proposed tool sets can attract more students interesting in designing microcontroller-based systems and influence them in preparation for their laboratory project.

[Sung-Tsun Shih, Chin-Ming Hsu, Chian-Yi Chao. Constructing Microcontroller-Based 3 by 3 Football Team Sets As an Educational Tool. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):7-13] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 2

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.02

Keywords: Microcontroller, adult education, hardware, software.

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Recursive Least Square (RLS) Based Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM System

Saqib Saleem¹, Qamar-ul-Islam²

^1,2Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

¹saqibsaleem2002@hotmail.com, ²qamarul_islam@hotmail.com

Abstract: Channel State information can be determined by adaptive filtering algorithms for wireless channels. For slow fading channels, simplified channel estimators can be exploited such as Least Square Error (LSE) and Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE). But for fast fading channels, the matrix inversion required in case of LMMSE has to be taken recursively which increase the complexity. Under such conditions adaptive filtering algorithms are used to reduce the complexity with better performance. LMS, RLS and Kalman Filtering techniques can be used. But in wireless MIMO channels normally RLS and Kalman Filter are used at the cost of more complexity as compared to LMS which has better computational efficiency and feasibility. For initialization of adaptive filter, the channel can be estimated by LSE or LMMSE initially. In this paper the performance of RLS for both initially estimated LSE and LMMSE channel is compared in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) and complexity is evaluated in terms of computational time. Optimization of LSE-RLS and LMMSE-RLS is performed as a function of wireless channel taps and Channel Impulse Response (CIR) samples. Monte-Carlo Simulations are carried for RLS channel estimation algorithm.

[Saqib Saleem, Qamar-ul-Islam. Recursive Least Square (RLS) Based Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM System. Life Sci J 2012;9(2);14-19]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 3

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.03

Keywords: RLS, LMS, MIMO-OFDM, CIR Samples, Channel Taps, LSE, LMMSE

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4

Genotoxicity and oxidative stress among spray painter

Ehab R. Abdelraouf¹, Fateheya M. Metwally², Hend Rashad², Saida Hammad³

¹ Research on Children with Special Needs Dep., National Research Centre, Egypt.

² Environmental and Occupational Medicine Dep., National Research Centre, Egypt.

³ Human Cytogenetic Dep., National Research Centre, Egypt.

ehabragaa@gmail.com

Abstract: Several organic solvents (OS_s) are potent carcinogens among population at risk. Their genotoxicity have important implications for cancer production. Genotoxicity could be related to lipid peroxidation with decrease of endogenous body antioxidants. This work included 27 car spray painters exposed to a mixture of mainly aromatic OS_s and a comparable group of 27 males. For both groups, chromosomal study and assay of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P_x) were done. It was found that spray painters suffered a significantly higher percentage of chromosomal aberrations (CA_s%) and lower GSH-P_x activity specially among smoker ones. Positive correlations were found between CA_s% and duration of exposure and the lifetime hydrocarbon exposure score (HES). A significant negative correlation was found between GSH-P_x and duration of work and HES. Finally we recommend following up for workers who are at risk of genotoxicity by periodic examination and regular supplementation with antioxidants.

[Ehab R. Abdelraouf, Fateheya M. Metwally, Hend Rashad, Saida Hammad. Genotoxicity and oxidative stress among spray painter. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):20-24] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 4

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.04

Key words: GSH-Px; chromosomal aberrations; organic solvents; HES; lipid peroxidation; antioxidants

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5

Effect of Tumstatin on Hypertrophic Scar in the Rabbit Model

Yi-lun Liu^1,2*, Jing Sun^3*, Tuan-jie Hou⁴, Shu-rong Li³, Feng-mei Deng³, Hai-rong Liu¹, Yue-ming Liu², Xin-lian Liu ³, Juan Li³

¹ Experiment Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; ² Departments of Burns Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; ³ Department of Pathology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China; ⁴ Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225001, China. * These authors contributed equally to this work, e-mail: lucysunmoon@126.com

Abstract: This paper aimed to investigate the effect of tumstatin on hypertrophic scar in the rabbit model to explore a new treatment method for hypertrophic scar. An animal model of hypertrophic scar on the rabbit ears was established and was intervened with tumstatin via local injection. The rabbits were randomly assigned into tumstatin group, endostatin group, triamcinolone acetonide group and the saline control group. At 5 days after epithelization, 4 ml of tumstatin, endostatin, triamcinolone acetonide and the saline with concentration of 200 ug/ ml were injected into tissue of scar along the perimeter of the scar in the four experimental groups, respectively. After 30 days of injection, the gross appearance of scar was observed and the blood flow of hyperplastic scar was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. The scar tissues on the bilateral ears of each rabbits were resected afterwards. The histological features of scar tissue were examined with HE staining, and the scar thickness was also measured under microscope. The blood flow, vessel density and the scar thickness in the tumstatin group were significantly lower than that in the other three groups, and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05). Tumstatin may inhibit angiogenesis in hypertrophic scar by means of blocking endothelium proliferation and promoting its apoptosis, have a promising application in the prevention of human hypertrophic scar, which may serve as a promising role in the prevention of human hypertrophic scar.

[Yi-lun Liu, Jing Sun, Tuan-jie Hou, Shu-rong Li, Feng-mei Deng, Hai-rong Liu, Yue-ming Liu, Xin-lian Liu, Juan Li. Effect of Tumstatin on Hypertrophic Scar in the Rabbit Model. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):25-29]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 5

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.05

Keywords: Hypertrophic scar; tumstatin; microvascular endothelial cells; anti-angiogenesis

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The involvement of amygdala phosphorylated Erk1/2 in the anti-immobility effect of long-term desipramine HCl treatment in a forced swimming test

Chien-Ya Hung¹, Mu-Hsin Chen², Chih-Hung Lin^2,*

¹ Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan City,Taiwan.

 ² Department of Optometry, Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan.

earlylife555@yahoo.com.tw

Abstract: Desipramine (DMI), a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), is widely used for the clinical treatment of depression. However, the understanding of DMI’s mechanism of action is still inadequate. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2 (Erk1/2) and the effect of DMI treatment. The Porsolt forced swimming test (FST) was used to estimate the anti-immobility effects of DMI. Moreover, the phosphorylated levels of Erk1/2 were assessed using Western blot analysis. There was no obvious difference between treated and untreated rats in their locomotion activity. However, on day 21, the DMI-treated rats showed a significant decrease in the FST immobility time (IMT); there were no changes in IMT after 5 days of DMI treatment. The Erk1/2 phosphorylation of the amygdala was assessed; the Erk1/2 phosphorylation was significantly decreased in the amygdala after 21 days of DMI treatment. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), a nonpeptide MAPK activator, was injected locally into the amygdala regions bilaterally in a group of 21-day DMI-treated rats after the FST; these rats recovered significantly from their immobility behavior. Furthermore, the amygdala Erk1/2 phosphorylation of ATA-treated rats was consistent with the behavioral test. This study is the first to demonstrate that phosphorylated Erk1/2 in the amygdala may be involved in DMI’s mechanism of action with long-term treatment but not with short-term treatment.

[Chien-Ya Hung, Mu-Hsin Chen, Chih-Hung Lin. The involvement of amygdala phosphorylated Erk1/2 in the anti-immobility effect of long-term desipramine HCl treatment in a forced swimming test. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):30-35]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 6

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.06

Keywords: Desipramine, Erk1/2, Amygdala, Forced Swimming Test

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Chemoembolization through lateral sacral artery to treat uterus broad ligament pregnancy

ZHANG Jian-hao1, GUAN Sheng

Department of Intervention, the first affiliated hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China. jh7402@126.com

Abstract：The objective was to evaluate the clinical effect of interventional therapy of uterus broad ligament pregnancy. One case of uterus broad ligament pregnancy was performed celioscope exploration then turning to open operation. Because the gestation sac was near the ilio- vessels and the operation risk was very high, it was not disposed at last. By chemoembolization of the blood supply vessel (lateral sacral artery) of gestation sac, embryo was killed rapidly. So interventional therapy was an effective method to treat uterus broad ligament pregnancy.

[ZHANG Jian-hao, GUAN Sheng. Chemoembolization through lateral sacral artery to treat uterus broad ligament pregnancy. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):36-38]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 7

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.07

Keywords: uterus broad ligament pregnancy; lateral sacral artery; chemoembolization

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8

Psychological Studies for Women and Men with Sexual Dysfunction

Peimaneh Nemati ^1*, Soori H. ², Seyedreza Haghi^3,

Fahimeh Fallahzadeh Tafti ⁴

^1. Department of Psychology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

^2. Department of Epidemiology Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center-Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

^3-Department of Management, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

^4- Department of Psychology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

p.nemati99@yahoo.com

Abstract: The prevalence of female and male sexual dysfunction is high and it may significantly affect self-esteem and quality of life. Even sexual dysfunction of short duration can create frustration and anguish. When chronic, it may lead to anxiety and depression, harm relationships, and cause problems in other aspects of life. The goal of the present research is to study the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on the level of anxiety in women and men with sexual dysfunction. In this research, Cognitive behavior therapy during 8 individual weekly sessions and 4 group therapy weekly sessions used for subjects group and it focused on cognitive restructuring, modification of cognitive distortions and training of behavioral techniques. Spilburger’s Anxiety questionnaire was used as the pre-test and post- test for subject group. Finally data analysis will be shown that the cognitive behavior therapy has significantly effect on reduction of anxiety. The mean scores of anxiety in post-test of subject group were significantly lower than mean scores in pre-test. Cognitive counseling as a therapeutic method can have a significant role in improvement of women and men suffering from anxiety which is resulted from sexual dysfunction.

[Peimaneh Nemati, Soori H., Seyedreza Haghi, Fahimeh Fallahzadeh Tafti. Psychological Studies for Women and Men with Sexual Dysfunction. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):39-44]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 8

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.08

Keywords: Sexual Dysfunction, Anxiety, Cognitive Behavior Counseling

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Design and Development of Semantic Web Information System (WIS) for Virtual University of Pakistan

Amjad Farooq, M. Junaid Arshad, Syed Ahsan, M. Shahbaz, M. Aslam

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UET, Lahore-Pakistan. amjadfarooq@uet.edu.pk

Abstract: Semantic web is an extension of current web which defines the meaning of information in such a way so that it can be understandable by the machines and thus machines can process the information and perform reasoning on that information. With the current web, the meanings or semantics of information on the web is only understandable to the human beings whereas the basic purpose of semantic web is to make web pages not only human as well as machine understandable. The need for design methodology was considered at a time when semantic applications were developed in an ad-hoc manner with no systematic approach or methodology used to add semantics at implementation level either using manual or automatic approach. In this paper, we have critically reviewed existing design methodologies of semantic web applications and compared these methodologies based on various attributes and found out their strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we have proposed a design methodology for semantic web information system and validate it by using Virtual University web application as a case study.

[Amjad Farooq, M. Junaid Arshad, Syed Ahsan, M. Shahbaz, M. Aslam. Design and Development of Semantic Web Information System (WIS) for Virtual University of Pakistan. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):45-50] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 9

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.09

Keywords: semantic web, methodology, hypermedia, Ontology, web information system

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Biological Pathway based Design and Implementation of GUI Based Network Management System to Manage Live Network Nodes

M. Junaid Arshad, M. Aslam, Amjad Farooq, Syed Ahsan, M. Shahbaz, M. Zeeshan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore-Pakistan. junaidarshad@uet.edu.pk

Abstract: This work specifies a set of tools for the network administrators to solve specific, but common problems of LAN, focusing on management issues like fault, configuration and performance. The system is capable of remotely configuring, monitoring and managing live network nodes and serves as a platform for enhancements in order to develop a feature rich yet affordable management system. The proposed system for network management may helpful to minimize the fast intensifying network’s cost and complexities by offering improved set of simple tools to the network managers or supporting workers to rapidly resolve or identify network problems. Since it is a significant requirement for the network and personnel resources management to control and manage network problems from a central locality.

[M. Junaid Arshad, M. Aslam, Amjad Farooq, Syed Ahsan, M. Shahbaz. Design and Implementation of GUI Based Network Management System to Manage Live Network Nodes, Life Sci J 2012;9(2):51-56] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 10

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.10

Keywords: LAN; GUI-based; Managing; Efficiency; Networks

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Multi-Agent System to Suggest Daily Commodities on Social Networking Websites

M. Aslam, M. Junaid Arshad, Amjad Farooq, Syed Ahsan, M. Shahbaz, Fozia Qamar, Sahar Moin

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, U.E.T., Lahore, Pakistan

maslam@uet.edu.pk

Abstract: Multi agent system is a rapidly growing field of distributed artificial intelligence that has gained significant position because of its ability to solve complex real world problems. Researches on social networks have received increasing attention in multi agent systems due to the popularity of social networking sites. In this paper, we are going to draft a blueprint of Multi agent architecture for social networking websites to suggest daily life commodities/items, based on general trends and interests. Usually websites show their advertisements or user interest information in the form of pop ups. This information is generally tied up with the most recent searches the user has made on the web browser. These ideas provide may or may not be related with his personal interests. So, he becomes frustrated at some times. But our system is capable of handling the situations intelligently. It extracts the required information from profiles and associates the results with it; providing up-to-date and significance information and making the web search a fascinating experience.

[M. Aslam, M. Junaid Arshad, Amjad Farooq, Syed Ahsan, M. Shahbaz. Multi-Agent System to Suggest Daily Commodities on Social Networking Websites, Life Sci J. 2012;9(2):57-60] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 11

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.11

Keywords: Multi-agent; Social Networking; Artificial Intelligence

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CALIBRATION OF NEW SOFTWARE WITH CONE BEAM C.T FOR EVALUATION OF ITS RELIABILITY IN DENSITOMETRIC ANALYSIS AROUND DENTAL IMPLANTS

* Khaled A. Elhayes; ** Mahmoud A. Gamal Eldin

* Ass. Professor Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, OMFS Department, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University #; ** Master Degree in Oral Radiology, Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University. # Corresponding Author: pdkae@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: assessment of the validity and reliability of Idrisi Kilimanjaro software for densitometric analysis around dental implant to evaluate osseointegration by calibration with CBCT. Material and Methods: 42 clinically osseointegrated dental implants; 28 immediate (17 mandibular and 11 maxillary) and 14 delayed implants (5 mandibular and 9 maxillary) were inserted in 28 patients of both sex (9 males and 19 females) with average age of 31.7 years. All the implants were radiographed using CBCT 1day and 4 months postsurgically, densitometric analysis was performed around dental implant on CBCT image at these 2 time intervals. Another radiodensitometric analysis was performed on the same radiographic image taken by CBCT and at the same time intervals using new computer software called “IDRISI Kilimanjaro”. “Microstat 7” for windows statistical package, paired "t" test, Pearson's correlation and Coefficient of variation of both techniques were used for statistical analysis of the results. Results: There was a very high positive correlation between bone density values measured by CBCT and IDRISI techniques while there was no statistically significant difference between coefficients of variation of both readings in both techniques that indicates the reliability of IDRISI Kilimanjaro software for densitometric analysis around dental implants. There was also a statistically highly significant difference between both readings in each technique indicating a highly significant osseointegration of dental implants involved in this study. Conclusions: IDRISI Kilimanjaro software is a valid and reliable way in densitometric analysis around dental implants for assessment of osseointegration procedure when it is calibrated with CBCT and it is as accurate as CBCT.

[Khaled A. Elhayes; Mahmoud A. Gamal Eldin. CALIBRATION OF NEW SOFTWARE WITH CONE BEAM C.T FOR EVALUATION OF ITS RELIABILITY IN DENSITOMETRIC ANALYSIS AROUND DENTAL IMPLANTS. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):61-67] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 12

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.12

Keywords: CBCT, IDRISI Kilimanjaro, Osseointegration, Dental implant.

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Remote sensing and evaluation of natural resources in Iran

Farideh shahraki 1, Dr. M. Anji reddy, PhD Professor 2, M. Mehdi Fazelbeygi 3

1. PhD student of Remote Sensing-JNTU; Hyderabad, India.

Farid.shahraki@gmail.com

2. Professor of Environmental Science and Technology; Director, JNTU; Hyderabad India.

Anjijaya@sity.com

3. PhD student of Environmental Science and Technology- JNTU; Hyderabad

fazel_mehdi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Remote sensing technology using satellite access has been increasingly helpful in performing natural resources mapping and management. This includes processes that cannot be done manually or might take many years to complete when you are covering vast areas of land such as satellite imaging, accuracy assessment, image processing, classification, and geometric or radiometric corrections. It is evident that any nation’s economic development is largely supported by the richness of its water and land resources. The management capability and mapping tools use to monitor these resources are crucial to raise the economic development of specific regions. Accuracy is a general requirement in managing delicate land and water resources for sustainable development. The remote sensing using satellite based approach in generating data ensures updated cost effective natural resources monitoring and management in Iran. This research will demonstrate the need to maintain remote sensing for mapping and managing natural resources in Iran as well as enhancing and supporting the decision making capabilities of the government regarding the use of its natural resources.

[Shahraki farideh, M. Anji reddy. Remote sensing and evaluation of natural resources in Iran. Life Science Journal. 2012;9(2):68-72]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 13

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.13

Keywords: natural resource, Image processing, Economic development, Remote sensing.

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Role of Activated Protein C and Soya-bean in Experimental Lung Toxicity in Adult Male Albino Rat: Histological and Immunohistochemical Studies

Maha Mohamed Abo Gazia¹ and Eman Ali Mahmoud El-Kordy²

¹Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Fayoum University; ²Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. mahaabogazia@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Amiodarone (AM) is a potent antiarrhythmic drug that is limited in clinical use by its adverse effects, including potentially life-threatening AM-induced pneumotoxicity. The resemblance of the morphologic changes in amiodarone-treated rats lungs to pulmonary toxicity in humans suggest that this form of chemical injury may serve as useful model of this disease entity. Aim of the Work: Studying the effect of amiodarone on the lung of rat histologically and immunohistochemically as well as the role of concomitant use of soybean and activated protein C (APC) in ameliorating pulmonary toxicity (pneumotoxicity or parenchymal lung disease) induced by amiodarone. Material and Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were used for the present study. The animals were divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (each rat was amiodarone orally treated for 6 weeks), group III (each animal was given soybean and amiodarone for 6 weeks) and group IV (each animal was given activated protein C and amiodarone for 6 weeks). The lung was then examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Results: Amiodarone caused increased interalveolar thickness with increased cellularity and mononuclear cellular infiltrations. Hypercellularity involved macrophages with large vacuolated cytoplasm and hyperplastic type II pneumocytes in group II. There was congested blood capillaries with some extravastion of red blood cells. By electron microscope, the hypertrophied type II pneumocytes showed multiple lamellar bodies and small inclusions with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Macrophages with eccentric nuclei and prominent lamellar bodies with increased lysosomes were detected in group II. Also, increasing collagen fibers were detected. Rats treated with APC and soybean showed attenuation of these changes. There was a significant increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) immunoreaction in group II with nonsignificant change in group III and group IV.

[Maha Mohamed Abo Gazia and Eman Ali Mahmoud El-Kordy. Role of Activated Protein C and Soya-bean in Experimental Lung Toxicity in Adult Male Albino Rat: Histological and Immunohistochemical Studies. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):73-85]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.14

Key Words: Activated Protein C, Soya-bean, Lung Toxicity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), lamellar bodies.

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Anatomical Studied on the Cranial Nerves of Liza Ramada (Family: Mugilidae) Nervus Glossopharyngeus

Dakrory, A.I¹; Ali, R.S². and Issa, A.Z¹.

¹Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University; ²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University. Dakrory2001@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study deals with the nervus glossopharyngeus of Liza ramada. The microscopic observations showed that, the nervus glosspharyngeus arises by one root and leaves the cranial cavity through its own foramen. It gives visceromotor fibres for the first levator arcualis branchialis muscles. It has single extracranially located epibranchial (petrosal) ganglion. The ramus pretrematicus carries general viscerosensory fibres for the epithelial lining of the pharynx and special ones for the taste buds.The ramus posttrematicus carries both general viscerosensory fibres for the epithelial lining of the pharynx and special ones for the gill filaments, as well as visceromotor fibres for the first adductor arcualis branchialis and the first obliquus ventralis muscle.

[Dakrory, A.I.; Ali, R.S. and Issa, A.Z. Anatomical Studied on the Cranial Nerves of Liza Ramada (Family: Mugilidae) Nervus Glossopharyngeus. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):86-93]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 15

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.15

Key Words: Nervus glossopharyngeus- Liza ramada.

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Prevention of Ultraviolet B-induced Lens Oxidative Damage in Mice by Dunaliella salina, A Carotenoids-Rich Alga

Chia-Fang Tsai ¹, Jung-Kai Tseng ², Fung-Jou Lu ³, Yu-Wen Hsu ^2,4,*

¹ Department of Biotechnology, TransWorld University, Yunlin County, Taiwan; ² School of Optometry, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC; ³ Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC; ⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC. yuwen@csmu.edu.tw

Abstract: The present study examined the protective effects of Dunaliella salina (D. salina) on ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced lens oxidative damage in male ICR mice. Lens oxidative damage was induced by exposure UVB radiation. Animal were orally administered (gavage) D. salina at doses of 0, 123 and 615 mg/kg body weight/day for eight days. Lens glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in lens were measured to monitor lens injury. The results showed that UVB irradiation caused significant damages to lens, including decreased the activities of SOD, catalase and GSH-Px, and GSH content in lens whereas increased lens MDA content, compared with control group. Treatment with D. salina could significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorate lens oxidative damages, as evidenced by increased the activities of SOD, catalase and GSH-Px, and GSH content and decreased the MDA content in lens when compared with UVB-treated group. Those results demonstrate that D. salina exhibits potent protective effects on UVB radiation-induced lens oxidative damage in mice, likely due to both the increase of antioxidant enzymes activities and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

[Chia-Fang Tsai, Jung-Kai Tseng, Fung-Jou Lu, Yu-Wen Hsu. Prevention of Ultraviolet B-induced Lens Oxidative Damage in Mice by Dunaliella salina, A Carotenoids-Rich Alga. Scaling Technique for Web Based Management Systems. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):94-99] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 16

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.16

Keywords: Carotenoids; Dunaliella salina; Lens; Oxidative damage; Ultraviolet B.

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Relationship between Polymorphisms of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Intron 4 VNTR and Risk for Cervical Cancer

Jun-Ge Han ¹, Hong Jin ², Lin-Bo Gao ^3,Δ, Jian Zhang ⁴, Xue-Ke Deng ², Li-Juan Li ¹, Chang-Ping Song ³, Tao Wang ³, Lin Zhang¹

^1. Department of Forensic Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China

^2. Department of Immunology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China

^3. Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children’s Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China

^4. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China

^Δ This author contributed equally to this work. zhanglin@scu.edu.cn; hanjunge@wzmc.edu.cn

Abstract: Background and Aims: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) have been reported to be associated with risk for a wide range of cancers. This study evaluated the relationship between polymorphisms of ACE insertion/deletion (I/D), eNOS intron 4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and risk for cervical cancer. Methods: Polymorphisms of ACE I/D and eNOS intron 4 VNTR were analyzed by PCR in 147 cervical cancer cases and 167 healthy control subjects. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS for Windows. Results: We found that the D/D genotype of ACE, compared with the I/I and I/D genotypes, was significantly associated with an increased risk for cervical cancer (D/D vs. I/I: OR = 0.41, 95% CI= 0.18-0.94; D/D vs. I/D: OR = 0.34, 95% CI=0.15-0.78); the 4a/4b genotype of eNOS, compared with the 4b/4b genotype, was not associated with increase in the risk for cervical cancer (4b/4b vs. 4a/4b OR = 0.58, 95% CI= 0.31-1.08). The rare variant named 4c allele in eNOS intron 4 VNTR was encountered in one patient and one control subject. Conclusions: Our results provide that the ACE I/D polymorphisms is associated with the risk for cervical cancer, and there is no enough evidence to show the significant association between the polymorphisms of eNOS intron 4 VNTR and the risk for cervical cancer. Further studies with more subjects in diverse ethnic population are necessary to confirm the general validity of our findings.

[Jun-Ge Han, Hong Jin, Lin-Bo Gao, Jian Zhang, Xue-Ke Deng, Li-Juan Li, Chang-Ping Song, Tao Wang, Lin Zhang. Relationship between Polymorphisms of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Intron 4 VNTR and Risk for Cervical Cancer. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):100-104] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 17

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.17

Key Words: Polymorphisms, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, cervical cancer

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Abstract: Decisions support system is used to assist and refine managerial decision making. Any Business or organization consists of Marketing, R & D, Financial Management and planning. These interrelated resources must have a coherent and effective combination for a sustainable organization growth. For all these resources to integrate effectively management decision making plays a very important role. At present, the process of decision making in most local organizations, is done without any aid of technology, and based solely on the experience of the decision maker. This study focuses on the effectiveness of decision support systems in assisting the process of decision making for organization.

[Shafqat Hameed. Adoption of Decision Support Systems to Supplement Organizational Decision Making. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):105-109] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 18

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.18

Key Words: Decision Making, DSS; Decision Support Systems

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Effectual Dynamics and Prolific Usage of Knowledge Management & Engineering in Health Care Industry

Shafqat Hameed, Jawad Karamat, Kashif Mehmood

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.

 shafqat.hameed@ceme.nust.edu.pk, hameed.shafqat@yahoo.com

 Abstract: Knowledge management is about managing and sharing knowledge. Knowledge management includes areas such as organizational behavior, IT, leadership, training and strategy which is very important for both organizational and individual’s health. This study aims at applying this concept of knowledge management to the health care industry. The health care industry is one of the most important industry in any economy. Although this industry is showing growth trend in many countries but still there are many medical errors that are occurring. Errors are even occurring in developed countries. In order to reduce these errors, this study has recommended a model which involves “The ministry of health” and “NADRA” of Pakistan. These ministries will help in record keeping (Record of patients and best practices). This model will in return improve the quality and reduce the errors of the health care industry.

[Shafqat Hameed. Jawad Karamat, Kashif Mehmood Effectual Dynamics and Prolific Usage of Knowledge Management & Engineering in Health Care Industry. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):110-118] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 19

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.19

Keywords- Knowledge Management, Health, Leadership, Pakistan, Organization, Strategy, NADRA1. Introduction

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Study of the relationship of glycated hemoglobin levels and neurological impairment and three months prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Guo Shuangxi¹, Tan Song¹, Song Bo¹, Chandra Avinash¹, Ma Anna², Fang Hui ¹, Chen Si¹, Xu Yuming¹

^1.Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; ^2.Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.

Corresponding author: XU Yu-ming, xuyuming@zzu.edu.cn

Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship of glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) and neurological impairment and three months prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Method 180 patients with acute ischemic stroke within twenty four hours after onset were included in the present analysis from the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.Three milliliter of Venous blood within twenty four hours after admission to test the blood HbA1c.The patients were divided into three groups based on the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). These three groups designated as: Normal group (HbA1c<5.7%), Intermediate group (5.7%-6.5%) and Elevated group (HbA1c≥6.5%). Evaluation of neurological functional impairment with NIHSS scores within twenty four hours after admission, and to evaluation of the prognosis with MRS score after three months. Result As for patients, in age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking history aspects, the difference was not statistically significant among three groups (P>0.05). As for the history of diabetes, blood glucose on admission, NIHSS scores, three months MRS score, the difference was statistically significant among three groups (P<0.05). The blood HbAIc and NIHSS score and three months MRS score of 180 patients were respectively analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis, the results showed that the blood HbAlc content and NIHSS score and three months MRS score in patients with ischemic stroke were positively correlated (P <0.001). Conclusion Different HbA1c levels in patients with acute stroke has different neurological impairment on admission and three months prognosis are also different, showing that a higher blood HbA1c levels has a more serious neurological impairment and the prognosis is worse after three months. HbA1c levels maybe is an important predictors to evaluate the neurological impairment and three months prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

[Guo Shuangxi, Tan Song, Song Bo, Chandra Avinash, Ma Anna, Fang Hui, Chen Si, Xu Yuming. Study of the relationship of glycated hemoglobin levels and neurological impairment and three months prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):119-123] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 20

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.20

Keywords: glycated hemoglobin; ischemic stroke; neurological impairment

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Gender Differences and Construct of the Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence

Fataneh Naghavi¹, Ma’rof Redzuan², Arezoo Asgari³, Mojgan Mirza⁴

¹School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

^{2, 4}Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra, Malaysia.

³Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Dorood Branch, Iran.

¹E-mail: ahlo_1359@yahoo.com,

Abstract: The emotional intelligence construct is a rather novel concept with little empirical support, particularly, in relation to the link between gender and the early adolescent’s emotional intelligence. Hence, the specific objective of this research is to determine the relationship between gender and early adolescent’s emotional intelligence (EQ). EQ is a set of abilities such as conception, emotion appraisal and expression, emotion management and regulation, and emotion utilization of emotion. The present study was carried out among 234 Iranian students in the second and grades of guidance schools (age 12-15) in Tehran, Iran. The students (girls and boys) were clustered through random and multistage sampling. Data were collected using the Schutte’s (1998) Emotional Intelligence Scale. T-test indicates that there is a statistical significant difference between emotional intelligence among boys and girls.
[Fataneh Naghavi, Ma’rof Redzuan, Arezoo Asgari, Mojgan Mirza. Gender Differences and Construct of the Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):124-128]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 21

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.21

Keywords: Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence, Gender Differences, Emotional Quotient (EQ), Gender and Emotional Intelligence.

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Lag in optimal optical correction of urban elementary school students in Taiwan

Ching-Ying Cheng^1,2, Walter Huang³, Han-Yin Sun^1,2, Kuo-Chen Su^1,2, Jung-Kai Tseng^1,2, Mei-Ling Peng^1,2, Hong-Ming Cheng^1,2,*

¹ School of Optometry, Chung Shun Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.

² Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shun Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.

³ Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University of Science and Technology. Hsinchu, Taiwan,, ROC.

hmcheng@mercury.csmu.edu.tw

Abstract: The occurrence of the lag in optimal optical correction was investigated in three geographically different urban elementary schools in Taiwan. The results showed that among the schools in Tamsui (N=606), Taichung (N=702), and Tainan (N=586), Tainan had the highest proportion of students with correction (47.9% of all students), followed by Taichung (26.2%), and Tamsui (20.8%). Tamsui appeared to have the most lag in optimal correction: 55.3% needed further correction, yet only 20.8% had been corrected, or a lag of 34.5%. In contrast, the lag in Tainan and Taichung was 16.3% and 28.9%, respectively. Based on linear regression analysis, the lag or unmet needs could result in the worsening of myopia. To reduce the lag, follow up with the parents after student vision screening was supplemented with public health education or direct provision of any optical devices to the students.

[Ching-Ying Cheng, Walter Huang, Han-Yin Sun, Kuo-Chen Su, Jung-Kai Tseng, Mei-Ling Peng, Hong-Ming Cheng. Lag in optimal optical correction of urban elementary school students in Taiwan. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):129-131]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 22

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.22

Keywords: vision screening, school myopia, spherical equivalent, lag in correction, optical correction

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Prevention of shivering during regional anaesthesia: Comparison of Midazolam, Midazolam plus ketamine,Tramadol, and Tramadol plus Ketamine

Reda S. Abdelrahman

Departments of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt. redasobhi@hotmail.com*

Abstract: Shivering is frequent during the post-anesthetic recovery period, and there is no clear consensus about the best strategy for its treatment. Post spinal shivering is very distressing for patients and may induce a variety of complications. In this prospective randomized, comparative, placebo controlled study, the efficacy of each of Midazolam, Midazolam plus ketamine, Tramadol, and Tramadol plus Ketamine for prophylaxis of post-spinal shivering was evaluated and compared to each other. One hundred AS A status I and II patients,who were undergoing elective orthopedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia,were included in the study. Patients randomly assigned to one of five groups; group C (n=20) received saline as a control, group M (n=20) received Midazolam 75 µg /kg, group MK (n=20) received Midzolam37.5µg/kg plus Ketamine 0.25 mg/kg, group T (n=20) received Tramadol 0.5mg/kg and group TK (n=20) received Tramadol 0.25mg/kg plus Ketamine 0.25mg/kg. All of these drugs were diluted to volume of 5 ml and was given as an I.V. bolus immediately after intrathecal injection. The incidences of shivering in groups C, M, MK, T and TK were 55%, 45%, 5%, 30% and 15% respectively (p-value was 0.003). The differences between group MK and groups C, M and T were statistically significant (p-value was <0.001, 0.004 and 0.046 respectively) while difference between group MK and group TK was not significant (p-value was 0.302).Group TK also showed a statistically significant lower incidence of shivering when compared to group and M, but when compared with group T, the difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of shivering in group T was less than its incidence in groups C and M but this was not statistically significant. The difference between groups C and M was not statistically significant, so we concluded that I.V. midazolam plus Ketamine or Tramadol plus Ketamine is better than Midazolam or tramadol for prophylaxis of post spinal shivering. Midazolam plus Ketamine is superior to tramadol plus Ketamine.

[Reda S. Abdelrahman. Prevention of shivering during regional anaesthesia: Comparison of Midazolam, Midazolam plus ketamine,Tramadol, and Tramadol plus Ketamine. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):132-139] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 23

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.23

Keywords: N-Methyl- D-Aspartate (NMDA), SpO2 Peripheral O2 saturation, ICP intracranial pressure.

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People Loneliness among Elderly Feeling of Depression andAttending Geriatric Clubs at Assiut City

Nadia Ebraheem Sayied; Hussnia Shehata Mohamed and Reda Abd El Aal Thabet

Psychiatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University. Assiut, Egypt. nadiaebraheem@ymail.com

Abstract: People over the age of sixty-five are a national problem that requires more attention and research because the suicide rate is more prominent in this age group than in any other. The study aimed to assess feeling of depression and loneliness in elderly persons and identify the relation between the old age and feeling of depression and loneliness. Interviews were conducted individually with elderly people Convenience sample of the study were 50 elderly persons aged 60years and above from Geriatric club in Legitimate Assembly and Geriatric Club at Assiut cultural center. Tools were used in this study UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3). It will be used to assess the feeling of loneliness among elderly people, and Beck Depression Inventory Scale. The results revealed that there were statistically significant difference between depression and age. There were statistically significant highly correlation between depression and loneliness. Conclusion, depression and loneliness significantly increase with age.

[Nadia Ebraheem Sayied; Hussnia Shehata Mohamed and Reda Abd El Aal Thabet. People Loneliness among Elderly Feeling of Depression andAttending Geriatric Clubs at Assiut City.Life Sci J 2012;9(2):140-145]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 24

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.24

Key Words: Depression, Loneliness, Elderly

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Definitive Radiation Therapy for Early Glottic Carcinoma

Alaa Maria; Mohamed El-Shebiney and Omnia Abd El-Fattah

Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt. alaamaria1@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Definitive radiation therapy (RT) for early laryngeal glottic carcinoma offers an excellent probability of cure and it is associated with persistent disease or tumor recurrence in a minority of patients. The objective of treatment controlling the malignant tumor and preserving a functionally useful voice is best optimized by the use of radiotherapy in early stages. Although surgery can offer equal good results, it is best reserved in the event of radiation failure. Aim of the work: The aim of the present retrospective study is to identify the treatment outcomes and different prognostic variables affecting early (T1N0M0 and T2N0M0) laryngeal glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with definitive radiation therapy. Methods: The medical records of 81 patients with T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 glottic invasive SCC treated with definitive radiation therapy throughout the period from January, 2002 to September, 2010, at Clinical Oncology Department, Tanta University Hospital, were reviewed. All patients had at least 12 months of follow-up. These patients were evaluated for response to RT, local control, disease specific survival (DSS) rates and treatment toxicity. The different prognostic factors affected the local control and DSS rates were also statistically analyzed. Results: The median follow-up period was 45.9 months. Eleven patients (13.58%) received <65 Gy as a total irradiation dose and 86.42% received > 65 Gy. Complete disappearance of the laryngeal glottic lesion (CR) was achieved in 91.36% of patients. Five-year local control rates were 89.1% in T1 and 64.96% in T2 tumor stage. Multivariate analysis revealed that anterior commissure involvement (P=0.048) and overall treatment time (P=0.002) are adversely affected local control rates with statistical significance. Seven (9.46%) patients failed locally and 2 (2.7%) had developed distant failure. Five-year DSS rates were as follows: T1, 89.81% and T2, 70.76%. Sever early radiation reaction involving skin, larynx & pharynx were rare (1.2%, 3.7% and 6.2%, respectively), and severe late reactions was recorded in 1.2% of patients. Conclusion: Definitive RT cures a high proportion of patients with T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 glottic SCC and has a low rate of severe complications. The anterior commissure involvement and overall treatment time were adversely affected local control rate.

[Alaa Maria; Mohamed El-Shebiney and Omnia Abd El-Fattah. Definitive Radiation Therapy for Early Glottic Carcinoma. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):146-153]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 25

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.25

Key words: Radiation therapy, larynx, early glottic carcinoma

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Effects of Designed Ultrasonic Field in Different Frequency Sonophoresis Using the Carrier of Liposomes

Yi-Cheng Huang ^1*, Shiuh-Kuang Yang ²

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan 833, RO China, 2 Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan 804, RO China

*Corresponding Author, E-mail: huang@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the skin permeability of designed diffuse ultrasonic field and the application of different frequency exposed on liposome transdermal delivery. The specimens were exposed to ultrasound by frequencies of 20, 60 kHz and 1 MHz with the intensities 0.43 W/cm². In the exposed experiments, the diffuse ultrasonic field was performed using an inclined incident transducer and a designed wedge in the 20 and 60 kHz. The frequency of 1 MHz transducer was operated directly in the skin sample. These exposure methods have been compared to the unexposed samples by recording the permeated depth of the rhodamine in the skin. Experimentally, the results revealed that the ultrasonic frequency of 60 kHz has a better permeated depth about 168 nm under the skin surface. In general, applied higher intensity of ultrasound gave greater permeated depth than lower intensity. However, safe application of higher intensity ultrasound should be practiced by careful selection of exposure parameters. It is the principle reason for the lower intensity applied in the study.

[Yi-Cheng Huang, Shiuh-Kuang Yang. Effects of Designed Ultrasonic Field in Different Frequency Sonophoresis Using the Carrier of Liposomes. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):154-159] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 26

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.26

Keywords: liposome, diffuse ultrasonic field, acoustic radiation force, Sonophoresis

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Theoretical and Numerical Analyses on Multi-Layered Ceramic Scaffold due to High Pressure for Tissue Engineering

Ming-Hwa R. Jen ^*, Ying-Hui Wu and Pei-Ling Guo

Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424, Taiwan.

*Corresponding, E-mail: jmhr@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

Abstract: Tissue engineering scaffolds provide temporary mechanical support for tissue regeneration and transfer global mechanical load to mechanical stimuli to cells through its architecture. The manufacturing process may cause the deformation and internal defects in multi-layered ceramic scaffold (MLCS) that results in the malfunction for tissue engineering applications. This work aims to investigate the deformation of MLCS that composed of nearly a hundred of ceramic and metal powder films interleaved and stacked due to high pressure at constant elevated temperature. On theoretical analysis, classical laminated plate theory, linear elastic assumptions and equilibrium equations were adopted. Associated with the practical process three types of boundary conditions (BCs) were used, such as all edges simple-supported, two edges simple-supported and the other two free, and four edges free. Also, two more conditions need be added, including four fixed points at corners and the elastic foundation at bottom. As for the numerical simulation the finite element method (FEM) incorporated with software ANSYS was used to obtain the displacement field of MLCS to validate the analytical prediction. Compared with the numerical results the analytical solutions were found satisfactorily acceptable, i.e., the errors were about 0.1%- 6.2% for the BCs of four edges free and four corners fixed. The errors about 0.13%- 6.15% were also acceptable for the BCs of two edges simple-supported and the others free. However, the analytical solution for the case of all the edges simple-supported did not agree with the numerical results. Finally, the proposed theoretical methodology alternatively provides an analytical method, instead of FEM and ANSYS, to analyze a nearly and over hundred layered MLCS for tissue engineering scaffolds.

[Ming-Hwa R. Jen, Ying-Hui Wu and Pei-Ling Guo. Theoretical and Numerical Analyses on Multi-Layered Ceramic Scaffold due to High Pressure for Tissue Engineering. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):160-166] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 27

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.27

Keywords: Theoretical derivation, Finite element analysis, Multi-layered ceramic scaffold, Deformation, Tissue engineering

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Finite Element Simulations of the Contact Stress between Rotary Sinus Lift Kit and Sinus Membrane during Lifting Process

Ching-Chieh Huang¹, Li-Wen Chen², Dong-Feng Wu², Yung-Chuan Chen²*

¹Metal Industries Research & Development Centre

²Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology

E-mail: chuan@mail.npust.edu.tw

Abstract: In this study, a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element model is used to simulate the lifting process of the sinus membrane using a rotary sinus lift kit. The effects of the edge radius of sinus lift kit and the feeding rate on the contact stress of sinus membrane are explored. Three different edge radii, i.e. 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 mm, and three different feeding rates, 1, 3 and 5 mm/s, are discussed. The results show that a rotary sinus lift kit with a smaller edge radius has a lower contact stress distribution on the sinus membrane. The results also indicate that a higher feeding rate results in a larger plastic zone on the sinus membrane.

[Ching-Chieh Huang, Li-Wen Chen, Dong-Feng Wu, Yung-Chuan Chen. Finite Element Simulations of the Contact Stress between Rotary Sinus Lift Kit and Sinus Membrane during Lifting Process. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):167-171] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 28

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.28

Keywords: Sinus Lifting, Contact Stress, Feeding Rate, Finite Element Analysis

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Young’s Moduli of Human Tooth Measured using Micro-Indentation Tests

Hui-Lung Chien¹, Pei-Ju Chiu¹, Bo-Wun Huang², Jao-Hwa Kuang¹*

¹Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan R.O.C.

²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan R.O.C.

*Corresponding Author: Jao-Hwa Kuang; E-mail: kuang@faculty.nsysu.edu.tw

Abstract: Micro-indentation test results were used to curve fit the Young’s moduli of human tooth enamel and dentine in this work. The applied load and unloaded curve portion effects on the measured Young’s moduli were investigated. The variation in measured Young’s modulus for different applied loads, from 10 mN to 500 mN, was studied. The experimental results indicate that the measured Young’s moduli are very sensitive to the applied load if the load is greater than 100 mN. The measured results also reveal that the measured Young’s moduli were dependent upon the unloaded curve data portion to be curve fitted. The large portion of the unloaded curve data could be used, i.e. 90% of unloaded curve data, to curve fit a smaller Young’s modulus value.

[Hui-Lung Chien, Pei-Ju Chiu, Bo-Wun Huang, Jao-Hwa Kuang. Young’s Moduli of Human Tooth Measured using Micro-Indentation Tests. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):172-177] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 29

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.29

Keywords: Human tooth; Young’s modulus; Micro-indentation test

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Fatigue Response of Ti/APC-2 Nanocomposite Laminate Prosthesis

Ming-Hwa R. Jen^*, Che-Kai Chang, Jing-Guan Chen and Bo-Cyuan Lin

Dept. of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.

*Corresponding Author: Ming-Hwa R. Jen; E-mail: jmhr@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

Abstract: The post mechanical behavior of Ti/APC-2 hybrid nanocomposite laminate prosthesis after low velocity impact was investigated. The three layered Ti/APC-2/Ti cross-ply nanocomposite laminates were fabricated according to the modified the diaphragm curing process based on the previous experience. Each sample, L×W×t=240mm×25mm×1.55mm, was first subjected to free drop of a rigid steel ball (diameter=12.7mm) of 1m and 2m high. Then, the samples were due to static tensile tests at room temperature to measure their residual ultimate strength and longitudinal stiffness as the base-line data for constant stress amplitude tension-tension cyclic tests. The corresponding S-N curve, fatigue strength and life were obtained. Also, the mechanism of damage by impact and failure of separation were observed. The mechanical properties do not reduce significantly due to low-velocity impact, even if the damage area is obviously large for 2m high free drop. Similarly, the fatigue resistance of impacted samples does not lose much. It is mainly attributed to the damage only occurs on the surface of impacted samples with little influence inside the laminates by low-velocity impact. It can be concluded that the enhancement by nanoparticles and superior bonding capability of matrix PEEK with Ti sheets take the responsibility of improvement of mechanical responses.

[Ming-Hwa R. Jen, Che-Kai Chang, Jing-Guan Chen and Bo-Cyuan Lin. Fatigue Response of Ti/APC-2 Nanocomposite Laminate Prosthesis. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):178-184] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 30

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.30

Keywords: Ti alloy; Gr/PEEK(APC-2); Nano; Composite; Impact; Tension; Fatigue

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Computer-Assisted Navigation System Helps Experienced Surgeon Improve Outcome in Total Knee Arthroplasty

To Wong¹, Sung-Hsiung Chen², Jih-Yang Ko^2*, Feng-Sheng Wang³, Wen-Yi Chou², June-Ming Chen²

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Taiwan

²Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ³Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

*Corresponding Author: Huizhen Zhang, PhD

E-mail: Huizhenzhang@zzu.edu.cn

Abstract: Navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) reportedly improves component alignment. Also, experience on the knee surgery is complementary to the success of total knee arthroplasty even with the use of navigation system. One hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients who underwent navigation-assisted TKA and 125 patients who underwent conventional TKA by an experienced surgeon were evaluated for mechanical alignment, perioperative hemodynamic status, and early complications. Patients with navigation-assisted TKA showed better mechanical axis, coronal and sagittal axis of the femoral component and coronal axis of the tibia components. Patients in the navigation-assisted TKA group experienced less blood loss, needed fewer transfusions, and required fewer hospitalization days and fewer early complications. Navigation-assisted TKA improved mechanical and component alignment, perioperative hemodynamic status.

[To Wong, Sung-Hsiung Chen, Jih-Yang Ko, Feng-Sheng Wang, Wen-Yi Chou, June-Ming Chen. Computer-Assisted Navigation System Helps Experienced Surgeon Improve Outcome in Total Knee Arthroplasty. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):185-190] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 31

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.31

Keywords: Computer-assisted navigation system, total knee arthroplasty

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Navigation-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty with Normal Pressure Drainage Reduces Blood Loss – A Prospective Comparative Study of Three Modalities

Wen-Yi Chou¹, Jih-Yang Ko*¹, To Wong¹, Feng-Sheng Wang², Ka-Kit Siu¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ²Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Abstract: Several modalities have been developed to reduce perioperative blood loss during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and a navigation system has been successfully introduced in TKA. This study compared the blood loss of navigation-assisted TKA and conventional TKA in the presence of negative or normal pressure drainage. Patients were separated into 3 groups. We enrolled 60 patients undergoing conventional TKA with negative pressure drainage in Group A, and those undergoing navigation-assisted TKA with negative or normal pressure drainage were enrolled in Group B (64 patients) and C (66 patients), respectively. Haemovac drainage volume, reduction of haemoglobin, estimated total blood loss, range of motion at 3 months after surgery, number of blood transfusions and hospitalisation days were all recorded. There were no differences in the demographic data of these 3 groups. Patients in Group B had significantly decreased total drainage volume, estimated total blood loss and blood transfusion rate than those in Group A. The significant reduction of total drainage volume, estimated total blood loss and blood transfusion rate were also noted in Group C when compared with Group B. Patients in Group C had a significantly reduction in haemoglobin, heaemovac drainage volume, estimated total blood loss, blood transfusion rate and hospitalisation days when compared with Group A. Navigation-assisted TKA with normal pressure drainage is a potential modality for the reduction of the haemovac drainage volume, perioperative blood loss and transfusion rate without compromising range of motion at 3 months after surgery.

[Wen-Yi Chou, Jih-Yang Ko, To Wong, Feng-Sheng Wang, Ka-Kit Siu. Navigation-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty with Normal Pressure Drainage Reduces Blood Loss – A Prospective Comparative Study of Three Modalities. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):191-195] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 32

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.32

Keywords: Navigation, total knee arthroplasty, blood loss

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The Critical Dimension Definition of Femoral for Custom-made Total Knee Arthroplasty by the Application of Geometric Modeling

Hung-Shyong Chen^1*, Tsai Yau Bin M.D.², Chyouhwu Huang¹, Jeng-Nan Lee¹, Huang-Kuang Kung¹

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C,

2 Orthopaedic Department, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taitung Branch, Taitung, Taiwan, R.O.C

Abstract: The main purpose for the design of knee prosthesis is to construct patient’s individual anatomical, geometric model and satisfy his/her real geometric and physiology characteristic. The reconstruction of 3D knee geometric model is the basis of knee prosthesis related design. In this study, Mimics software was used to obtain CT image to construct the complete knee actual 3D geometric model, to analyze and define the critical dimension needed for the most complicated femur resection in custom-made total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including critical dimensions of anterior femur resection, distal femur resection and posterior condylar resection. Based on the obtained information, one can setup the critical dimensions and perform the location analysis that are suitable for knee arthroplasty for individual patient’s knee characteristic, shape and damage conditions. Then, based on these data to design and manufacture custom-made knee prosthesis to fulfill press-fit design purpose.

[Hung-Shyong Chen, Tsai Yau Bin M.D., Chyouhwu Huang, Jeng-Nan Lee, Huang-Kuang Kung. The Critical Dimension Definition of Femoral for Custom-made Total Knee Arthroplasty by the Application of Geometric Modeling. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):196-201] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 33

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.33

Keywords: Mimics, femoral, 3D geometric modeling, total knee arthroplasty (TKA), custom-made, knee prosthesis

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The Metallographic Analysis Optimization of Aluminum Alloy for Medical Equipment Parts

H.-S. Chen¹*, J.-N. Lee¹, J.-C. Hsiung¹, Jih-Yang Ko²

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C.

2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Corresponding Author: Hung-Shyong Chen, PhD; E-mail: hschen@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to study the metallographic analysis optimization of the T6-treated forging Al alloys, 7075, 6061, and casting Al alloy A356 for medical equipment parts. The influences of the metallographic image under several control factors, types of polishing solution, etching time, polishing speed, etc., are investigated. Taguchi method is employed to evaluate the optimization of aluminum alloy metallographic analysis. By using Matrox Inspector 4.0 image analysis software, the metallographic images are converted to gray scale. According to the gray scale values, the major factor of the metallographic image optimization for Al alloy 7075 and 6061 is the etching time, while the polishing speed is the least control factor. For Al alloy A356, the type of polishing solution is the main factor for the optimization of metallographic image, while the least influential factor is the etching time. The optimized metallographic factors combination can be used on the development and design of the medical equipment parts in the future.

[H.-S. Chen, J.-N. Lee, J.-C. Hsiung, Jih-Yang Ko. The Metallographic Analysis Optimization of Aluminum Alloy for Medical Equipment Parts. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):202-206] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 34

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.34

Keywords: Al alloy 7075, 6061, A356, metallographic analysis, Taguchi method, gray scale

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Comparison between Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Extracts from Different Parts of Peanut

Fakhriya S. Taha, Suzanne M. Wagdy and Fatma A. Singer

Fats and Oils Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

suzan.wagdy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Peanut hull and skin are waste products of the food industry. Adding value to these products was the aim of this work. This goal was achieved by studying the phenolic content of the skin, hull and defatted flour of both roasted and unroasted peanuts. The antioxidant activity of the phenolic extracts was determined. The roasted peanut skin extract was then chosen and tested for its power of inhibition of flaxseed oil oxidation. The anticarcinogenic activity of the roasted peanut skin extract on different cell line carcinomas was examined. Both the extractable polyphenols (EPP) and the non extractable polyphenols (NEPP) were determined in the examined parts of the peanuts. Results revealed that NEPP was always higher than EPP and that highest phenolic content was found to be present in the skin. Roasted hull, unroasted hull, roasted skin, unroasted skin, roasted defatted flour, and unroasted defatted flour contained EPP 4.33, 3.38, 41.5, 56.2, 7.33 and 7.23 mg/g, respectively; and contained NEPP 7.4, 5.3, 102, 113.38, 10.3, and 13.4 mg/g, respectively; they also contain total polyphenol extract (TPE) 11.69, 8.73, 144.37, 169.19, 17.48, and 21.31 mg/g, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA%) at 100µl conc. reached 87.0 % for roasted and unroasted peanut skin, ca. 79% for roasted and unroasted peanut hull, and least between 45.51-60.45% for unroasted and roasted defatted peanut flour, respectively. FRSA of BHT (0.1%) was 77.81%. Antioxidant activity (AOA) as measured by β-carotene/ linoleate method revealed AOA for roasted skin > unroasted skin > roasted hull > BHT > unroasted hull > unroasted defatted flour > roasted defatted flour, with values 89.13 > 86.65 > 80.33 > 76.33 > 75.27 > 39.34 > 30.37%, respectively. Roasted peanut skin extract (PSE) was chosen for further investigation. Percent reduction of oxidation in flaxseed oil when compared to control oil reached 27.10% and 22% for oil + PSE, and oil + BHT, respectively, as measured by p-anisidine value; and 41.99% and 38.88%, respectively, as measured by peroxide value. PSE exhibited potential as an anticarcinogenic agent, but needs further investigations.

[Fakhriya S. Taha, Suzanne M. Wagdy and Fatma A. Singer. Comparison between Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Extracts from Different Parts of Peanut. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):207-215]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 35

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.35

Key words: peanut hull, peanut skin, peanut flour, extractable polyphenol, non extractable polyphenol, antioxidant activity, anticarcinogenic activity.

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A Conceptual Framework of the Relationships between Family Functioning, Alexithymia and Emotional Intelligence among Early Adolescents in Tehran-Iran

Fataneh Naghavi¹, Ma’rof Redzuan²

¹School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra, Malaysia.

¹E-mail: ahlo_1359@yahoo.com, ²E-mail: marof@putra.upm.edu.my

Abstract: Emotional intelligence structure is a concept with little empirical research, particularly in relation to the link between family circumstance and personality characters and with respect to gender, number of sibling, family income, and family educational status of early adolescents. In the present study, the researchers attempted to show that regarding to the definition and foundation of a conceptual framework how would design a conceptual framework according the relationships between family functioning, alexithymia and emotional intelligence variables, among Iranian early adolescents. Due to the lack of research on family functioning, alexithymia and their influences on early adolescents’ emotional intelligence in Iran, there is much need for research that explores those factors of influence on early adolescent’s emotional intelligence, specifically.

[Fataneh Naghavi, Ma’rof Redzuan. A Conceptual Framework of the Relationships between Family Functioning, Alexithymia and Emotional Intelligence among Early Adolescents in Tehran-Iran. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):216-221]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 36

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.36

Keywords: Family Functioning, Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence, Alexithymia, Children’s Alexithymia, Emotional Quotient, Conceptual Framework, Family Background.

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Family Size and Construct of the Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence

Fataneh Naghavi¹, Ma’rof Redzuan²

¹School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra, Malaysia.

¹E-mail: ahlo_1359@yahoo.com, ²E-mail: marof@putra.upm.edu.my

Abstract: Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities that include conception, emotion appraisal and expression, emotion management and regulation. The emotional intelligence structure is a concept with little empirical research, particularly in relation to the link between family environment and personality characters and with respect to family members of early adolescents. For this reason, the specific objective of this research is to determine the relationship between family size and early adolescent’s emotional intelligence.The present research was carried out among 234 Iranian students in the second and grades of guidance schools (age 12-15) in Tehran, Iran. The students (girls and boys) were clustered through random and multistage sampling. Data were collected using the family background questionnaire and Schutte’s (1998) Emotional Intelligence Scale. Results of multiple comparisons of LSD indicate that there is significant difference between groups of family size. Consequently, multi comparisons of LSD confirmed the results of the ANOVA. The findings indicate that the early adolescents, whose families have less members, have higher emotional intelligence.

[Fataneh Naghavi, Ma’rof Redzuan. Family Size and Construct of the Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):222-226]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 37

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.37

Keywords: Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence, Family Size, Family Members, Emotional Quotient (EQ), Family Size and Emotional Intelligence.

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Visfatin and Fetuin-A: Novel Markers for Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Mohamed A. Zeidan¹, Gihan M. Sharara¹, Howaida S. Suliman ¹, Montasser M. Zeid², Sameh S. Zytoun³, Hanan M. Nomeir¹

¹Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University

²Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria

³Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University

gihansharara@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) has a major role in the cardiovascular outcome of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hallmark of endothelial dysfunction is impaired nitric oxide-mediated endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. Visfatin is an adipocytokine that has recently generated much interest and could contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Fetuin-A may be one of the contributing factors for the development of ED in CKD patients. In addition, fetuin-A 256Ser/ Ser (allele G) might affect serum fetuin- A levels. The aim of the present work is to study the role of visfatin and fetuin-A in patients with different stages of CKD in correlation with the level of NO (nitrite /nitrate) as a settled marker of endothelial dysfunction. Also, to study the relation between fetuin-A gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to ED in patients with CKD in different stages; and identifying the effect of fetuin-A gene polymorphisms on the level of serum fetuin-A in CKD patients. Methods: the present study included sixty patients at different stages of CKD with age range from 18 to 60 years old. All patients were non-diabetic and arranged in five groups according to the stage of CKD assessed GFR from stage 1 to 5 representing the groups from I to V. Serum visfatin and serum fetuin-A were measured using ELISA technique and serum NO was measured as (total nitrate and nitrite) using the Griess reaction. Serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were estimated by enzymatic colorimetric methods. LDL-cholesterol was then calculated using Friedewald’s formula. Genotyping for the common functional polymorphisms on fetuin- A (Thr256Ser) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was performed. Results: A statistically significant elevation of serum total nitrate and nitrite and serum visfatin in CKD patients compared to controls respectively, while serum fetuin-A showed statistically significant decrease in CKD patients compared to the control group. Serum total nitrate and nitrite levels were significantly increased in all stages of CKD, while serum visfatin was significantly increased in stages 2 to 5 of CKD. Serum fetuin-A showed significant decrease in stages 2 to 5 of CKD. There was no statistically significant difference between the studied CKD cases and the control group as regards to the frequencies of the three genotypes of fetuin–A (C à G); Thr256Ser polymorphism. In both CKD patients and the control group, the distribution of the fetuin-A (C à G); Thr256Ser gene polymorphisms did not show significant correlation with low serum fetuin-A levels. A significant positive correlation was found between serum levels of total nitrate and nitrite and serum levels of (visfatin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol), while A significant negative correlation was found between serum levels of total nitrate and nitrite and serum levels of (fetuin-A and HDL-cholesterol) in CKD patients. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of endothelial dysfunction were found to be serum visfatin and HDL-cholesterol as they could explain significantly 52% of the changes in total nitrate and nitrite. Conclusion: the results of the present study suggest that high serum levels of visfatin and total nitrate and nitrite in CKD patients may contribute to impaired endothelial functions in CKD. Visfatin and fetuin-A may be novel markers for endothelial dysfunction in CKD patients and in diagnosis of early stages of CKD and they may play a role in uremia-related atherosclerosis. The distribution of the fetuin-A (C à G); Thr256Ser gene polymorphisms may does not affect serum fetuin-A levels.

[Mohamed A. Zeidan, Gihan M. Sharara, Howaida S. Suliman, Montasser M. Zeid, Sameh S. Zytoun, Hanan M. Nomeir. Visfatin and Fetuin-A: Novel Markers for Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):227-243]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 38

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.38

Keywords: Endothelial dysfunction, visfatin, NO,CKD, fetuin-A, gene polymorphisms of fetuin-A.

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Primary Assessment of the Biological Activity of Jojoba Hull Extracts

Suzanne M. Wagdy and Fakhriya S. Taha

Fats and Oils Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

fs_taha@yahoo.com

 
Abstract: To our Knowledge no work up to the present moment has been reported in the literature on the phenolic extracts of jojoba hull. Thus the aim of the present work was to add value to this waste product by investigating the potentiality of different jojoba hull extracts as neutraceuticals. The efficiency of methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol and ethyl acetate at concentrations of 100, 80, 70, 60, and 50% to extract phenolic compounds were investigated. Results revealed that 60% acetone extracted optimum phenolic compounds (13.9 mg/g hulls). Extraction at room temperature yielded more phenolic compounds than extraction at 45ᴼC. On the other hand, 70% methanol extract of jojoba hulls exhibited the highest AOA (95.33%). The 70% methanol extract was added to a butter cake at 100 and 200 ppm as well as 200 ppm BHT. The cake was stored at room temperature and the butter analyzed every week for acid, iodine and peroxide values. Results proved that the addition of methanol extract delayed the oxidation of butter. The extracts of jojoba hulls exhibited different levels of antimicrobial activities on five food borne pathogenic bacteria. The 70% methanol extract of jojoba hulls showed potential as anti-carcinogenic agent on four different cell line carcinomas.

[Suzanne M. Wagdy and Fakhriya S. Taha. Primary Assessment of the Biological Activity of Jojoba Hull Extracts. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):244-253]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 39

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.39

Keywords: Jojoba hulls, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-carcinogenic.

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Does JAK2 V617F Mutation in Egyptian Patients with First Episode Venous Thromboembolism Contribute to the Hypercoagulable State and Interact with other Thrombophilic Factors?

Shereen M. EL-Maghraby and Ahmed M. L. Bedewy

Hematology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University

shereenmaghraby36@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The term thrombophilia includes any inherited and acquired disorders associated with an increased tendency to venous thromboembolism (VTE). Inherited thrombophilia is one of the main determinants of VTE, and the presence of inherited thrombophilic defects exposed carriers to increased risks for VTE compared with non-carriers. The JAK2^V617F mutation is present in the majority of patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, which are myeloproliferative neoplasms frequently associated with arterial and venous thromboembolism. Whether JAK2V617F mutation is associated per se with hypercoagulability remains unclear. Our aim was to clarify the contribution of JAK2V617F to a Hypercoagulable state, as well as its interaction with other thrombophilic factors in patients with venous thrombosis (lower Limb deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism). Material and Methods: The study subjects were 106 Egyptian patients diagnosed as having first episode venous thromboembolism based on Doppler ultrasound +/- computed tomography and pulmonary angiography from January 2010 to December 2011(54 men and 52 women); median age 39.5; age range from (14–80 years). They were compared with sixty healthy controls sex and age matched. Full history was taken and the clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. All patients and control groups were subjected to assays for factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation G20210A, protein C activity, protein S activity, antithrombin III level, serum homocysteine, anticardiolipin IgG and Ig M antibodies and lupus anticoagulant to evaluate the Hypercoagulable state and the prevalence of JAK2 V617F mutation was detected by two round allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in both patients and control subjects. Samples positive for the mutation were subsequently analyzed via ARMS-PCR. Results: Among the 106 patients, eighty-four had deep venous thrombosis, sixteen had pulmonary embolism and six with concomitant deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Twenty five patients were positive for factor V Leiden, three were positive for prothrombin gene mutation, four had protein S deficiency (three patients had only protein S deficiency and one with factor V mutation), six patients had protein C deficiency, only one had antithrombin III deficiency. Fourteen patients were positive for anticardiolipins and seven for lupus anticoagulant (2 patients were positive for lupus anticoagulant alone and five with positive anticardiolipins) and seven had hyper-homocysteinemia. Jak2V617F mutation was detected in six patients (5.7%) and was positive in two subjects in the control group (3.3%). Conclusion: Factor V Leiden is the most common inherited thrombophilic defect in Egyptians. The presence of inherited thrombophilic defects exposed carriers to increased risks for VTE compared to non carriers. The prevalence of jak2 V617F mutation in one hundred and six Egyptians presenting with first episode venous thromboembolism is low (5.7%) and is statistically insignificant in comparison to the controls and has no association with any of the thrombophilic risk factors.

[Shereen M. EL-Maghraby and Ahmed M. L. Bedewy. Does JAK2 V617F Mutation in Egyptian Patients with First Episode Venous Thromboembolism Contribute to the Hypercoagulable State and Interact with other Thrombophilic Factors? Life Sci J Journal 2012;9(2):254-262]. (ISSN: 1097-8135).

http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 40

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.40

Key words: Thrombophilic factors, Jak2 V617F mutation, Venous thromboembolism

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Investigation and intervention on the psychological status of families with Hepatolenticular Degeneration children

 
Mingyi Ma, Yangfei Ji, Yu Liu
 

First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China. mamingyi1999@126.com

Abstract: Objective To investigate the psychological status of family with Wilson’s disease children, interventions to alleviate chronic sorrow of their families. Methods 25 children with Wilson's disease were randomly divided into 13 control group parents, and 12 observation group, was evaluated for both groups were applied ABQ parents of children with mental status; the control group received routine care in the observation group to the targeted group intervention and individual intervention, 3 months after evaluation by the scale effect. Results The parents of children with the observation group questionnaire sadness, anger, pain and the total degree of improvement was significantly better than the control group (all P <0.05). Conclusion Presence of chronic sorrow the family in children with Wilson’s disease, early assessment and implementation of targeted intervention, will help ease psychological burden of parents of children with epilepsy to reduce their family of chronic sorrow.

[Mingyi Ma, Yangfei Ji, Yu Liu. Investigation and intervention on the psychological status of families with Hepatolenticular Degeneration children. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):263-265]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 41

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.41

Key words: Wilson’s disease; chronic sorrow; Families of children with Wilson’s disease; Adapted Burke Questionnaire (ABQ); Intervention.

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Changes in psychological states of caregivers of patients with moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease following Memantine therapy

Mingyi Ma, Jingtao Wang, Boai Zhang
 

First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University

Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.

mamingyi1999@126.com

Abstract: Objective: To assess the psychological states of caregivers of patients with moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease and to explore the effects of memantine therapy for patients. Methods: 40 patients with moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers were studied. Patients were treated for 6 months with open-label memantine. Caregivers were assessed at baseline and at the end of the sixth month (month-6). Their psychological states were assessed by: Symptom Checklist 90, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating depression scale (SDS). The difference of their psychological states between different time points and the average normal psychological state of Chinese people (hereby referred to as “Chinese normal scale”) were analyzed by T-test. Results: There were significant differences in depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoia, and total SCL-90 scale between baseline and month-6 (all p＜0.05). When compared to normal SCL-90 scale, there were significant differences in all of emotional states except compulsion, phobia, and psychosis at baseline, where no significant differences in all of them between month-6 and Chinese normal scale. There are significant differences in SDS and SAS scale of caregivers between baseline, month-6, and Chinese normal scale. Conclusions: Caregivers of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease may have worse psychological states than average normal population and memantine therapy for AD paitents maybe alleviate these problems.

[Mingyi Ma, Jingtao Wang, Boai Zhang. Changes in psychological states of caregivers of patients with moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease following Memantine therapy. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):266-268]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 42

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.42

Key Words: Alzheimer’s disease; caregiver; psychological states; memantine.

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Improvement of soft soils using reinforced sand over stone columns

Nagy Abdel Hamid El Mahallawy

Lecturer of Geotechnique,Civil Department,El Shorouk Academy

cedc_eng@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present study, a series of laboratory model tests have been developed to study the behavior of unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced sand bed resting on stone columns. It has been observed that the soft clay is improved with stone columns. The diameter of stone columns has been taken as 50 mm, three stone columns have been used in the study with spacing of 75mm, while the footing is represented by a plate of 350x250x10mm for all the model tests carried out. Load was applied to the soil bed through the footing until the total settlement reached at least 5% of footing length. The influence of the thickness of unreinforced as well as geogrid-reinforced sand bed and the number of geogrid reinforcement on the performance of stone columns have also been investigated. The inclusion of geogrid layer within sand bed also increases the load carrying capacity and decreases the settlement of the soil. However multilayer reinforcement system is effective to transfer the stress from soil to stone columns. Significant improvement in load-carrying capacity of soft soil is observed due to the placement of sand bed over stone columns. Single layer reinforcement with stone columns is very effective to reduce the total settlement as there is considerable reduction in the total settlement due to stone column itself. The inclusion of reinforcement in the sand bed decreases significantly the depth of sand layer.

[Nagy Abdel Hamid El Mahallawy. Improvement of soft soils using reinforced sand over stone columns. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):269-276]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 43. doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.43

Key word: geogrid; geogrid reinforcement; sand bed; sand layer; soil.

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A Proposed Computer-Based System Architecture for Crowd Management of Pilgrims using Thermography

Mohamed O. Khozium; Adnan G. Abuarafah; and Essam AbdRabou

Center of Research Excellence in Hajj and Omrah (HajjCore) Umm Al-qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

osama@khozium.com

Abstract: Over the years, overcrowding and difficulties in crowd control have resulted in a number of fatal accidents during the Hajj. Despite many efforts and improvements for roads and footbridges, ensuring the safety of pilgrims continues to challenge especially with the annual increase of the number of pilgrims. The challenge has attracted many researchers who provided several methodologies for crowd monitoring and estimation of its density. This paper proposes to extend an earlier monitoring effort done by the same authors to develop a decision support system allows for close monitoring and control of crowd movements. It incorporates data acquisition and processing via several thermal cameras deployed as sensors at strategic points on Nafra (Arafat to Muzdalifah) access roads. The sensors are linked to an analysis module, which in turn measures crowd flow and density in real time. When crowds become too dense, an alarm is triggered according to different density levels. At this point, the integrated decision support system generates different alternatives to the controllers in order for them to take the appropriate actions. The paper illustrates the proposed system component. It also describes the architecture of each component as well as the architecture of the entire system. The system can contribute to provide complete safety for crowds during the Hajj event that attracts millions each year.

[Mohamed O. Khozium, Adnan G. Abuarafah, and Essam AbdRabou. A Proposed Computer-Based System Architecture for Crowd Management of Pilgrims using Thermography. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):277-282]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 44

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.44

Keywords: Hajj, Islamic informatics, crowd management, crowd density estimation, crowd monitoring, thermography.

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Menopausal symptoms and the quality of life among pre/post menopausal women from rural area in Zagazig city

Eman Elsayed Mohammed Elsabagh¹ and Eman Shokry Abd Allah²

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, ²Community Health Nursing Departments,

Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt

eman_plus_2010@yahoomail.com

Abstract: Introduction: “Menopause” denotes the final cessation of menstruation, either as a normal part of aging or as the result of surgical removal of both ovaries. The aim: this study aimed to investigate the impact of the menopausal symptoms on the quality of life of pre/post menopausal women from rural area, Zagazig city. Research design: a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study design was used in this study. Settings: This population based survey was conducted in one of rural district of Sheba, Zagazig city. The sample: consisted of 175; premenopausal (97) and postmenopausal (78) women whose ages ranged from 40-70 years old. Tools: data were collected by Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and quality of life Brief (WHOQOL Brief). Results: the highest mean scores of menopausal symptoms were somatic symptoms and urogenital domains in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. There was a statistically significant difference between two studied groups in relation to their mean and standard deviation scores regarding their quality of life; physical, psychological and environmental domains. There was the significant negative correlation between MRS scores and WHOQOL- Brief scores in social, environmental domains, and overall mean score of quality of life for postmenopausal women. Conclusion: It can be concluded that post-menopausal women in the study subjects experience high prevalence of menopausal symptoms that adversely affected their quality of life. Recommendation: Further research addressing women's health needs is also essential for improving the quality of life of postmenopausal rural women.

[Eman Elsayed Mohammed Elsabagh and Eman Shokry Abd Allah. Menopausal symptoms and the quality of life among pre/post menopausal women from rural area in Zagazig city. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):283-291]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 45

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.45

Key Words: Menopause, Severity of symptoms, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), Quality of life, WHOQOL.

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Differentially Expressed Homeobox Genes in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma versus Normal Salivary Gland Tissue

Xia Hui ¹, Li Long-jiang *¹, Xiong Fang ¹, Han Bo ¹, Zhang Zhuang, ¹, Wu Jiang ²

^1. State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China

^1. Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, P.R. China

xahu1978@163.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify differently expressed homeobox genes in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) versus normal salivary gland tissue, and determine the effects of homeobox genes on oncogenesis and differentiation of SACC. Six paired tissue specimens of SACC and surrounding normal salivary gland tissue were obtained. Customized Oligo microarray was used to analyze differential homeobox gene expression. Data were scanned by Agilent Scanner. Real-time PCR was used for quantitative analysis of gene expression. The results showed that Homeobox genes TGIF and EVX1 were differentially expressed in SACC versus normal tissues. As regulators of cellular proliferation and differentiation, homeobox genes may be involved in SACC oncogenesis.

[Xia Hui, Li Long-jiang, Xiong Fang, Han Bo, Zhang Zhuang, Wu Jiang. Differentially Expressed Homeobox Genes in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma versus Normal Salivary Gland Tissue. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):292-296]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 46.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.46

Keywords: adenoid cystic carcinoma; homeobox gene; gene microarray

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Linguistic Democracy in English Language Teaching
Reza Pishghadam¹, Fahimeh Saboori^1
 1. English Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
PO box 9177948974, Park Square, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract: The major purpose of the present study was to examine English Language Teaching (ELT) in the light of democracy in Iran. To this end, first we have presented the major tenets of democracy, such as Equality and Freedom, then we have discussed these major principles in ELT in general, and finally linguistic democracy has been debated in the context of ELT in Iran. Our analyses show that linguistic democracy is not totally upheld in the field of English language education, requiring more attention and transformation. In the end, the results were discussed in the context of English language education in Iran and some suggestions were made.
[Reza Pishghadam, Fahimeh Saboori. Linguistic Democracy in English Language Teaching. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):297-306] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 47.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.47

Keywords: Linguistic democracy; English language teaching; Iran.

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Study of bis{2-(naphtha [3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato} Magnesium

Yu-Feng Lin¹, Pin-Wen Cheng², Shih-Hsuan Chiu¹, Chen-Hao Wang¹, Shung-Jim Yang³, Anchi Yeh²*

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

²Department of Chemical and materials Engineering, Chengshiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 833 R.O. C

³Department of Chemical and Materials Engineeringr, Vanung University, Taiwan, R.O.C

E-mail: acyeh@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: The study of bis{2-(naphtha[3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato} Magnesium (MgNIQ) is presented in this report. It was observed the decomposition temperature is high to 577℃ but no melting transition (T_m) of MgNIQ up to 450℃. By using of MgNIQ as emitted layer exhibits a broad maximum spectrum peak at 615 nm. The color of the emitted light is in the orange-red region in the CIE coordinate of x = 0.36 y = 0.53.

[Yu-Feng Lin, Pin-Wen Cheng, Shih-Hsuan Chiu, Chen-Hao Wang, Shung-Jim Yang, Anchi Yeh. Study of bis{2-(naphtha [3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato} Magnesium. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):307-301] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 48.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.48

Keywords Electroluminescence; red light; device; bis{2-(naphtha [3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato}

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Preparation of P(MMA/EGDMA/GMA)/Ni functional composite particles by dispersion polymerization and electroless plating

Xin-Liang Chen¹, Yen-Chung Chen¹, Chang-Pin Chang¹, Ming-Der Ger¹, Shung-Jim Yang ²

¹ Department of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Chung cheng Institute of Technology,

National Defense University,Taiwan, R.O.C.

² Department of Chemical and Materials Engineeringr, Vanung University, Taiwan, R.O.C

email: mac0216@pchome.com.tw

Abstract-In this study, copolymer beads were prepared from glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) and methylmethacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a cross-linker (i.e., ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, EGDMA) via dispension polymerization. Preparation of P(MMA/EGDMA/GMA)/Ni functional composite particles that the synthesis particles having various size from 0.5 to 5µm by dispersion polymerization which the particle size was controled with initiator concentration, and polymerization temperature. In this study, Poly(MMA/EGDMA /GMA)/Ni beads were synthesized by dispersion polymerization and electroless nickel. The core-shell structure of polymer--nickel composites and the structure of polymer spheres were characterized by TGA, FESEM, EPMA and FTIR. The results indicate that the nickel was coated on the surface of microspheres. The inner diameter of the microspheres with nickel shell was about 0.6~1.6µm. A possible formation mechanism of the core-shell structure of P(MMA/EGDMA /GMA)/Ni spheres was proposed.

[Xin-Liang Chen, Yen-Chung Chen, Chang-Pin Chang, Ming-Der Ger, Shung-Jim Yang. Preparation of P(MMA/EGDMA/GMA)/Ni functional composite particles by dispersion polymerization and electroless plating. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):311-315] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 49

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.49

Keywords: electroless plating, copolymer beads, dispension polymerization, glycidylmethacrylate (GMA), methylmethacrylate (MMA), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA).

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Synthesis and Electroluminescent property of bis (2-(benzimidazol-2-yl) quinolinato) Magnesium

Pin-Wen Cheng, Chien-Chih Lin, Anchi Yeh

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chengshiu University, Kaohsiung, 83347, Taiwan, R.O.C

E-mail Anchi Yeh: acyeh@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: An emission material, (2-(benzimidazol-2-yl)quinolinato)magnesium (MgBIQ) used for organic light emitting devices, has been synthesized. The melting transition (T_m) of MgBIQ is 436℃ and no glass transition temperature (T_g) was observed up to 430℃. The emission spectrum of organic emitting device using MgBIQ as emitted layer exhibits a broad maximum at 596 nm. The color of the emitted light is in the red region in the CIE coordinate of x = 0.46 y = 0.46.

[Pin-Wen Cheng, Chien-Chih Lin, Anchi Yeh. Study Synthesis and Electroluminescent property of bis (2-(benzimidazol-2-yl) quinolinato) Magnesium. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):316-319] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 50.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.50

Keywords: Electroluminescence; red light; device, bis (2-(benzimidazol-2-yl) quinolinato).

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51

Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Egyptian and Chinese Sunflower Seeds: A Case Study

S.F. Hamed*, Suzanne M. Wagdy, and M.G. Megahed

Fats and Oils Dept., National Research Centre, 33 Tahrir St., 12622 Dokki,

saidfatouh123@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the last few years Chinese sunflower seed has invaded our Egyptian market increasingly. We took it and the Egyptian sunflower seed as a comparable case study to characterize and investigate them as a source of effective natural antioxidants, oil and protein. Chemical characteristics of the two seeds revealed that protein, oil, ash, moisture and total phenolic contents (TPC) increased significantly (P<0.05) after dehulling with pronounced larger amount of these parameters in the Egyptian sunflower seed compared to the Chinese one. Fatty acid analysis showed that Egyptian sunflower oil contains more than 86% and Chinese sunflower oil contains more than 80% unsaturated fatty acids which give these oils a relative advantage. Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic compound present in TPC as measured by HPLC. Antioxidant activity (AA %) of the phenolic extracts was followed up by measuring radical scavenging activity (RSA %) of the stable DPPH• radical, the degradation rate of β-carotene-linoleic acid o/w emulsion, and the oxidation stability measured by the fully automated active oxygen method (Rancimat). Egyptian sunflower seed have more AA % than Chinese seed as revealed by the higher RSA%, less degradation rate of β-carotene-linoleic acid color and higher induction period measured by Rancimat. Results also demonstrated the suitability of Egyptian and Chinese sunflower seed to be an effective source of protein, with some good functional properties such as solubility, dispersibility water absorption capacity, and emulsifying capacity. Contrary, it showed poor foaming and gelling abilities. Egyptian sunflower oil can also be used as an effective source of unsaturated fats and natural antioxidants (TPC). Hence, can be supplemented in many foods and can replace the synthetic antioxidant with their remarkable hazards.
[S.F. Hamed, Suzanne M. Wagdy, and M.G. Megahed. Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Egyptian and Chinese Sunflower Seeds: A Case Study. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):320-328]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 51.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.51

Key words: sunflower seed, chlorogenic acid, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity.

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Adoption of Aquaculture Technology by Fish Farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria

J.B Ogunremi¹ and O.I Oladele²

Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria.²Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
Email: ¹ jogunremi@gmail.com ² oladimeji.oladele@nwu.ac.za

Abstract: This paper focused on the extent of adoption of aquaculture technology introduced to fish farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria. Researchers have developed technology packages and disseminated it to the fish farmers through extension agents so as to improve aquaculture in Nigeria. The package included nine practices that fish farmers were expected to adopt. Data were collected from fish farmers through structured interview scheduled. Frequency counts and percentages were used as descriptive method of analyzing the data. Results showed that fish farmers adopted mainly three aquaculture technologies introduced by extension agents. These include pond fertilization (89.8%), water quality management (81.9%) and weed control (81.9%). Reasons for non-adoption of technologies include fund (99.1%), effect of the technology (60.0%), skill/manpower (59.0%). To increase the level of adoption of aquaculture technologies in Nigeria, it is necessary to provide fish farmers with credit facilities. Also, extension agents should be provided with motorcycles to enable them visit fish farmers more frequently to provide skill and encourage them to adopt technologies introduced to them.
[J.B Ogunremi and O.I Oladele. Adoption of Aquaculture Technology by Fish Farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):329-333]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 52.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.52

Kew words: Adoption, Aquaculture, Technology, Extension agents, Fish farmers

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Effect of cases of loading and distribution of shear connectors on the behavior of One-Way composite pre-slabs

W. Zaky¹ and M. Rabie²

¹High Institute of Arch. Eng., 6 October City ²Struct. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Eng., Cairo Univ.
rabie_eng@yahoo.com

Abstract: Many structures have been recently constructed using composite reinforced concrete elements. One of the most common types is the pre-slabs which are used extensively in the construction of both buildings and bridges. It consists of a pre-cast concrete layer serves as a form or shuttering for the cast-in-place concrete layer. Also the cast-in-place concrete layer can be used for strengthening an existing slab. One of the most governing factors in design of sections of these elements is the shear transfer along the interface which is major factor to achieve the composite action between the two layers. In this research, the behavior of one way composite pre-slabs was studied. An experimental program was carried out to test nine simply supported slabs, three of them were reference monolithic slabs and the remaining six slabs were composite pre-slabs composed of two layers with different distributions of shear connectors according to shear force distribution. All slabs were tested under different cases of loading. Finally; comparison between experimental results of tested specimens and theoretical results obtained from analysis using finite element program was made and valuable recommendations for structural designers were suggested.

[W. Zaky and M. Rabie. Effect of cases of loading and distribution of shear connectors on the behavior of One-Way composite pre-slabs. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):334-342]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 53

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.53

Key Words: Concrete, Shear transfer, Composite, Pre-slabs.

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Relationship between Leadership; Empathy and Emotion for Junior and Senior Nursing Student

Olfat A. Salem¹; Abeer M. Moursy²; Essmat M. Gemeay³ and Gusrina K. Putri⁴

 ¹ Department of Nursing Administration and Education, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia and Faculty of Nursing, Menofiya University Egypt

²Department of Medical –Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt and College of Nursing, King Saud University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
³Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Tanta University Egypt and College of Nursing, King Saud University,Kingdom Saudi Arabia
⁴Researcher, Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
osalem@ksu.edu.sa, olfat99@yahoo.com 

Abstract: In nursing education, three concepts of: leadership, emotional intelligence and empathy are correlated and supporting each other in preparing high quality graduate of nursing students. The study aimed to assess leadership style, empathy and emotional level of nursing student. Descriptive correlation study used with non probability convenience sample. 59 students from level fourth and eight participated in this study. Three questionnaires, namely: Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), the Hogan Empathy Scale (HES) and the Emotional Empathy Tendency Scale (EETS) used as data collection tools. SPSS version 17 used for statistical analysis. It was found that both of the junior and senior students perceived their leadership to be more transformational rather than transactional leadership. Furthermore, majority of the leadership domain were correlated negatively with empathy scores. It is recommended for future research to use greater sample size and various settings. In nursing practice, educators need to encourage the application of transformational leadership, emotional intelligence and empathy in order to improve the quality of graduates.
[Olfat A. Salem; Abeer M. Moursy; Essmat M. Gemeay and Gusrina K. Putri. Relationship between Leadership; Empathy and Emotion for Junior and Senior Nursing Student. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):343-347]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 54.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.54

Key Words: Transformational leadership, transactional leadership., empathy and emotional intelligence

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Histological and Hormonal Changes in Rat Endometrium under the Effect of Camphor

 Fatma Al-Qudsi and Sabah Linjawi

 Biology Department, Science Faculty, King bdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
falqudsi@kau.edu.sa 

Abstract: Camphor is prescribed in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases and skin care products. The present study aims at finding out the effects of Camphor on the endometrium structures of Sprague–Dawley female Rats. 40 animals (3 months old) were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 10), 3 experimental groups were given daily intraperitoneal injection of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Camphor watery solution and the control group was given distilled water. All groups were kept in the same environmental conditions. At the end of 6 weeks, all rats were killed and their uteri were removed for histological analysis. Comparing with the control group, an increase in the body and reproductive system weight, less uterine glands, degeneration of luminal epithelium and enlargement of uterus lumen were recorded. All the treated groups showed an increase in estrogen concentration. Furthermore, the highest dose caused an increase in progesterone concentration. The present study showed that Camphor could alter both hormonal and structural aspect of uterus that ultimately reflected on fertility of exposed animals.

[Fatma Al-Qudsi and Sabah Linjawi. Histological and Hormonal Changes in Rat Endometrium under the Effect of Camphor. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):348-355]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 55

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.55

Keywords: Camphor, female rats, endometrium, progesterone, estrogen

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Effect of Humic Acid Isolated by IHSS-N₂/Mn Method and P Fertilization on Yield of Pepper Plants

Abd El-Rheem Kh. M.; Ahmed A. Afifi and Youssef, R. A.

Soils and Water Use Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Khaled_abdelrheem@yahoo.com

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out at Ismailia Agriculture Research Station, Agriculture Research center, during summer season of 2010, to benefit from composting of remnants of food factories and then humic acid (HA) was extracted from mature compost and using it with P fertilization to study their impact on yield and nutrients content of pepper plants. Extraction and purification of humic acid (HA) was based on the IHSS –N₂ method and IHSS –N₂/Mn method (IHSS, "International Humic Substances Society"). Total acidities and phenolic hydroxyls contents are the highest for HA isolated by modified method (IHSS-N₂/Mn) which indicates that the HA posse less altered eases oxidisable phenolic hydroxyl groups. Humic acid isolated by IHSS-N₂/Mn method and applied with drip irrigation water as it was added every two weeks starting from the stage of germination till harvest. Treatments were representing at all the combinations of humic acid (1, 2 and 3 ml L^-1) and P fertilizer rates 60, 90 and 120 kg P₂O₅ fed^-1 (fed. Equal 4200 m²). Results showed that, increasing the rates of HA and P fertilization increased pepper yield (quality and quantity) compared with that of control (without humic acid or P fertilization). The most promising treatments for production of marketable and unmarketable pepper yield could be: Those of (3 ml L^-1 of HA+ 120 kg P₂O₅ fed^-1) which showed an increment of (+10.0%) and (+7.22%), respectively. This high rate could be recommended for obtaining the highest rate of income from the marketable yield of pepper.

[Abd El-Rheem Kh. M., Ahmed A. Afifi, and Youssef, R. A. Effect of Humic Acid Isolated by IHSS-N₂/Mn Method and P Fertilization on Yield of Pepper Plants. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):356-362]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 56.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.56

Key word: Humic acid (HA), IHSS –N₂/Mn method, P fertilization, Pepper yield

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An Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Lipidemic Properties of Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) Fruit Extract in Experimentally Induced Diabetes

Ibraheem Mohammady ¹, Samah Elattar^1*, Sanaa Mohammed², Madeha Ewais³

Department of Physiology, ¹ Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, ² Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, ³Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University

Samah Elattar: omarattar1993@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: Momordica charantia is reported to possess hypoglycemic activity. This study aims at investigating the effect of Momordica charantia extract on glucose tolerance and some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetes, comparing it to the effect of rosiglitazone maleate, an oral hypoglycemic drug, and to suggest the possible mechanisms of its action. Main methods: Rats were divided into 5groups: normal control, rats received bitter melon, diabetic control, diabetic treated with rosiglitazone (4mg/kg BW), and diabetic received Momordica charantia (300 mg/kg BW). After 4weeks, OGTT, serum insulin, lipid profiles, glycohemoglobin% (HbA1c%), liver enzymes activity and glycogen content, intestinal absorption and diaphragm uptake of glucose and histopathological studies on the pancreas were evaluated. Key findings: Bitter melon (BM) induced a significant improvement of OGTT and induced a significant decrease in HbA1c% (p<0.05), significantly increased insulin release from the pancreas and serum insulin level, increased glucose uptake by rat diaphragm and decreased intestinal glucose absorption (p<0.05). BM improved lipid profile. In addition, BM significantly increased liver glycogen content and reduced liver enzyme activity compared to the diabetic control. BM treatment of diabetic rats resulted in significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects as compared to rosiglitazone (p<0.05). Significance: Results demonstrated anti-diabetic effects of bitter melon may be through increasing insulin release and serum insulin, increasing glucose uptake by muscles and decreasing intestinal glucose absorption and a hypolipidemic effect and this recommend its therapeutic use in diabetes.

[Ibraheem Mohammady, Samah Elattar^*, Sanaa Mohammed, Madeha Ewais. An Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Lipidemic Properties of Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) Fruit Extract in Experimentally Induced Diabetes. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):363-374]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 57.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.57

Key words: Momordica charantia, diabetes, glucose absorption, rat diaphragm glucose uptake, rosiglitazone maleate

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Efficiency of Peppermint Oil Fumigant on Controlling Callosobruchus Maculatus F. Infesting Cowpea Seeds

Thorayia F.K. El Nagar; Hoda M. Abdel Fattah; Amany K. Soliman and *Samira A. Aly

Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt

samira-ayad@hotmail.com

Abstract: Fumigation tests were carried out to evaluate the efficiency of peppermint oil on controlling C. maculatus by studying its effect on survival of developmental stages, mating and oviposition behavior. Also, the effect of peppermint oil on the antennal segments and their sensilla was studied by using scanning electron microscope. The obtained data reveal the susceptibility of all stages of C. maculatus to fumigation with peppermint oil. The egg stage was the most susceptible stage. Mating frequency, fecundity and survivorship of the next generation progenies were significantly decreased by oil treatment. The effects of peppermint oil were always greater on treated male pairs than on treated female pairs. Fumigation of early pupae with 5 µl peppermint oil resulted in malformation and disorientation in the antennae and their associated sensilla in the emerged adults.

[Thorayia F.K. El Nagar; Hoda M. Abdel Fattah; Amany K. Soliman and Samira A. Aly. Efficiency of Peppermint Oil Fumigant on Controlling Callosobruchus Maculatus F. Infesting Cowpea Seeds. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):375-383]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 58

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.58

Key words: Peppermint oil, fumigant, control, Callosobruchus maculatus, cowpea seeds

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Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Native Plant Species from Soils Contaminated in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Khairia M. Al-Qahtani

 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora Bint Abdel-Rahman University, Saudi Arabia

dr_adalah@yahoo.com

Abstract: The second industrial area located south of Riyadh City – Saudi Arabia was selected for detailed study as pollution of this area with heavy metals has accelerated dramatically during the last decades. The concentrations of eight metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soils and different plant organs of seven native plant species (Calotropis procera, Citrullus colocynthis, Rhazya stricta, Cassia italic, Phragmite australis, Cyperus laevigatus and Argemone Mexicana) collected from studied area were investigated. The bioaccumulation and transfer of metals from soil to roots and from roots to shoots was evaluated in terms of Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF). The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the soils have the sequence of (Fe > Zn >Cr >Cu > Pb > Ni > Co > Cd) while in plants the trend was (Fe > Zn >Cu >Cr > Ni > Co > Pb > Cd). Generally, leaves of the studied species accumulated less heavy metals than the corresponding roots except for Cd that could be accumulated in all plant organs (leaves, stems and roots). Based on BAFs and TFs values, most of the studied species have potential for phytostabilization and phytoextraction. Calotropis procera is suggested for phytostabiliation of Cu, Cd and Zn whereas Rhazya stricta, Phragmite australis and Cyperus laevigatus for Ni phytostabiliation. Among the plant species screened for Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb and Zn, most of the species were efficient to take up and translocate more than one heavy metal from roots to shoots. According to accumulation capability of the investigated species for most metals, both Phragmite australis and Cyperus laevigatus are found to be the best candidates for biomonitoring and phytoremediation programs of polluted soils.

[Khairia M. Al-Qahtani. Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Native Plant Species from Soils Contaminated in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):384-392]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 59

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.59

Keywords: Heavy metals, Pollution, Phytoremediation, Metal accumulators

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McGill Exercises versus Conventional Exercises in Chronic Low Back Pain

Tarek A. Ammar

Basic Science Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

tarekphysical@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: McGill exercises are designed to impose minimal spinal loading while sufficiently challenging the abdominal and spinal muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare between the effects of McGill exercises and conventional exercises on physical function in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (LBP). Setting: A physical therapy outpatient clinic. Participants: Sixty participants with nonspecific chronic LBP completed the program. Pain duration was more than 12 weeks. Interventions: The first group (n=30, mean age= 44.7±15.1 years) received Infra-red and conventional exercises (stretching and strengthening exercises). The second group (n=30, mean age=47.2±13.8 years) received Infra-red and McGill exercises. Materials: Performance based measures (the fifty-foot preferred speed walk, fifty-foot fast walk, and distance walked in five minutes) were used to measure physical function before and after 6 weeks of treatment. Results: The second group showed statistically significant increase in physical function as measured by the fifty-foot preferred speed walk (F_1,57=6.7, P=.01), fifty-foot fast speed walk (F_1,57=7.4, P=0.001), and distance walked in five minutes (F_1,57=10.4, P=0.001). Conclusion: McGill exercises increased physical function of patients with nonspecific chronic LBP. In this study, McGill exercises were of value for patients with nonspecific chronic LBP.
[Tarek Ammar. McGill Exercises versus Conventional Exercises in Chronic Low Back Pain. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):393-397]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 60

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.60

Key Words: Low back pain, McGill, Exercises, Function

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Assessment of Urban Geomorphological Hazard in the North-East of Cairo City, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

G. Albayomi

Geography Department, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

Gehan_albayomi@arts.helwan.edu.eg

Abstract: This study aims to assess the geomorphological hazard of urban area in the north eastern side of Cairo City, based on analyses of remote sensing and GIS. In addition the objective of this study is to develop a GIS-aided urban geomorphological hazard zoning in the north-east of Cairo city. The main landforms of the area were delineated by using remote sensing and land surveying data, applying multi criteria decision analysis to evaluate it. This criterion includes geomorphic factors and sub factors such as: urban site location, urban morphology, Slope gradient, Digital Elevation Models, Gully Density. The research methodology focused on the analysis of those variables factors to indentify urban hazards areas. The results indicate that most of lands with grad (1)which is about 62% are in low risk area, and about of land 26% of the total area is in moderate hazard, and >12% in high hazards of the study area is in high risk hazards.

[G. Albayomi. Assessment of Urban Geomorphological Hazard in the North-East of Cairo City, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):398-402]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 61

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.61

Key words: GIS, Remote Sensing, Hazard, Urban, Geomorphology

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JAK2-V617F Mutation and BCR-ABL Rearrangement in Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Zahra MK¹; El-Fadaly NH¹; Aboul-Enein KM²; Elgamal BM²; Amira Y. Abd El-Naby¹ and Eman A. Amer³

¹Clinical Pathology Dept., Faculty of Medicine,Tanta University,

 ²Clinical Pathology Dept., NCI, Cairo University

³Biochemistry Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University

basmaelgamal@gmail.com, basmaelgamal@cu.edu.eg

Abstract: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal hematologic diseases that are thought to arise from a transformation in a hematopoietic stem cell that leads to overproduction of mature, functional blood cells in the bone marrow. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder that is defined by its causative molecular lesion, the BCR-ABL fusion gene, while vast numbers of Philadelphia negative MPNs are characterized by the presence of JAK2 V617F mutation. Detection of JAK2 V617F mutation so convincingly establishes the presence of a clonal disorder. The present work aimed to study the expression of JAK2 V617F mutation by real-time PCR in chronic myeloproliferative disorder patients as well as the study the BCR/ABL gene rearrangement by FISH. Subject and Methods: The subjects of this study consist of 40 patients of newly diagnosed MPNs and 10 apparently healthy individuals serving as a control group. The patients were subjected to routine laboratory investigation, detection of BCR/ABL fusion gene by FISH technique and detection of JAK2 mutation expression in MPNs by real time PCR. Results: BCR/ABL fusion gene was detected in 100% of CML patients, while it was absent in other MPNs. JAK2 mutation was detected in (80%) of polycythemia vera (PV) cases, (60%) of essential thrombocythemia (ET) cases, (70%) of myelofibrosis (MF) cases and it was absent in CML. Conclusion: JAK2 V617F mutation is a risk factor for MPNs to develop approving the strong association between the JAK2 mutations and these disorders, which when present, can definitively confirm the diagnsosis. JAK2 mutation testing should be considered as a front-line screening test for suspected MPNs, and its use as a first-intention diagnostic test may spare some patients further investigations.
[Zahra MK; El-Fadaly NH; Aboul-Enein KM; Elgamal BM; Amira Y. Abd El-Naby and Eman A. Amer. JAK2-V617F Mutation and BCR-ABL Rearrangement in Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):403-414]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 62

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.62

Key words: Myeloproliferative neoplasms, JAK2V617F mutation, chronic myeloproliferative disorders

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A Framework of Quality Indicators System for Evaluating Hyderabad Urban Sustainability

 Gholamreza Yavari¹, M. Mehdi Fazelbeygi², Farideh shahraki³

 ¹Associate professor of Agriculture Economic; Chairman of Rural Development Engineering, Payame Noor University

Gh_yavari@pnu.ac.ir

²PhD student of Environment Science and Technology, Center for Environment- JNTU; Hyderabad

Mehdi_fazel@gmail.com

³PhD student of Remote Sensing- JNTU; Hyderabad

Shahraki.farid@gmail.com

Abstract: Remote sensing technology using satellite access has been increasingly helpful in performing natural resources mapping and management. This includes processes that cannot be done manually or might take many years to complete when you are covering vast areas of land such as satellite imaging, accuracy assessment, image processing, classification, and geometric or radiometric corrections. It is evident that any nation’s economic development is largely supported by the richness of its water and land resources. The management capability and mapping tools use to monitor these resources are crucial to raise the economic development of specific regions. Accuracy is a general requirement in managing delicate land and water resources for sustainable development. The remote sensing using satellite based approach in generating data ensures updated cost effective natural resources monitoring and management in Iran. This research will demonstrate the need to maintain remote sensing for mapping and managing natural resources in Iran as well as enhancing and supporting the decision making capabilities of the government regarding the use of its natural resources.

[Gholamreza Yavari, M. Mehdi Fazelbeygi, Farideh Shahraki. A framework of quality indicators system for evaluating Hyderabad urban sustainability. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):415-423]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 63

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.63

Keywords: Urban Sustainability, Hyderabad, Evaluation, Indicator

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Temperature Effect on Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Formation Water by Non-ionic Inhibitor and Synergistic Influence of Halide Ions

K.Z. Mohammed, A. Hamdy*, A. Abdel-wahab, N.A. Farid

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

amalhamdy66@hotmail.com

Abstract: The inhibitive effect of nonionic surfactant namely nonylphenoxy poly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol (NPPE) on carbon steel corrosion in oilfield formation water at temperature range 303-333 K was studied using electrochemical polarization technique.The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentrations of NPPE but decreases with the increase in temperature. Potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that the NPPE acts as a mixed inhibitor. Adsorption of NPPE on the carbon steel surface in oilfield formation water follows the Langmuir isotherm model. The activation energy and the thermodynamic parameters for the inhibition process were calculated and discussed. The inhibition efficiency of NPPE synergistically increased on addition of halide ions in the order KCl> KBr> KI.

[K.Z. Mohammed, A. Hammdy, A. Abdel-wahab, N.A. Farid. Temperature Effect on Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Formation Water by Non-ionic Inhibitor and Synergistic Influence of Halide Ions. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):424-434]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 64

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.64

Keywords: Nonionic surfactant; oilfield formation water; corrosion; synergistic inhibition; carbon steel; thermodynamic parameters

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The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program on Insight and Nonadherence to Medication among Psychotic Patients in Psychiatric Hospital at Assiut Governorate

Naglaa A. Mohamed and Nadia A. Abd El- Hameed

Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University

*noga_abdo69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cognitive–behavioral therapy for psychotic patients refers to a structured and time–limited approach to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders. The main goals are: to treat symptoms, to increase insight level and to reduce distress. Aims of the study: This study aimed to assess insight among psychotic patients, to determine the relationship between insight and nonadhering to medications and to study the effects of cognitive–behavioral therapy on the insight of psychotic patients. The study was carried out in the Psychiatric Mental Health Hospital, Ministry of Health at Assiut Governorate.. The study sample comprised 20 schizophrenic patients attending to psychiatric unit within a period of three months from October to December 2011, both sexes and agrees to participate in the study, aged from 18- 55 years for three months. Three tools were used for data collection, namely: Structured Questionnaire data sheet, Schedule for the Assessment of Insight (SAI- E) and Drug Attitude Inventory Scale (DAL- 30). Results: The main results yielded by the study proved that, 50% (10) of the studied group were single and 40 %(8) were married, the majority of studied group were illiterate, the highest percentage of insight was improved after application of cognitive – behavioral program (60%), and the highest percentage of adherence to medication were improved after application of program. Conclusion: cognitive – behavior therapy were effective in improvement level of insight and adherence to medication among psychotic patients. Recommendation: the study recommended to continually follow- up on the results of the study repeatedly reviewed the things of patients and the program should be simplified by using simpler language so as to be use to be with patient's with little education The number of the studied group most be increased.

[Naglaa A. Mohamed and Nadia A. Abd El- Hameed. The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program on Insight and Nonadherence to Medication among Psychotic Patients in Psychiatric Hospital at Assiut Governorate. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):435-441]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 65

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.65

Key Words: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Insight, Nonadherence to Medication, Psychotic Patients.

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Experimental Infection of Tenacibaculosis and a Trial for Treatment by Plant Extract Carvacrol in Surge Wrasses Fish (Thalassoma Purpureum)

Mohamed A. A. Abd El-Galil ¹ and Mahmoud Hashiem ²

¹Fish Dis. Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag Univ., Egypt
²Fish Microbiology Dept., The National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Hurghada, Egypt.

 abdelgalil1997@yahoo.com, dm4467201@yahoo.com

Abstract: The experimental infection of surge wrasses fish by Tenacibaculum maritimum was successfully conducted through immersion bath for 18hrs in 1.5x10⁶ suspension, the infected fish exhibited skin ulcers, stomatitis, tail rot, signs of respiratory distress as gasping and accumulation at air source site in association with 60% mortality. Carvacrol is a major compound of oregano and thyme and has antimicrobial activity against wide range of microorganismes. The in vitro susceptibility assay proved strong effect of carvacrol on T. maritimum. 100ppm of both carvacrol and its precursor cymene for 14 days as food additives controlled the tenacibaculosis in surge wrasses fish and no clinical signs or mortality could be recorded in the treated fish. 50ppm of them prevented the disease clinical signs and reduced mortality to 10%.

[Mohamed A. A., Abd El-Galil, and Mahmoud Hashiem. Experimental Infection of Tenacibaculosis and a Trial forTreatment by Plant Extract Carvacrol in Surge Wrasses Fish (Thalassoma Purpureum). Life Sci J 2012;9(2):442-447]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 66

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.66

Key words: Tenacibaculosis, T. maritimum, treatment, Surge wrasses fish, carvacrol, cymene.

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Efficacy of Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale) and Gamma Irradiation for Quality and Shelf-Stability of Processed Frozen Beef Sausage

Lamya EL Sediek¹, Wafaa, M.M. Abozeid², Dalal H. Alkhalifah³ and Serag E. A. Farag⁴
 

¹Department of Food Contaminance & Toxicity, National Research Center(NCR), Cairo, Egypt

²Food Science and Technology Dept., (NCR)

³Microbiology of Biology Dept., Faculty of Sciences. Prince Norah bent Abdullrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

⁴National Centre for Radiation Research & Technology, P.O. Box 8029, Nasr City, Egypt

Abstract: The present work deal with improving safety of sausages besides introducing trials for decreasing the microbial load without affecting on sensory properties. Survey local processed sausages samples from eleven local markets proved high contamination with microbes as Escherichia coli(19.71%), Listeria monocytogene (18.82%), Salmonella (16.47%), Lactobacilli (14.11%) and Staphylococcus aureus besides total molds (17.94%). Sausages beef was prepared with recommended raw materials containing fresh ginger extract (GEX) at two concentration (0.5%, 1.0%) besides using γ-irradiation of at 3.0 kGy and 5.0kGy to study the efficiency of these treatment on the microbiological, chemical and sensory characters during frozen storage (90 days). Using irradiation and GEX (1.0%) treatments were sufficient to keep samples even 90 days with safe levels of microbes but not eliminated completely.The values of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) were less than 2 at zero time but started increased gradually during storage. After two months, most of treatments increased 2 values of TBARS except Ginger extract (1.0%), which was the best treatments even end of storage (90 days of frozen storage). A linear relationship resulted between storage period and TBARS of treated samples with high significant values of coefficient (R²). Irradiation and untreated samples contained high values more than 2 at end of storage. According, these data GEX (1.0%) was the best treatment to keep samples with good quality rancidity free even 90 days during frozen storage, whereas γ-irradiation increased rancidity values of TBARS rapidly comparing with control samples during frozen storage. Furthermore, sensory properties were more affected with TBARS changes, which were in parallel with the results of sensory evaluation, especially at end of storage. The obtained results showed that it is possible to produce safe and high-quality fresh sausage using natural antioxidants source as GEX 1.0% to improve the quality and stability of frozen sausages.

[Lamya EL Sediek, Wafaa, M.M. Abozeid, Dalal H. Alkhalifah, and Serag E. A. Farag. Efficacy of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) and gamma irradiation for quality and shelf-stability of processed frozen beef sausage. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):448-461]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 67

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.67

Key words: ginger, Sausages, Radiation, sensory properties, frozen storage, Microbiological character.

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Study on the Features of Universal Citizen and the Level of Attention to Its Components in the Social Studies of Primary Schools from the Viewpoint of Lesson-planning Experts, Principals and Teachers Employed in the Ministry of Education & Training at Elementary Level in Tehran, Iran 

Naderi, Ezatolah¹, Shariatmadari, Ali², Seif Naraghi, Maryam³, Sadeghi Afjeh, Zohreh⁴

^1,2Tarbiat Mooalem University and Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

³Allameh Tabataba’i University and Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

⁴Department of Educational Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

zsadeghi540@gmail.com

Abstract: It is more than two decades that globalization has turned into an important political, economic, social and cultural subject in many countries. Many commentators have optimistic and positive approach to this phenomenon; whereas, many others look at it pessimistically, and some critics use the term 'globalization'. On the other hand, the concept of citizenship aims at propagating the main principles of democracy among people, so as most of these principles play vital role in the formation of a nation and strengthening the pillars of democracy. Due to the undeniable need in training citizenship, and necessity of being informed of science and technology and paying heed to this point that globalization is not a decision, but an already-occurring inevitable process; it seems indispensable to understand globalization to be able to use its advantages and avoid its deficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this research is studying on the features of universal citizen and the level of attention to its components in the social studies of primary schools from the viewpoint of lesson-planning experts, principals and teachers employed in the ministry of education & training at elementary level in Tehran during the school-year 2010-2011. The sample size is calculated based on Morgan table that consists of 427 lesson planners, principals and teachers of primary level using the hierarchal random sampling method. In the present research, three topics have been scrutinized as the components of citizenship known as the criteria of training, used in social studies textbooks in primary schools. They are 'wisdom', 'assuming responsibility', 'commitment', and 'criticism'. The methodology employed in this research is 'field finding', and a twenty-six questions questionnaire is used for data collection. Descriptive statistic methods (abundance & percentage) and deductive statistics, (chie square) are used for the analysis of the data. The research shows that the textbooks on social studies taught at levels 3, 4, and 5 in elementary schools have paid an average level of attention (and higher) to the fore-cited topics in the training of global citizens.

[Naderi. E, Shariatmadari. A, Seif Naraghi. M., Sadeghi Afjeh Zohreh. Study on the Features of Universal Citizen and the Level of Attention to Its Components in the Social Studies of Primary Schools from the Viewpoint of Lesson-planning Experts, Principals and Teachers Employed in the Ministry of Education & Training at Elementary Level in Tehran, Iran. Life Sci J 2012 9(2):462-466]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 68.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.68

Keywords: Globalization; Citizenship; Universal citizen; Social studies

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Occult Hepatitis B Infection among Egyptian Chronic Hepatitis C Patients and its Relation with

Liver Enzymes and Hepatitis B Markers

Wafaa T. El-sherif ¹, Sohair K. Sayed ¹, Noha A. Afifi ², Hussein A.EL-Amin³

Departments of ¹Clinical Pathology, ²Microbiology & Immunology, ³Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,

Assiut University, Egypt

wafaa_elsherif@hotmail-com

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are the most common causes of chronic liver disease. Coinfection with HBV and HCV is not uncommon among individuals in HBV endemic areas. Occult HBV (OHB) infection is characterized by detection of HBV DNA in the serum or liver tissue of patients who test negative for HBsAg. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of OHB infection among Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection and its relation with liver function tests and HBV markers. Methods: Serum of 50 chronic HCV patients who tested negative for HBsAg and anti-HBc-IgM were analyzed for liver function tests and HBV markers using micro particle enzyme immunoassay kit (Axsym), in addition to quantitative detection of HCV RNA and HBV DNA by real time PCR. Results: HBV-DNA was detectable in serum of 10/50 patients (20%) with a mean of 374.8 IU/ml. Among OHB positive and negative groups, anti-HBc was detected in 100% and 80% (P=0.289), anti-HBs was detected in 20% and 57.5% (P=0.034) and HBeAg was detected in 60% and 0% (P=0.000), respectively. Also, the mean level of ALT and AST showed significant elevation in OHB positive group when compared to negative group, (p=0.000 for both). There was no significant correlation between the level of HBV-DNA and the levels of ALT and AST. Conclusions: OHB with low serum levels of HBV-DNA was observed in 20% of chronic HCV patients in Egypt and was associated with elevation in ALT and AST. HBeAg could be a useful maker for OHB prediction but a negative result doesn’t exclude OHB infection, whereas negative anti-HBc-IgG may exclude such infection.
[Wafaa T. El-sherif, Sohair K. Sayed, Noha A. Afifi, Hussein A.EL-Amin. Occult Hepatitis B Infection among Egyptian Chronic Hepatitis C Patients and its Relation with Liver Enzymes and Hepatitis B Markers. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):467-474]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 69.

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.69

Key words: Occult hepatitis B, chronic HCV, liver enzymes, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBeAg.

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Folding and Differential Equations of Some Curves in Minkowski Space

A. E. El-Ahmady¹, and E. AL-Hesiny²

 ^{1, 2}Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

¹Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

a_elahmady@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this paper we will introduce a new connection between folding and differential equations of some curves in Minkowski space. The concept of folding on some curves in Minkowski space will be characterized by using differential equations. New types of linear ordinary differential equations are introduced. Theorems governing this connection are obtained.[A. E. El-Ahmady, E. AL-Hesiny. Folding and Differential Equations of Some Curves in Minkowski Space. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):475-480]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 70

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.70

Keywords: Curves in Minkowski space; folding; differential equations.

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Effect of Establishment of Treatment Guidelines on Antibiotic Prescription Pattern for Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

 Ghada. M. Khalil^1&2, Abdullah A Alghasham³, Yasser F Abdelraheem^4&5

¹Department of Public Health Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. ²Department of Community Medicine,College of Medicine, Qassim University)
³Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,College of Medicine, Qassim University
⁴Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt
⁵Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University
ghadamahmoud1@hotmail.com, ghadamahmoud@qumed.edu.sa 

Abstract: Background: Upper respiratory tract infection in childhood is a common cause of antibiotic description which increases the likelihood for emergence of antibiotics-resistant microorganisms leading to increased illness, deaths, and substantial economic loss. Objective: To evaluate antibiotics prescription pattern for children and to establish clinical practical guidelines for judicious antibiotic use in upper respiratory tract infection. Methodology: Randomized controlled trail, Pediatric cases of upper respiratory tract infection were studied for overall antibiotics and disease specific prescription rate and their relation to several risk factors. Result: Significant reduction of overall antibiotic prescription between intervention and control groups was 0.008 with odd ratio 1.2 and confidence interval CI 0.62-2.39. By using logistic regression models for antibiotic prescription as dependant outcome variable showed to be significant and influenced by; assignment to intervention and control groups, primary diagnosis, associated symptoms were cough, sputum and pain also discussion with parent before prescription. Conclusion: Using standardized guidelines for pediatric antibiotic prescription in upper respiratory tract infection as intervention method caused reduction in antibiotics’ prescribing rates for some upper respiratory tract diseases, while maintaining a high level of prescription in others.

[Ghada. M. Khalil, Abdullah A Alghasham, and Yasser F Abdelraheem. Effect of Establishment of Treatment Guidelines on Antibiotic Prescription Pattern for Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Life Sci J 2012;9(2): 481-486]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 71

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.71

Key words: Antibiotics, upper respiratory tract, pediatric, guidelines.

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Assessing Characteristics of Clinical Psychologist for Effective Counseling

Vahid Baharvand

MSC of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil branch, Islamic azad university, Ardabil, Iran

E-mail: vahidbahar19@yahoo.com

Abstract: All we get are often subject to problems due to the limited knowledge and experience we need to consult with others. You know, sometimes people not immune to emotional crises. Developments and changes that occur in life. Such a pass in college, getting married, moving away from family and friends, illness and loss of our loved ones. Sometimes we experience anxiety, doubt, fear, conflict, and even makes the crisis. When adapted to the new environment and a new experience, these feelings are normal, but if these negative feelings far more than normal, which can reduce the physical, mental focus and relaxation. Effective counseling requires a good knowledge and understanding of the characteristics, needs and potential clients and situations in which they see themselves. This process is also influenced by beliefs, value system and attitude of the consultant, his worldview, psychological schools of current theoretical frameworks and assumptions are accepted. Its not counselors, clients can change lives, but they can gain a better understanding, confidence, self-efficacy and problem-solving skills to support and help.

[Vahid Baharvand. Assessing Characteristics of Clinical Psychologist for Effective Counseling. Life Science Journal 2012;9(2):487-490]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 72

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.72

Keywords: Clinical Psychologist, Counseling

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Effect of intra-operative topical tetracycline versus 5-fluorouracil in prevention of post-mastectomy seroma in rabbit model

Zuhoor K Al-gaithy

Surgery Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

E mail: zkngaithy@hotmail.com

 Abstract: Background. Seroma is most common post-mastectomy and axillary dissection (AD) complication. This study aimed to evaluate and compare efficacy of tetracycline (TCN) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) intra-operative topical application in preventing post-mastectomy seroma development in rabbits. Material and methods. Forty adult female albino rabbits divided into 3 groups [control (n=12), TCN (n=14), 5-FU (n=14)] were used. Rabbits underwent unilateral thoracic mastectomy and AD. Immediately following operation, equal volumes of saline, TCN (5-10mg/kg b.wt), 5-FU (12mg/kg b.wt) were instilled under surgical skin flaps. On seventh post-operative day, seroma formation and wound healing processes were evaluated. Seroma fluid was aspirated and evaluated for sodium, potassium, chloride, total proteins levels. Histological examination of dissecting area was made. Results. Seroma developed in 22 rabbits (55.0%); 7 in saline (58.3%), 9 (64.3%) in TCN, 6 (42.9%) in 5-FU groups. Seroma fluid volume was lowest in 5-FU group. Seroma fluid nature was inflammatory exudate. Histopathological examination revealed lack of walling, inflammatory cellular infiltrate, blood extravasations, tissue necrosis in all groups with least changes in 5-FU group. Conclusions. Inflammatory cell exudate was common feature of rabbit with post-mastectomy seroma. 5-FU was best in decreasing seroma volume and minimizing histopathological changes in post-mastectomy wound healing.

[Zuhoor K Al-gaithy. Effect of intra-operative topical tetracycline versus 5-fluorouracil in prevention of postmastectomy seroma in rabbit model. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):491-496]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 73

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.73

Key words: 5-Fluorouracil; Histopathology; Post-mastectomy; Rabbit; Seroma; Tetracycline.

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Genetic Diversity in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers and Protein Analysis

H. S. Abdel-Razzak^1,4, A. M. Alfrmawy², H. M. Ibrahim³ and Amr. A. El-Hanafy^2,5

ˡ Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria Univ., Alexandria, Egypt. ² Department of Nucleic Acid Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (CSAT), Research Area - New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt. ³ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria Univ., Alexandria, Egypt. ⁴ Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. ⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 80203, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. Asmaameg71@yahoo.com.

Abstract: The present study aims to assess the genetic diversity among 10 varied faba bean cultivars, collected from two wide-ranging geographical locations of Egypt. Variability based on the DNA level was inspected through nine ISSR-PCR screening, which showed obvious differences among the various Vicia faba (V. faba) cvs. A total of 576 ISSR loci were detected and 398 (69.10%) of them were polymorphic, which represent a relatively high polymorphism level. Cluster analysis via ISSR markers separated three green large-seeded cvs. (V. faba var. major) from dry small-seeded cvs. (V. faba var. minor). The small-seeded cvs. were further classified into two sub-clusters according to two geographic locations. The first sub-cluster included dry small-seeded cvs. grown under clay soil conditions (Abies location). However, the second sub-cluster integrated the similar dry small-seeded cvs. but were grown under calcareous soil conditions (Fuka location). SDS-PAGE analysis of various faba bean leaf proteins reflected some variations among studied V. faba populations. The results clarified that ISSR markers and protein analysis were helpful to recognize genetic variation among faba bean cultivars.

[H. S. Abdel-Razzak, A. M. Alfrmawy, H. M. Ibrahim and Amr. A. El-Hanafy. Genetic Diversity in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers and Protein Analysis. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):497-503]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 74

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.74

Key words: Cluster analysis, Egypt, faba bean, genetic diversity, ISSR markers, protein analysis

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Minerals Content and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Palm Extracts against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Madeha N. Al-seeni

Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University

mnalsiny@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Dates contain many minerals, which is very important for healthy life. Sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, cupper, cadmium, nickel, lead, ferric, zinc, cobalt and magnesium were determined in twenty samples, collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, of two types of dates, Safawy (Phoenix dactylifera) and Chinese date (Ziziphus zizyphus). The mean value of sodium was 3.5 µg/g and 3.8 µg /g in Chinese and Safawy dates, respectively. The mean concentrations of potassium were 1.34 µg/g and 1.04 µg/g but the mean concentrations of the detected calcium were 12.7 µg/g and 9.1µg/g in the Chinese date and Safawy date, respectively. Manganese concentration means were 1.50 and 2.64 µg/g in Chinese and Safawy dates, respectively. Cupper, cadmium, nickel, ferric, zinc, cobalt, magnesium were detected in the two previous types of dates but lead was not detected in either Chinese or Safawy dates. The antibacterial activity of date water extracts was determined using agar well diffusion method. The water extract of Chinese date (inhibition zone ranged from 11-19 mm) was more active compared to the extract of Safawy date (inhibition zone ranged from 10-13 mm). The antibacterial activity of date water extracts was compared with that of Ampicillin (control antibiotic).

[Madeha N. Al-seeni. Minerals Content and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Palm Extracts against Some Pathogenic Bacteria. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):504-508]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 75

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.75

Keywords: Minerals, Chinese date, Safawy date, antimicrobial activity.

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Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Dementia and other Non Motor Features of a large Cohort of Egyptian Parkinson’s Disease Patients

Eman M Khedr, Noha Abo El Fetoh, Hosam Khalifa, Mohamed A Ahmed, Khaled M A El Beh

Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.

Moh_abo_elaa@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: There is a lack of awareness of the considerable disability associated with non motor symptoms (NMS) in PD among physician. The aim of the work is to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, dementia and other NMS of Parkinson’s disease (PD) Egyptian patients. Material and Methods: The study included, 112 patients with Parkinson’s disease. Each individual was scored on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS) and the the Hoehn and Yahr Scale (HY) to evaluate motor symptoms. Other symptoms were quantified with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales (HAM-D, HAM-A) and the Non-Motor Symptom Questionnaire and Scale (NMSQuest and NMSS). Results: According to HAM-A and HAM-D scales; anxiety and depression were noted in 78% and 54% of patients whilst dementia was recorded in 22%. According to NMSS, mood/cognition was the commonest domain (87.5%), and sleep disturbance/fatigue was the second frequent domain with a prevalence rate 78.6%, but all other non-motor symptoms also scored highly: gastrointestinal and urinary domains (76.8% for both), Sexual dysfunction (73%), cardiovascular (70.5%). Perceptual problems /hallucinations were the least frequently recorded domain (9.9 %%). There were significant correlations between UPDRS and HAM-D, HAM-A scores as well as with MMSE. UPDRS were also correlated with total NMSQuest and NMSS and each domain separately except cardiovascular and perceptual problems. Duration of illness was significantly correlated with UPDRS, depression, and dementia but not with other NMS. Conclusions: mood/cognition, sleep disorders, GIT, and sexual disorders were common non motor manifestations in PD patients. Patients with a longer duration of PK had higher scores on the UPDRS part 3 and were more likely to have depression, anxiety and dementia.

[Eman M Khedr, Noha Abo El Fetoh, Hosam Khalifa, Mohamed A Ahmed, Khaled M A El Beh. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Dementia and other Non Motor Features of a large Cohort of Egyptian Parkinson’s Disease Patients. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):509-518]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 76

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.76

Key words: Depression, Anxiety, parkinson's disease, non motor manifestations, cognitive dysfunction

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Study of bis{2-(naphtha [3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato} Magnesium

Yu-Feng Lin¹, Pin-Wen Cheng², Shih-Hsuan Chiu¹, Chen-Hao Wang¹, Shung-Jim Yang³, Anchi Yeh²*

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

²Department of Chemical and materials Engineering, Chengshiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 833 R.O. C

³Department of Chemical and Materials Engineeringr, Vanung University, Taiwan, R.O.C

E-mail: acyeh@csu.edu.tw

Abstract: The study of bis{2-(naphtha[3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato} Magnesium (MgNIQ) is presented in this report. It was observed the decomposition temperature is high to 577℃ but no melting transition (T_m) of MgNIQ up to 450℃. By using of MgNIQ as emitted layer exhibits a broad maximum spectrum peak at 615 nm. The color of the emitted light is in the orange-red region in the CIE coordinate of x = 0.36 y = 0.53.

[Yu-Feng Lin, Pin-Wen Cheng, Shih-Hsuan Chiu, Chen-Hao Wang, Shung-Jim Yang, Anchi Yeh. Study of bis{2-(naphtha [3,4]imidazol-2-yl) quinolinato} Magnesium. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):519-522]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 77

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.77

Keywords Electroluminescence; red light; device

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Serum Levels of Adiponectin and Ghrelin in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Elham O Hamed¹; Nayel A Zaky ² and Amal K Norel Din²

Departments of ¹Clinical Pathology and ² Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University

elhamomar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Inflammation is widely known to play a key role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. It has been observed that adipokines play an increasingly large role in systemic and local inflammation. Therefore, adipose tissue may have a more important role than previously thought in the pathogenesis of several disease types. We study serum levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with study of some of cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: We analyzed 64 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted at our emergency unit and 20 age and sex matched healthy controls. Clinical parameters, glycemic, lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin -6 (IL-6), serum insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as serum adiponectin and ghrelin were assayed. Results: We found significantly (P < 0.01) increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, insulin, and HOMA-IR in patients with AMI rather than healthy controls. Plasma adiponectin levels and ghrelin were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) compared to those of controls. We found significant correlations between plasma adiponectin levels and BMI, hypertension, TNF-α and IL-6. In the case of ghrelin, we found significant correlations with BMI, HDL-C, diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose. Conclusions: low serum adiponectin and ghrelin level may be risk factor for AMI independent of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors and may provide a novel therapeutic target.

[Elham O Hamed Nayel A Zaky and Amal K Norel Din. Serum Levels of Adiponectin and Ghrelin in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):523-526]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 78

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.78

Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction, adiponectin, ghrelin

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Evaluating subcontractor performance using Evolutionary Gaussian Process Inference Model

Min-Yuan Cheng¹, Chin-Chi Huang²

¹ Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.

² Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.

d9505106@mail.ntust.edu.edu.tw

Abstract: “Subcontractor Evaluation” is one of the methods which general contractors use to evaluate subcontractor performance. The result is often used as a reference index for subcontractor choice during the outsourcing of activities within a project. Inappropriate subcontractor choice would have a direct impact on the duration, cost, quality, and safety of a project, leading to failure in achieving its goals and target profits. Therefore, this paper establishes a set of Evolutionary Gaussian Process Inference Model, which utilize a Gaussian Process to map the relationships between data input and output and uses Bayesian inference together with Particle Swarm Optimization to optimize the hyper-parameters of the Gaussian Process covariance function to obtain the best inference predictive ability. The model provides construction managers with quantitative measures of subcontractor performance in their selection process.

[Min-Yuan Cheng, Chin-Chi Huang. Evaluating subcontractor performance using Evolutionary Gaussian Process Inference Model. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):527-532]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 79

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.79

Keywords: subcontractor performance; Gaussian process; Particle Swarm Optimization; EGPIM; Bayesian inference

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Effects of anisodamine on the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-αand cycloxygenase 2 in experimental infusion phlebitis

Zhang Zhenxiang, Zhang Qiushi, Wang Peng, Pan Xue, Zhao Qingxia, Wang Xiaokai

Nursing College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China

Email: zhangzx6666@126.com

Abstract: Objective This subject was designed to investigate effects of anisodamine on the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cycloxygenase 2 (COX-2) in a rabbit model of infusion phlebitis and to analyze the preventative and treatment mechanisms of anisodamine in experimental infusion phlebitis. Method The rabbits were randomly assigned to the control group, the model group, the magnesium sulfate group and the anisodamine group. Expressions of TNF-α and COX-2 were determined and contrasted with the control group treated with normal saline by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting assay, respectively. Results Obvious pathohistological changes were observed and the model group showed the highest expressions of TNF-α and COX-2 in the four groups (P<0.01). On the contrary, anisodamine alleviated the inflammatory damage by significantly reducing the expressions of TNF-α and COX-2 compared with the model group (P<0.01). There was no difference in the expressions of TNF-α and COX-2 between the magnesium sulfate group and the anisodamine group (P>0.05). Conclusion Anisodamine alleviates the inflammatory damages by significantly reducing the expressions of TNF-α and COX-2, and shows significant protective effects in the animal model of infusion phlebitis.

[Zhang Zhenxiang, Zhang Qiushi, Wang Peng, Pan Xue, Zhao Qingxia, Wang Xiaokai. Effects of anisodamine on the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-αand cycloxygenase 2 in experimental infusion phlebitis. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):53-539]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 80

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.80

Keywords: anisodamine; infusion phlebitis; tumor necrosis factor-α; cycloxygenase 2

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Valeriana jatamansi: a phenotypically variable plant species of Kashmir Himalaya

Aabid, M. Rather, Irshad, A. Nawchoo, Aijaz A. Wani, Aijaz H. Ganie

Department of Botany, University Of Kashmir

Email: abid.bot@gmail.com; irshadnawchoo@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: Kashmir Himalaya harbours large number of plant and animal species and is credited all over the world as a treasure of medicinal and aromatic plants. Valeriana jatamansi inhabit wide variety of habitats and the species exhibit phenotypic variability across these habitats, the variability aids the species for its survival under different environmental conditions.

[Aabid M. Rather, Irshad A.Nawchoo, Aijaz A. Wani, Aijaz H.Ganie. Economic Botany and Reproductive Biology Research Laboratory Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006. J&K. India. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):540-543]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 81

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.81

Key words: Kashmir Himalaya; phenotypic variability; environmental conditions

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Inhibition of EGFR signaling in prostate cancer treated with EGFR siRNA and Gefitinib

Weiguo Chen¹, Donghua Xie², Jianquan Hou¹, Huiming Long¹, Gang Li¹, Jinxian Pu¹, Jun Ouyang¹, Yi Wu¹

1.Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China

2.Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. wg.chen@163.com

Abstract: To validate the therapeutic effects and modification of EGFR-induced signaling proteins of gefitinib and a small interfering RNA targeting human EGFR (EGFR siRNA) on prostate cancer cell lines PC-3. MTT assay and tumor inhibitory rate were used to evaluate the antitumor activity of EGFR siRNA and/or gefitinib on PC-3 cells in vitro and in vivo. Real-time PCR was used to measure expression of EGFR mRNA; Western blot assay was applied to evaluate the level of EGFR and its downstream signalling proteins Akt (protein kinase B), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and PKC (protein kinase C). Gefitinib inhibited PC-3 cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with significant decreased level of EGFR protein and phosphorylation of only Akt, but not either MAPK or PKC; on the other hand, knockdown of EGFR mRNA by siRNA led to lower proliferation of PC-3 cells with decreased phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK, but not PKC. Combination of both had more inhibitory effects on cells than gefitinib and EGFR alone with decreased level of Akt, MAPK and PKC phosphorylation (P < 0.05). In in vivo models, compared with control group, siRNA could significantly inhibited tumor growth at the rate of 34.83% (P<0.05) which is lower than 53.95% in gefitinb group and 59.28% in combined group (P<0.05), but no differences in the latter both groups (P>0.05). Gefitinib and EGFR siRNA could effectively inhibit the proliferation and tumor growth of prostate cancer, probably via inhibiting the activation of EGFR and the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK.

[Weiguo Chen, Donghua Xie, Jianquan Hou, Huiming Long, Gang Li, Jinxian Pu, Jun Ouyang, Yi Wu. Inhibition of EGFR signaling in prostate cancer treated with EGFR siRNA and Gefitinib. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):544-552]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 82

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.82

Keywords: Prostate cancer; epidermial growth factor receptor; small-interfering RNA; gefitinib; therapy

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Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: ‎Panel Evidence from Asian Countries

Mahdi Safdari¹, ^*Majid Mahmoodi ², Elahe Mahmoodi ²

¹. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, University of Qom, Iran

^2. Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran

^*Corresponding Author E-mail: majid_mahmoodi63@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper attempted to examine the causality relationship between government expenditure and ‎economic growth for two panels of 27 Asian countries over the 1970 to 2009 years. A Panel-VECM causality ‎framework based on Wald’s test employed to investigate short-run and long-run causality between government ‎expenditure and economic growth and indicates bidirectional causality for Asian developing panel, while the ‎results of long-run causality for advanced and newly industrialized countries does not support causality in any ‎direction. These findings have the policy implication for policymakers and economists‎‏.‏

[Mahdi Safdari, Majid Mahmoodi, Elahe Mahmoodi. Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: ‎Panel Evidence from Asian Countries. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):553-558]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 83

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.83

Keywords: Government Expenditure, Economic Growth, Panel-VECM

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Study of Anxiety and Style Control Parenting

¹Fereshteh Ghaljaei, *²Behzad Narouie, ³Mahin Naderifar, ⁴Mohammad Ghasemi-rad and ⁵Hamideh Hanafi-bojd

¹ Board Member of Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan-Iran

²Clinical Research Development Center, Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan-Iran

³Board Member of Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan-Iran

⁴Genius and Talented Student Organization, Urmia University of Medical Sciences,Urmia-Iran

⁵Clinical Research Development Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan-Iran

*Corresponding Author: Dr Behzad Narouie

Researcher of Clinical Research Development Center, Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan-Iran Email: b_narouie@yahoo.com; Telefax: +98541_3414103

Abstract: Strong, desirable and mutual relationship between parents and child is necessary so that nurses can achieve their duties and delivery of care to the child. This relationship should be identified in context of family (Style Control Parenting) in order for the nurses to maintain those parts of family relationship related to nursing duties. Anyhow, the actions should be planned in a manner that be well-adjusted with children' morale and help to decrease child's anxiety. The present descriptive correlation study aims to determine the relationship of behavioral models of parent with their children’s anxiety (370 students in age 13 to 15) in 10 governmental girl guidance schools, Dist. 6 of Tehran city. The tools were questionnaires planned for students and parents consisting demographic characteristics, physiologic symptoms of anxiety, “Spiel Berger Anxiety Test” for parents and “Reynolds and Richmond Anxiety Tests” for students. The amount of anxiety among these groups was analyzed using Chi-square test and Fisher exact test in SPSS statistical software. Results showed that the amount of anxiety among students was 33%, with the most anxiety (92%) among adolescents who evaluated their parents' behavior as autocratic (P=0.001), and the least anxiety (7.6%) in adolescents who had democratic parents (P=0.003). These findings shows that there is statistically significant relationship between anxiety and style control parenting (P<0.05), (df=2). Style control parenting plays an important role in children’s anxiety, therefore, health care providers can be effective in decreasing Children' anxiety by teaching style control parenting.

 [Fereshteh Ghaljaei, Behzad Narouie, Mahin Naderifar, Mohammad Ghasemi-rad and Hamideh Hanafi-bojd. Study of Anxiety and Style Control Parenting. Life Sci J. 2012;9(2): 559-562]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 84

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.84

Keywords: Style Control Parenting-Anxiety-Girls

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Application of Trinity Model on the First Aid in Community Residents

 Zhang zhenxiang1, Yang Yaping, Lin Beilei, Zhang Qiushi.

1.Nursing College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450003, China

zhangzx6666@126.com

Abstract: Purpose This study explores the effect of the first aid training model containing the Red Cross, universities and community which is used to train community residents. Method 426 residents from a selected community were extracted to be trained by the trinity first aid model. Respectively investigate their grasp of first aid knowledge before and after the training. Result Before training, the community residents' first aid knowledge score is 58.58±16.56 compare to 85.13±18.62 (P<0.01) after training, and the questionnaire score of the five latitude is also increased(P<0.01). About 63.2% of the residents considers that the first aid training is very good, 80.5% of residents consider the training time is appropriate, and 89.4% of residents says

 that learning first aid knowledge is very helpful to individuals and families.

[Zhang zhenxiang, Yang Yaping, Lin Beilei, Zhang Qiushi. Application of Trinity Model on the First Aid in Community Residents. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):563-566]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 85

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.85

Key words: Trinity; First Aid; Community Residents

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The Relationship between Perfectionism and Depression with Academic Achievement among the Students of Ilam University of Medical Sciences

Bimanand Lida(BSc)¹, Sayehmiri Koroush (MSc, PhD)², Peyman Hadi (BSc)², Khosravi Afra (MSc, PhD)^3*

¹Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,

 ², Prevention Research Centre of Mental -Social Traumas, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran, ³*Immunology Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran.

Corresponding Author: Email: afrakhosravi@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Introduction- Perfectionism is an irrational or illogic belief that people have about themselves and their surroundings. Depression is one of the results of extreme perfectionism. Perfectionism and depression are of the factors influencing on academic progress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perfectionism and depression with academic achievement in the students of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Methodology-200 students of Ilam University of Medical Sciences were enrolled in this study by classification sampling method. Data collection was performed using Frost Multi-Dimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and Beck Depression Questionnaire. The questionnaire reliability was confirmed by Alpha coefficient of 87%. The FMPS questionnaire has six sub-scales. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS16 software and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Findings- There was no significant relationship between gender, educational field, semester and faculty with depression, while a significant relationship was seen between the sex and some of the sub-scales of perfectionism (P <0.01). There was a significant and negative correlation between the depression (P =0.04, r=-0.193) and the parental criticism (P=0.000, r =0.346). Conclusion-Depression and parental criticism were the effective factors on academic achievement.

[Bimanand Lida, Sayehmiri Koroush, Peyman Hadi and Khosravi Afra. The Relationship between Perfectionism and Depression with Academic Achievement among the Students of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.

 Life Sci J. 2012;9(2): 567-570]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 86

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.86

Keywords: Perfectionism, Depression, Academic Achievement, Students, Ilam

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The importance of lifelong education

Mehran Bozorgmanesh ¹, Maryam Khodamoradi², Abbas Emami ³ and Esmaeel Ghorbani ⁴

^1,2,3,4 Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Lifelong learning is the continuous building of skills and knowledge throughout the life of an individual. It occurs through experiences encountered in the course of a lifetime. These experiences could be formal (training, counseling, tutoring, mentorship, apprenticeship, higher education, etc.) or informal (experiences, situations, etc.) Lifelong learning, also known as LLL, is the "lifelong, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons. As such, it not only enhances social inclusion, active citizenship and personal development, but also competitiveness and employability. Adult learning is any 'post-compulsory' learning. Adult learning is not just about formal qualifications but includes all forms of skill development activities including formal college education, job related and workplace training, informal and community education, skills updating and refreshing, or general self improvement. In the context of demographic and technological change and globalisation, an educated and skilled population represents one of the strongest foundations for ensuring a strong and healthy economy and a socially inclusive society.adult who is able to recognize their needs.

[Mehran Bozorgmanesh, Maryam Khodamoradi, Abbas Emami and Esmaeel Ghorbani. The importance of lifelong education. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):571-573]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 87

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.87

Keywords: lifelong education, learning

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The Effect Of Cognitive-Behavioral Couneseling On The Level Of Anxiety In Woman With Sexual Dysfunction

Peymaneh Nemati ^1*, Karapetyan V. ², Seyedreza Haghi³

^1. Department of Psychology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

^2. Department of Pedagogy, Professor of Psychology, Armenian State University, Yerevan, Armenia

^3-Department of Management, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

p.nemati99@yahoo.com

Abstract: Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. It is the displeasing feeling of fear and concern. The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness, and dread. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction is high and it may significantly affect self-esteem and quality of life. Even sexual dysfunction of short duration can create frustration and anguish. When chronic, it may lead to anxiety and depression, harm relationships, and cause problems in other aspects of life. The goal of the present research is to study the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on the level of anxiety in women with sexual dysfunction. Method and materials for this research study are Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) that focused on cognitive restructuring, modification of cognitive distortions and training of behavioral techniques. Data analysis showed that the cognitive behavior therapy has significantly effect on reduction of anxiety. Cognitive counseling as a therapeutic method can have a significant role in improvement of women suffering from anxiety which is resulted from sexual dysfunction.

[Peymaneh Nemati, Karapetyan V., Seyedreza Haghi. The Effect Of Cognitive-Behavioral Couneseling On The Level Of Anxiety In Woman With Sexual Dysfunction. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):574-577]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 88

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.88

Keywords: Sexual Dysfunction, Anxiety, Cognitive Behavior Counseling, Women

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Serum Soluble Interleukins-2 Receptors in Bronchial Asthmatic Children

Laila Damanhouri and Zahira M. F. El-Sayed

Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Lailahhd71@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into bronchial tree and increased airway hyper-reactivity to various physical and chemical stimuli. The aim of this study was to detect soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2) serum levels, as marker of T lymphocyte activation in vivo, among bronchial asthmatic children in relation to infection, atopy status and disease severity. Methods: Sixty bronchial asthmatic children (30 with acute and 30 with stable asthma); and 17 apparently healthy children as controls were recruited. History taking and clinical examinations were performed among all studied groups. Venous blood sample was withdrawn for measuring of sIL-2R using ELISA technique. Pharyngeal swabs were taken for detecting organism causes the disease.Results: The predominant infection was viral with total 40% of examined cases; respiratory syncitial virus and Adenovirus were prevalent virus pathogens in asthmatic children. While Haemophilus influenza and Candida albicans were most common causes of bacterial infections. sIL-2R serum level was significantly elevated in acute and chronic asthmatic children versus controls and in acute versus chronic patients. Meanwhile, in acute asthmatic children, insignificant differences were recorded between different degrees disease severity or allergic status. Conclusion: sIL-2R is an important interleukin associated with bronchial asthma in children; this interleukin can indicate disease activity. In addition it can’t be used as indicator for severity or atopy of the disease.

[Laila Damanhouri and Zahira M. F. El-Sayed. Serum Soluble Interleukins-2 Receptors in Bronchial Asthmatic Children. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):578-584]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 89

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.89

Keywords: Bacteria, Bronchial asthma; Children; Soluble interleukin-2 receptors; Viruses

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A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening in Asian Countries

Maryam Ahmadian, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah

Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Marydian50@yahoo.com

Abstract: Breast cancer is a major public health concern among Asian women. As breast cancer is often diagnosed in advanced stages in younger women, mortality rates are frequently higher compared with rates in developed nations. Due to the influence of various psychological, social, and cultural factors on breast cancer, women are reluctant to screen their breast cancer symptoms at the early stages when treatment is most expected to be successful. Screening options for Asian women are also limited because of demographic constrains and their knowledge of preventive health measures. This paper proceeds to review the existing literature on factors influencing breast cancer screening among Asian women. For the most part, health care professionals, medical doctors, gynecologists, and breast cancer advocates should find actual ways to overcome psychological barriers such as beliefs about pain, fear, embarrassment, and modesty of women through public awareness campaigns. Considerable attention should be also devoted to lower socioeconomic status women. In the same way, health care providers should explain to the women about the importance of breast cancer as a common disease and the existence of breast cancer screening programs in a small scale approach, as well as the benefits that participation in these programs can offer. This initiative is about enhancing health status among women and it is part of community development endeavor.

[Maryam Ahmadian, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah. A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening in Asian Countries. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):585-594]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 90

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.90

Keywords: Asian women, Breast cancer screening, Socio-cultural factors, Community development

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Factors Influencing Households’ Income Shock Exposure and Coping Options in Nigeria

Abayomi Samuel Oyekale

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa. asoyekale@yahoo.com

Abstract: Income shock is the driving force of poverty in Nigeria. This study analyzed the different forms of shocks that households experienced with some welfare losses. The Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire (CWIQ) data that comprise of 75329 households were used. The data were analyzed with simple descriptive methods and Probit regression. The results show that probability of shock exposure decreases significantly (p<0.01) with access to improved drinking water, improved toilet, health facility well/borehole, agricultural inputs, agricultural produce buyers, consumer goods, employment opportunities, assets and credit facilities. It was recommended that ensuring that development projects target the poor will assist in reducing their exposure to shocks.

 [Abayomi Samuel Oyekale. Factors Influencing Households’ Income Shock Exposure and Coping Options in Nigeria. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):595-601]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 91

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.91

Keywords: Shock, poverty, development projects, Nigeria

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Cytological, Histological Uni- and Multi-Immunohistochemical Marrow Examinations in Detecting Early Disseminated Tumor Cells in De Novo Breast Cancer Patients.

Amr El-S. Zaher

Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt

amr_zaher_66@yahoo.com

Abstract: Many studies have demonstrated the independent prognostic value of detecting bone marrow (BM) disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) at initial diagnosis of 1^ry breast cancer (BC) patients. Therefore, an accurate detection of these DTCs in the BM is very critical and must be obtained by using the most reliable and sensitive detection methodologies. In this respect, our study aimed to evaluate the detection capacities of the cytological, histological, uni- and multi-immunohistochemical (IHC) marrow examinations for early DTCs in the BM of newly diagnosed patients with non-stage IV 1^ry BC. This study included 80 of these patients that were subjected to CBC, BM aspiration/biopsy and IHC staining by a panel of monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) including Cytokeratin (CK), Mammaglobin and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3). The detection rate of the histological BM examinations (11.3%) was significantly higher than that of the cytological one (2.5%), p-value =0.04. Our individual interpretation of the uni-IHC marrow examinations, using the above mentioned 3 McAbs, revealed that their detection rates (21.3%, 26.3% and 35%) were considerably variable but were significantly higher than that of the routine histological ones, p-values= 0.049, 0.035 and 0.02, for CK, Mammaglobin and CA15-3, respectively. The results obtained from the uni-IHC marrow examinations, using the same 3 McAbs, also showed variable degrees of agreement between each other. Therefore, a total interpretation of multi-IHC marrow examinations for these 3 McAbs was established. From the quantitative point of view, our multi-IHC total interpretation revealed a detection rate (47.5%) significantly higher than that of our histological interpretation (11.3%), p-value = 0.01; also, from the qualitative point of view, our results of both histological and multi-IHC total interpretations showed a highly significant statistical difference, p-value = 0.001. We concluded that for optimal increase in the detection capacity for early DTCs in the BM of de novo patients with non-stage IV 1^ry breast cancer, a total interpretation for combined histological/multi-IHC marrow examinations must be performed.

 [Amr El-S. Zaher. Cytological, Histological Uni- and Multi-Immunohistochemical Marrow Examinations in Detecting Early Disseminated Tumor Cells in De Novo Breast Cancer Patients. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):602-610]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 92

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.92

Key words: Histological; immunohistochemical; detection capacity; disseminated tumor cells; marrow; breast cancer

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Characterization of Fennel Fruits: Types and Quality (I)

Mokhtar M. Bishr¹, Eman G. Haggag²*, Mohamed M. Moawed³ and Osama M. Salama⁴

¹Research and Development Dept., Arab Co. for Pharm. and Med. Plants (MEPACO)

²Pharmacognosy Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

³Botany Dept., Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

⁴Pharmacognosy Dept., Faculty of Pharm. Sci. and Pharm. Ind., Future University in Cairo, Egypt

wemisr@hotmail.com

Abstract: Four samples of different fennel fruit cultivars (F 1-F 4), obtained from El-Fayoum, Egypt (F 1), El-Menia, Egypt (F 2), Sudan, El-Khartoum (F 3), and Germany (F 4) were cultivated in MEPACO`s Farm (Arab Co. for Pharm. and Med. Plants, Cairo, Egypt) and the obtained fruits were subjected to macro- and micro-morphological stereomicroscopic examination as well as GC-MS analysis of their volatile oils. The aim of the study is to determine the differences in the macro- and micro- characters of different fruit cultivars as well as their oil constitutes. The results show different exomorphic parameters viz. shape, color, dimensions and surface sculpture. Also the stereomicroscopic examination showed differences in the epicarp, mesocarp; vitti and endosperm. GC-MS analysis of volatile oils of (F 1-F 4) showed on comparing three parameters; fenchone, estragole and trans-anethole that F 4 has the highest percentage of trans-anethole (78.98%), while F 1 and F 2 have close values (1.05 and 1.02%, respectively) followed by F 3 (3.02%). F 4 has the lowest percentage of estragole (3.97%); while (F 1-F 3) have higher values (78.58, 64.81 and 25.79%, respectively). Also F 4 has doubled the percentage of fenchone (6.73%) of F 1 and F 2 (2.54 and 2.57%, respectively), while F 3 has 0.69%. Thus results show that the two cultivars growing in Egypt (F 1 and F 2) have almost the same ratios of the compared parameters while, the Sudan cultivar F 3 is closer to F 1 and F 2 than it is to F 4. Also the three cultivars (F 1-F 3) are far from specification of sweet fennel oil but close to bitter fennel oil. The German cultivar (F 4) has the best oil quality as a sweet fennel. Investigation of the powdered samples (F 1-F 4) showed that only F 4 is different in having higher abundant fragments of reticulate parenchyma cells with ratio of 1:3 {F 4:(F 1-F 3)}. In conclusion: These findings are of pharmaceutical-industrial value helping in the production of herbal pharmaceutical products of fennel fruit and/or oil of known higher quality.

[Mokhtar M. Bishr, Eman G. Haggag, Mohamed M. Moawed and Osama M. Salama. Characterization of Fennel Fruits: Types and Quality (I). Life Sci J 2012;9(2):611-616]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 93

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.93

Key Words: Foeniculum vulgare, Fenchone, Estragole, Anethole, Stereomicroscopic examination

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Childhood Brain Lesions: 15 years Experience of King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital (1995-2010)

Hessa M. AlJhdali and Awatif A. Jamal

Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University and Hospital Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

awatjamal@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pediatric age brain lesions can be of neoplastic and non-neoplastic nature, the latter include: congenital malformations, inflammatory processes, vascular and cystic lesions ^[1-2]. One of most concerning brain pathology in childhood age is CNS tumors. Malignant brain tumors are the second most common type of pediatric cancer after leukemia ^[3]. Cancer of the brain and central nervous system comprised 17% of malignancies in children younger than 20 years of age ^[4]. In Saudi Arabia childhood CNS cancer accounted 11.3% of all childhood cancers ^[5]. The current study presented the experience of King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital regarding Childhood Brain Lesions diagnosed over 15 years period (1995 to 2010) considering frequency, morphological pattern and the demographic data (age distribution and gender) of these lesions and further compared the findings with the national and international experience. A retrospective study conducted using a computerized search of the archives of Pathology Department at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital in Jeddah; from 1995 tell 2010 to retrieve all the brain cases inclusive of all brain regions. In 15 years period 71 cases (25.1%) out of total brain lesions (283 cases) were childhood brain lesions. Non-neoplastic lesions were 40.8% and neoplastic lesions were 59.2%. Congenital malformations (23.9%) were the commonest non-neoplastic brain lesions, while neuroepithelial tumors ranked first among neoplastic lesions and accounted for 25.4% of childhood brain lesions (CBL) in the study. The astrocytic tumors comprised the majority of the glial tumors (94.4%) with mean age of 8.3 years and M: F ratio 1.4:1. The pilocytic astrocytoma represented 64.7% of all astrocytic tumors. The second malignant tumor was embryonal tumors (medulloblastoma) and accounted for 18.3 % of CBL with male predominance. In conclusion, a single institute experience was reported revealing that primary CNS tumors were the commonest brain lesions in the pediatric age. Furthermore, in concurrence with the national and international experience, astrocytic tumors ranked as first primary CNS tumor of childhood age, followed by medulloblastoma.

[Hessa M. AlJhdali and Awatif A. Jamal. Childhood Brain Lesions: 15 years Experience of King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital (1995-2010). Life Sci J 2012;9(2):617-623]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 94

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.94

Keywords: Pediatric; brain; lesion; neoplastic; congenital malformation; inflammatory; medulloblastoma

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Propolis versus Daktarin^® in mucosal wound healing

¹Zoba H. Ali and ² Heba Mahmoud Dahmoush

Departments of ¹Oral Biology and ²Oral Pathology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. rawya_h2a@yhaoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of propolis versus daktarin on mucosal wound healing. Forty eight albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; G 1 (propolis), G 2 (daktarin) and control group. Following the induction of a surgical mucosal wound in the labial mucosa by means of a 1-mm punch-biopsy instrument, biopsy specimens were taken on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 from groups of sacrificed rats and stained with haematoxylin-eosin stains, Mallory's trichrome stain as well as CD68 immunohistochemical stain. Data were analyzed statistically. Histological evaluation of each specimen was done and scoring criteria were used to compare the healing status of wounds. There was no statistical significance between different groups, on day 1. However there was statistically significant difference between G1 and both G2 and control group on day 3. On day 7, statistically significant difference was found between G1 and control group, but there was no statistically significant difference between G1 and G2. Conclusion: Propolis has an enhancing effect on the healing of oral mucosal wounds compared to daktarin.

[Zoba H. Ali and Heba Mahmoud Dahmoush. Propolis versus Daktarin^® in mucosal wound healing. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):624-636]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 95

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.95

Key words: Propolis; Daktarin^®; Labial mucosa; CD68 Immunohistochemical stain.

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Effect of Openings on the Static and Dynamic Behavior of Quadratic Folded Plate Roofing Systems

¹Hala Elkady and ²Ahmed Hassan

¹Civil Engineering Department, National Research Center of Egypt

² Civil Engineering Department, Beni-suef University, Egypt

Ahmedhb96@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of openings on the structural behaviour of quadratic folded plate Q.F.P. roofs by using different geometric configurations for the main elements of the system. The impact of such variance on the behaviour of the structure system under both static and dynamic conditions is also investigated. The selected and investigated parameters in this study are the location and size of the openings, as well as the rise of the folded plates (height). Spans of 14 m, 20 m and 26 m were selected for all of the investigated parameters. To meet the goals of this study, a 3-D Finite Element Model (FEM) was adopted to examine the suggested variables. A linear static analysis was performed to analyse the effect of the investigated parameters on the system deflections, moments, tension and compression stress. Q.F.P. slabs with rises varying from 90 cm to 180 cm were studied. The results indicated that the difference in the rise reduced the roof deflection by 72%. Moreover, the behaviour of the folded plate with openings at different locations was improved. The compression stress of the Q.F.P. roofs increased by 120% to 170% when the location of the centre openings on the models length increased from 14 m to 26 m. Folded plate openings at at the quarter length of the folded plate further reduced the compression stress by 5% to 56% when the model span changed from 14 m to 26 m. The location of the edge openings had a slight effect on the compressive stress compared to other factors. The opening location did not have a significant effect on the tensile stress of the Q.F.P. slabs. Furthermore, the results indicated that the maximum bending moment for the intermediate beams increased by 69% when the centre openings were located at the beam centre. The maximum bending moment at 0.57 L (intermediate beam length) for the quarter opening location increased by 64% compared to control model. The edge opening location had a slight effect on the diaphragm bending moment and the intermediate beam fixed-end moment. Four different opening sizes were studied, and the effect of the opening size for the 26-m model was found to increase the static and dynamic behaviour by no more than 6%. Three-dimensional dynamic modal analyses were performed, and the effect of different opening locations on the fundamental modes was investigated. The results of the modal analysis showed that the openings location did not significantly affect the fundamental frequencies or fundamental mode shapes. The results obtained from this study emphasise the importance of using an elaborate numerical analysis to address such sensitive models; furthermore, the geometric properties and openings location of each contributing element clearly affected the overall performance of the system. Finally, the model results indicated that the folded plate opening location at the centre of the beam is the most effective parameter of those investigated here, while the edge opening location in the folded plate had the lowest effect on both the static and dynamic behaviour of the investigated system.

[Hala Elkady and Ahmed Hassan. Effect of Openings on the Static and Dynamic Behavior of Quadratic Folded Plate Roofing Systems. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):637-646]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 96

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.96

Key words: Folded plates; Height; Openings location; Free vibrations

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Screening tuberculosis in the Sistan region of Iran: A Population-Based Study

Mosayeb Shahryar¹, Abbasali Niazi² and Behzad Narouie^3*

1: Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

2:Department of Pathology, Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.

3:Researcher of Clinical Research Development Center, Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran.

 *Corresponding Author:

Behzad Narouie (MD);General Practitioner, Researcher of Clinical Research Development Center, Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

Email:b_narouie@yahoo.com; Telefax: +985413414103

Abstract: Estimation of the prevalence of tuberculosis is one of the most important needs for the provision of health services in Iran. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Sistan region of Iran. A cross-sectional study was carried out during 2010 in the Sistan region of Iran. Sistan has a total population of 410,713, including 50,322 families. 21,645 of these individuals (or 5.27%) have a history of chronic cough (a cough lasting more than 2 weeks) based on our survey. Individuals who were suspected of having tuberculosis were referred to the district health center. For each case, diagnostic procedures including physical examination of the chest for evaluation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin status, obtaining of 3 sputum smear samples, and radiography of the chest. Of 410,713 individuals, 6250 (or 1.52%) demonstrated scarring typical of BCG, and chronic cough was confirmed via clinical workup in 8140 participants. Among these participants, 4034 (0.98% of the Sistan population) presented with productive cough; sputum specimens were taken from this group. Chest radiographs showed characteristic pulmonary tuberculosis lesions in 27 (6.58%) of 410 patients in whom radiography was performed on the basis of clinical findings. Seven patients were identified as having tuberculosis through sputum smears; five other patients were found to not have tuberculosis via this method. With respect to the different types of diagnostic methods used, the differences among them for positive predictive value, specificity and sensitivity were significant (p<0.05). The likelihood ratio for chest radiography was also significantly greater than that for the sputum smear method (33.31 versus 19.1; p<0.05). Only 276 of the patients with pulmonary Tuberculosis were identified via Health Service System (HSS) screening method in Sistan, and the rest were diagnosed though recent study. Our findings suggest that the diagnostic power of chest radiograph is more than sputum smear; however, we think the HSS method for taking sputum was not a controlled one.

[Mosayeb Shahryar, Abbasali Niazi and Behzad Narouie. Screening tuberculosis in the Sistan region of Iran: A Population-Based Study. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):647-650]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 97

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.97

Key Words: Chronic Cough, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Sputum Smear.

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Natural Radioactivity and Heavy Metal s in Milk Consumed in Saudi Arabia and Population Dose Rate Estimates

J. H. Al-Zahrani

Physics Department, Girls Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding author: jalzhrani@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: This paper represents an important part of the Saudi Food and Drug Authority plane to reach its aims regarding the safety and effectiveness of food for humans. The results of radioactivity analysis carried out for ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra in powdered infant's milk used in Jeddah city. The main detected activity corresponding to ⁴⁰K was within the range reported in different parts of the world with average activity of 234.18±1.9BqKg^-1, while the average activities of ²²⁶Ra,²³²Th were 0.46 Bqkg^-1, and 0.35 Bqkg^-1, respectively, although the activity of some samples were below the detection limit. The total average effective dose due to annual intake of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K from the ingestion of the powdered milk for infants were estimated to be 410µSv for infant ≤1Y and157 µSv for infants (1-2Y), which are lower than allowed value (1mSv). The heavy metals analyses were done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The geometric mean of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb in the samples of powdered milk was found to be 3.033, 2.91, 0.031, 0.182 and 0.034 mg/ kg respectively, where as the daily intake was computed to be 0.186, 0.179, 0.002, 0.001 and 0.002 mg / day, respectively. The results showed that the intake of heavy metals through the ingestion of milk did not exceed the limit of one as proposed by US-IPA. This study could be useful as a baseline data for radiation and heavy metals exposure to infant’s milk and their impact on infant’s health.

[J. H. Al-Zahrani. Natural Radioactivity and Heavy Metal s in Milk Consumed in Saudi Arabia and Population Dose Rate Estimates. Life Sci J 2012;9(2):651-656]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 98

doi:10.7537/marslsj090212.98